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Frontispiece ClCERO 

(Capitoline Museum, Rome) 






TEN 

ORATIONS OF CICERO 

WITH 

SELECTIONS FROM THE LETTERS 

EDITED BY 

WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D. 

PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 
AND 

FRANK A. GALLUP, A.B. 

PROFESSOR OF LATIN, COLGATE ACADEMY 



^« 



NEW YORK • :• CINCINNATI • :• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 

f / o i "1 






Copyright, 1898, by 
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



Gift 
Wn. M. Pollodt 



PREFACE 

The Orations included in this edition are those which are most 
required by the various colleges throughout the country. The 
selections from the Letters were made with special reference to 
their fitness for use as exercises in translation at sight ; they will 
at the same time give a glimpse of Cicero in his family life, and 
in his relations with those to whom he was frank and outspoken. 

The variations from the text of Baiter and Kayser consist 
mainly in different punctuation, in writing the genitive singular of 
-z'tf-stems in -i instead of -it, and in the treatment of bracketed 
passages, which in some cases have been received into the text, 
while others were removed altogether. 

For the sake of uniformity long vowels are marked as they 
appear in the Elementary Latin Dictionary of Charlton T. Lewis, 
except in cases which would require too much sacrifice of 
conviction. 

This book is intended to be very practical throughout, and in 
its preparation the sole aim has-Jaeenfta-meet- the needs of the 
preparatory students who would be likely to use it. 

An expression of appreciation is due Professor Lewis Stuart of 
Lake Forest University for his kindness in offering the use of a 
large amount of material which he had collected upon some of 
the subjects treated in the Introduction. 

Latin teachers and all who may be interested are cordially 
requested to make suggestions in regard to whatever defects and 
errors they discover. 

WILLIAM R. HARPER. 
FRANK A. GALLUP. 



The grammars cited are those of Harkness (H.), 1898 (refer- 
ences to the edition of 1881 being inclosed in brackets); Mooney 
(M.) ; Allen and Greenough (A. & G.) ; Gildersleeve (G.) ; 
Bennett (B.). 

5 



CONTENTS 



Introduction : 
Life of Cicero . 
Important Dates 
Roman Oratory before Cicero 
Government . 
Inductive Studies . 






Selected Orations: 

In Catilinam Oratio Prima 

In Catilinam Oratio Secunda 

In Catilinam Oratio Tertia 

In Catilinam Oratio Quarta 

De Imperio Cn. Pompei 

Pro A. Licinio Archia 

Pro T. Annio Milone 

Pro M. Marcello 

Pro Q. Ligario 

In M. Antonium Oratio Quarta Decima 



Selected Letters: 
Ad Atticum III. 3 
Ad Atticum III. 5 



9 

17 
18 
20 
30 



45 
61 

74 
88 
102 
132 
146 
191 
203 
217 



233 
233 



8 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 


Ad Familiares XIV. 4 


• 234 


Ad Quintum 


Fratrem I. 3 


. . 236 


Ad Familiares XIV. 2 . 


. 240 


a 


XIV. 1 . 


. 242 


.. 


XIV. 3 ...... 


. 244 


u 


XIV. 5 . •. 


• 245 


u 


XVI. 4 


• 247 


a 


XVI. 6 


. 248 


a 


XVI. 9 


. 249 


it 


XVI. 11 ..... 


. 250 


a 


XIV. 18 ..... 


. 252 


a 


XVI. 12 


• 253 


Notes . 





• 257 


Vocabulary 





• 413 


The Common Prefixes and their Values . 


• 559 


Word Lists 


. 


. 560 




10 Longitude 15 East 



M 



INTRODUCTION 



LIFE OF CICERO 

ARCUS TULLIUS CICERO was born near Ar- 
pinum, January 3, 106 B.C. His family was of 
equestrian rank ; his father, whose name the orator bore, 
was a man of literary tastes, but his grandfather was a 
Roman of the old school, opposed to new ideas in studies 
and in politics. 

No trustworthy information about Cicero's boyhood has 
been preserved, though Plutarch tells stories of his preco- 
city, not in themselves improbable. He was early brought 
to Rome with his brother Quintus that they might enjoy 
the educational opportunities of the capital. Crassus, the 
distinguished orator, was their adviser, and suggested both 
the studies which would be most beneficial and the teachers 
under whom the boys might best pursue them. Quintus 
Aelius, a Latin rhetorician, and a Greek poet by the name 
of Archias inspired the young student with an enthusiastic 
love for liberal studies. 

At the age of sixteen he assumed the toga virilis, con- 
tinued his literary pursuits eagerly, and began to frequent 
the forum in order to hear the great orators of the day. 
He read, memorized, wrote ; translated Greek into Latin, 
and Latin into Greek ; made summaries of speeches, lec- 

9 



IO INTRODUCTION 

tures, and conversations ; practiced elocution, studied rhet- 
oric, and composed poetry. 

Rome still required military service of the citizens. Ac- 
cordingly Cicero served one campaign (89 B.C.) in the 
Marsic war, part of the time under Cn. Pompeius Strabo 
and part of the time under Sulla. During the next few 
years he was again in Rome, studying philosophy with 
Phaedrus the Epicurean, and Philo the Academic ; dialec- 
tics under the Stoic Diodotus ; law under the Scaevolas ; 
rhetoric and oratory under Apollonius Molo, the famous 
Rhodian rhetorician. To this period belongs Cicero's De 
Invent zone Rhetorica. 

Cicero was in his twenty-sixth year when he delivered 
in a civil suit the first of his extant orations {pro P. Quinc- 
tio). The next year he defended Sextus Roscius in a 
criminal trial. Roscius was falsely accused of parricide 
by Chrysogonus, a freedman of the dictator Sulla, sup- 
ported, as was thought, by Sulla himself. No prominent 
advocate would undertake the defense; but Cicero, "roused 
by pity and by the opportunity of beginning his career as 
a defender of the oppressed," came forward and succeeded 
in securing an acquittal. These cases gained for the young 
advocate considerable recognition. In the following year 
he still further added to his reputation for courage and 
ability by defending the rights of a woman of Arretium, 
and, by implication, the rights of which Sulla had uncon- 
stitutionally deprived her city. 

Soon after this he went abroad for health and for study. 
His intense application and no less intense manner of 
speaking had been rapidly exhausting a physique by no 
means robust. He writes that at this time he was exceed- 
ingly spare in habit, with a long, thin neck, and of a con- 



LIFE OF CICERO II 

sumptive appearance. Friends and physicians urged him 
to take a vacation. He went to Athens and remained six 
months, where he studied philosophy under Antiochus of 
the Old Academy, and under Phaedrus and Zeno the 
Epicureans. Leaving Athens, he traveled through Asia 
Minor, hearing famous orators and studying the orator's 
art. At Rhodes he again placed himself under the in- 
struction of Molo, who greatly assisted him in remodeling 
his style of writing and speaking. At the end of two years 
Cicero returned to Italy, eager to resume his professional 
labors, with health restored, with a broader view of life, 
and with oratorical powers much improved. Many cases 
soon engaged his attention, the most important of which 
was the defense of Roscius the comedian. 

At the age of thirty Cicero was elected quaestor for 
the following year (75 B.C.), and was assigned to duty in 
Sicily, where he performed the duties of the office with 
exceptional fidelity and ability, returning to Rome as soon 
as his term of office had expired. Five years later the 
Sicilians persuaded Cicero, then aedile elect, to conduct a 
suit against their ex-governor, Gaius Verres, who during 
the three years of his propraetorship in Sicily had abused 
the powers of his office, robbing and maltreating the in- 
habitants, and otherwise tyrannizing over them. All that 
could be done by money, by the influence of many power- 
ful and noble families, and by the ingenuity of the able 
Hortensius, was done to defeat the prosecution. But the 
energy and skill of the young pleader were triumphant. 
Before the trial came on, so strong a case had been pre- 
pared by the prosecution that Verres went into exile 
without attempting a defense, and Cicero became the 
recognized leader of the Roman bar. 



12 INTRODUCTION 

Cicero was elected praetor with every indication of pop- 
ular favor. Besides performing the duties of his office 
with fidelity and dignity, he also made his first appearance 
on the rostra, where he delivered his famous oration in 
support of the Manilian law. In his advocacy of this bill 
(to confer on Pompey the command of the war against 
Mithridates, with extraordinary powers) Cicero pronounced 
a glowing eulogy upon Pompey, and handled a difficult 
and delicate subject so as apparently to offend no one. 
From the point of view of the advocate and politician, the 
oration was a complete success, for the measure was car- 
ried, and the political support of Pompey was secured. 
Cicero declined the government of a province for the fol- 
lowing year (65 B.C.), and during the next eighteen months 
busied himself in professional work and in arranging for 
the carrying out of his political plans. 

There were seven candidates for the consulship of 63 B.C. 
The most prominent were Cicero, Antonius, and Catiline. 
The two last named united their forces, and had the sup- 
port of many prominent men. Cicero vigorously arraigned 
the character and schemes of his rivals, and at the polls 
received a decided majority. Antonius had the next largest 
number of votes, and was therefore chosen Cicero's col- 
league. This year was a busy one. Its most significant 
achievement was the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, 
which Cicero describes in the four Catilinarian orations. 
Exceptional honors were bestowed on the consul for the 
energy, courage, and skill displayed in averting the perils 
which had menaced both state and people. He was hailed 
as the deliverer of his country, and a thanksgiving to the 
gods was decreed in his name. 

So far the career of Cicero had been one of dazzling: 



LIFE OF CICERO 1 3 

success, but dark days were not far distant. On the day 
which closed his term of office as consul the shadows began 
to fall. When he ascended the rostra to give account of 
the acts of the year, one of the new tribunes, Metellus, 
interposed his veto, on the ground that a magistrate 
who had put to death Roman citizens unheard should not 
himself be heard. Cicero, thus restricted, merely added 
to the usual oath, " I swear that I have saved the state 
and the city from ruin." The people shouted that he had 
sworn truly, and a crowd escorted him home. 

But the end was not yet. Publius Clodius, whose hatred 
Cicero had aroused, was elected tribune of the people for 
the year 58 B.C. One of his first acts was to introduce a 
bill to banish any one who had put a Roman citizen to 
death untried. Cicero appeared in the streets in the garb 
of a suppliant, as accused persons were wont to do, and a 
large number of sympathizing citizens did the same ; but 
all this availed nothing, for Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus 
stood aloof, if they did not secretly use their influence 
against him. The bill became a law, and Cicero withdrew 
from the city, an exile (March, 58 B.C.). 

Immediately after his departure Clodius obtained a 
formal decree for his banishment. This forbade the ex- 
consul to come within four hundred miles of the city, and 
denounced as an enemy of the state any one who should 
advocate his recall. His magnificent home on the Palatine 
was plundered and destroyed. 

As early as June, Cicero's friends began to agitate the 
question of his recall, but nothing was accomplished that 
year on account of the opposition of the tribunes. The con- 
suls and tribunes for the next year were friendly to Cicero, 
but serious riots in the city postponed until August 4 the 



14 INTRODUCTION 

introduction of the bill for his restoration. When presented 
to the comitia centuriata, it was passed by an overwhelm- 
ing majority. On the same day Cicero started for Italy. 
Everywhere on his way he was received with cheers, ad- 
dresses, and complimentary delegations. He entered the 
city September 4, attended by the senate and vast crowds 
of people. The house which had been destroyed was 
restored at public expense. 

During the next five years Cicero devoted himself to his 
profession as advocate, taking little part in state affairs, 
although his personal relations with Caesar, Crassus, and 
Pompey, the virtual rulers of Rome, were friendly, espe- 
cially with Pompey. When the younger Crassus perished 
in the Parthian war, Cicero was elected (53 B.C.) to fill his 
place in the college of augurs, a position of considerable 
social and political importance. Clodius was killed the 
next year in a broil with Milo, and all danger from that 
quarter was removed. 

In the year 51 b.c. Cicero was compelled to accept the 
proconsular government of Cilicia. The duties of this 
position he discharged with ability and honesty, to the 
disgust of his staff, but to the delight of the astonished 
province. An expedition against certain robber tribes was 
successful, for which the proconsul hoped to secure the 
honor of a triumph. At the close of his year of office he 
returned leisurely to Rome, visiting Ephesus and Athens 
on the way. He reached the capital January 4, 49 b.c, 
but remained outside the city, hoping for a triumph, which, 
however, was never granted him. 

Civil war between Caesar and Pompey had been threat- 
ening for some time. The crisis had been precipitated by 
a decree of the senate, ordering Caesar to disband his army 



LIFE OF CICERO 1 5 

before March I. Cicero tried in vain to bring about a 
better understanding. Caesar inarched his army across the 
Rubicon, the boundary line of his province, and seemed 
likely to move on Rome. Cicero undertook the defense of 
Capua, making his headquarters at Formiae. Here he 
remained about two months, and kept up a correspondence 
with the leaders of both armies. His indecision at this 
critical time was pitiable, unfortunate alike for his country, 
for himself at that time, and for his reputation in all time. 
Finding that he could not cope with Caesar and his veter- 
ans in Italy, Pompey passed over into Greece, Cicero re- 
luctantly following. After the battle of Pharsalus (48 B.C.), 
persuaded that Caesar's victory had practically ended the 
war, he determined to return to Italy, and reached Brundis- 
ium about the end of November. Here he remained about 
two months in a wretched condition of mind and body. 
When Caesar returned to Italy after settling the affairs 
of Egypt, Cicero went out to meet him and was received 
with marked courtesy. Soon after this Cicero went to 
Rome. 

The next three years were devoted to philosophy and 
literature. But soon family troubles began to appear. 
After thirty years of married life Cicero divorced his wife 
Terentia, and soon afterward married his ward Publilia, 
who was also soon divorced. The death of his much loved 
daughter Tullia almost broke the father's heart. Work 
and study were his only solace until the assassination of 
Caesar (March 15, 44 B.C.) recalled him from thoughts of 
self to the service of his country. 

The conspirators who murdered Caesar seem to have 
had no definite plans. The people were horrified, and 
M. Antonius, the surviving consul, was for the moment 



1.6 INTRODUCTION 

stricken with fear. The Liberators, as the conspirators' 
called themselves, retired for safety to the Capitol. Antony 
quickly recovered himself, and, when Cicero urged peace, 
and mutual concessions, professed to wish the same. The 
Liberators came from their stronghold, the acts and ap- 
pointments of Caesar were ratified, and hopes were enter- 
tained for a restoration of the republic. But Antony had 
other plans. In the oration which he delivered at the 
public funeral of Caesar, he artfully excited the populace 
against the Liberators to such a degree that they were 
compelled to flee from Rome. Seeing that his life also 
was in danger, Cicero set out for Greece, hoping for better 
things under the next year's administration. He went as 
far as Syracuse, when, driven back by contrary winds, he 
heard that his services were required in Rome, and he 
hastened to return to the city. There was a meeting of 
the senate on the day after his return. Cicero did not 
attend, pleading fatigue, but really fearing the designs of 
Antonius. In this meeting Antonius declared that the 
absence of Cicero was due to cowardice, and he threatened 
to destroy his house. Cicero's reply was the first. Philippic. 
Antonius replied, and thus called forth the second Philip- 
pic, a thrilling arraignment of Antonius. Though not 
spoken, it was widely circulated after the departure of 
Antonius for Gaul. 

Early in 43 b.c. Cicero was once more the favorite of 
Rome, and when the tidings of the defeat of Antonius at 
Mutina came, he was escorted by a throng of people to the 
Capitol, thence to the rostra, and thence to his home. 

In November of this year Antonius, Lepidus, and Octa- 
vianus arranged their differences, centered all the govern- 
ment in themselves, and proscribed their enemies. Cicero 



LIFE OF CICERO 1 7 

was among the first victims of Antony's hatred, and was 
murdered on the grounds of his villa near Formiae, 
December 7, 43 b.c. 

Cicero was the greatest orator of " the greatest of the 
nations." He was a man of lofty ideals, pure and upright 
in his personal and official relations, and devoted to his 
country. His writings are an enduring monument to his 
memory, and his influence on oratory, literature, and phi- 
losophy has been and still is inestimable. He lacked 
decision and moral courage in some of the critical moments 
of his life, and did not possess the far-seeing vision of a 
statesman. "As it was in his lifetime so it has been with 
his memory : those who have known him most intimately 
have commonly loved him best. He is no demi-god to be 
set on a pedestal for the worship of the nations, but a man 
with human virtues and human weaknesses, and withal 
possessed of a charm of grace and goodness which makes 
us think of him as of some familiar and beloved friend." 

\6yios avrjp, a> iral, Xoytos teal (f>c\67rarpL<; f said Augustus 
to his grandson concerning Cicero, in a story told by 
Plutarch, " an eloquent man, boy, eloquent and loved his 
country well." 

"To praise him as he deserves, we need another Cicero. 11 
IMPORTANT DATES 

B.C. 
Cicero born at Arpinum .... January 3, 106 

Served in the Marsic war ..... 89 

First appearance in a civil case (for Quinctius) . 81 
First appearance in a criminal case .... 80 

In Greece and Asia Minor for health and study 79~77 
Quaestor in Sicily . . . . . -75 

Prosecution of Verres ...... 70 

h. & g. cic. — 2 



1 8 INTRODUCTION 

B.C. 

Curule aedile 69 

Praetor urbanus 66 

Consul 63 

In exile 58—57 

Proconsul of Cilicia ..... S^SO 

Beginning of civil war between Caesar and Pompey 49 

Battle of Pharsalia 48 

Cicero returns to Rome ...... 47 

Death of Tullia 45 

Caesar murdered March 15, 44 

Cicero slain near Formiae .... Dec. 7, 43 



ROMAN ORATORY BEFORE CICERO 

Roman oratory both exhibited and influenced the char- 
acter of the people. In the early days it was simple and 
earnest, suited to a practical people eager for dominion. 
The successful orator had to stir the feelings and prompt 
to action, whether his theme was a defect in the constitu- 
tion, an official injustice, or some military emergency. 
Nature was the orator's teacher. "Rem tene, verba se- 
quentur" was his only maxim. When Appius Claudius, 
old, blind, and infirm, carried in a litter to the senate 
house, caused the senators to reject the proposals made 
by the skillful diplomat Cineas, the secret of his power lay 
in his own intense patriotism, which kindled theirs. This 
is the first published speech of which we have any record 
(280 B.C.). 

M. Porcius Cato (234-149 b.c.) was the first Roman 
orator who made a practice of writing and publishing his 
speeches. Cicero tells us that there were one hundred and 
fifty of them extant in his day, and that no one read them. 
He characterizes them as "weighty in praise, bitter in 



ROMAN ORATORY BEFORE CICERO 1 9 

sarcasm, pointed in phrase, plain and simple in argument." 
The often quoted words with which at the close of his life 
Cato was wont to end every speech, whatever the subject, 
et censeo KartJiaginem esse delendam, show the intensity 
of his patriotism, the tenacity of his purpose, and the 
nature of his power. There were many orators of this 
period, but none of the first rank. 

The younger Scipio and Laelius, who belonged to the 
next generation, though not the foremost among Roman 
orators, deserve mention in this sketch, because they were 
instrumental in introducing the study of the Greek orators 
as models for the imitation of their countrymen. 

Sergius Sulpicius Galba (consul 144 B.C.), an orator of 
much vigor and vivacity, began to use artistic arrange- 
ment, with digressions for ornament, pathos, and informa- 
tion ; and he was the first Roman orator who successfully 
applied rhetorical principles in the manner of the Greeks. 

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and his brother Gaius, 
the famous tribunes, were distinguished orators as well as 
reformers. They brought in a much easier and freer 
manner of speaking, and a broader and more sympathetic 
oratory. Tiberius, with good natural gifts trained by a 
study of Greek masterpieces, was a man of blameless life, 
noble purpose, and enthusiasm combined with self-control. 
Many of those who disapproved his political course were 
constrained to respect and admire him. He was inspired 
by the consciousness of a noble mission, the defense of the 
poor against the rich, and the restoration of that industri- 
ous middle class of small farmers and free toilers, whom 
the disasters of the second Punic war, the greed of the 
wealthy owners of large estates, and the introduction of 
slave labor on a large scale had nearly ruined. Gaius, the 



20 INTRODUCTION 

younger brother, was more impassioned. He devoted 
himself to carrying out his brother's plans, but mingled 
with the unselfish purpose of Tiberius the desire to avenge 
his brother's death. Cicero, no admirer of the Gracchi, 
says that Latin literature suffered a serious loss in the 
early death of Gaius, and adds, " in eloquence perhaps he 
would have had no peer." 

Cicero mentions a large number of orators who followed 
the Gracchi, and places among the foremost M. Antonius 
(143-87 B.C.) and M. Licinius Crassus (140-91 B.C.), whom 
he compares favorably with Demosthenes and Hyperides. 

Q. Hortensius (1 14-50 B.C.) was the leader of the Roman 
bar when Cicero entered public life. This position he 
yielded to the ability and industry of Cicero with so much 
grace that he became an ally more than a rival. Horten- 
sius was the exponent of the Asiatic school of oratory, 
characterized by an exuberant use of ornament, and by a 
tendency toward the verbose and bombastic. The Attic 
school went to the other extreme of excessive simplicity 
and directness ; to this school belonged Caesar, M. Brutus, 
and Cassius. The school of Rhodes, toward which Cicero 
inclined, represented the mean between the Asiatic and 
the Attic, and attempted to combine the excellent features 
of the other two. Roman oratory reached its zenith in 
Cicero. 

GOVERNMENT 

The Roman state was regulated and controlled by three 
powers distinct from, but not independent of, one another 
the comitia, the magistrates, and the senate. 

Comitia. — The comitia were constitutional assemblies 
of the people in which and through which the people 



GOVERNMENT 21 

expressed their will and command. To them belonged 
the summum imperium, and all power emanated from them 
directly or indirectly. After 471 b.c. these comitia were 
three in number, named from the three modes in which the 
people were organized politically : 

Comitia Curiata, in which the people were counted by 
curies. 

Comitia Centuriata, in which the people were counted by 
centuries. 

Comitia Tributa, in which the people were counted by 
tribes. 

Each citizen present had one vote, and the majority of 
individual votes in each curia, century, or tribe decided 
its vote. These votes were at first given viva voce, but 
afterward by ballot. 

Comitia Curiata. — The comitia curiata was composed of 
thirty curies, ten from each of the three tribes of Romulus, 
and met in the Comitium or the Capitol. During the regal 
period this assembly was convoked and presided over by 
the rex or interrex. It declared war and concluded peace, 
elected the king and conferred imperium, enacted and 
repealed laws, and was the court of appeal in matters 
affecting the life or political status of citizens. The Servian 
constitution transferred to the comitia centuriata the right 
to declare war and decide appeals. In the republic the 
presiding officer was a consul, dictator, or praetor, and in 
matters purely religious, a pontifex. The powers of this 
assembly gradually diminished until in Cicero's time its 
meetings were purely ceremonial, and its duties were dele- 
gated to the thirty lictores curiati. 

Comitia Centuriata. — In the legislation ascribed to Ser- 
vius Tullius all Roman citizens were divided into five 



22 INTRODUCTION 

property classes, and these were subdivided into one hun- 
dred and ninety-three centuries. All citizens appeared in 
this assembly on an equal footing ; but as there were eigh- 
teen centuries of equites and eighty others of the first class, 
composed of the wealthiest Romans, the real power was in 
the hands of the rich. The other centuries had no influ- 
ence except when these two classes disagreed. The pre- 
siding officer was the magistrate who convoked the meeting. 
The place of meeting was outside the city walls, usually in 
the Campus Martius. Early in the history of the republic 
the comitia centuriata elected the higher magistrates, con- 
suls, praetors, and censors, enacted laws, determined 
questions of war, and was the court of appeal in criminal 
trials affecting the personal or political privileges of citizens. 
At first the action of this assembly had to be ratified by 
Xhz patrum auctoritas, but the Publilian law (339 B.C.) pro- 
vided that this ratification should be given in advance. 

Comitia Tributa. — This was an assembly of the people 
arranged according to the local division of tribes instituted 
by Servius for convenience in collecting taxes. The tribes 
consisted at first of landholders only, but in 304 B.C. land- 
less citizens were enrolled in the four city tribes, and in 
89 b.c. all Italians received citizen rights and with these 
the privilege of taking part in these assemblies. The place 
of meeting was the Capitol, Forum, or Campus Martius, 
but always within the jurisdiction of the tribuni plebis, 
which extended to one mile beyond the city. This as- 
sembly could not be convoked without the consent of the 
tribunes, and was presided over by the magistrate who 
convoked it. 

When the assembly of the tribes was called together by 
a consul, praetor, curule aedile, or pontifex, it was strictly 



GOVERNMENT 23 

a comitia tributa. When, however, it was convoked by a 
tribune or plebeian aedile, it was a concilium plebis. 

The comitia tributa elected curule aediles, quaestors, the 
inferior magistrates, and the military tribunes not nominated 
by the generals. After 104 B.C. this assembly elected the 
pontifices, augurs, and qaindecimviri sacris faciundis. The 
concilia plebis elected the tribunes of the people and the 
plebeian aediles. 

Resolutions adopted by the comitia tributa or concilium 
plebis, on receiving the sanction of the senate, were binding 
upon all the people. By the Hortensian law (286 B.C.) the 
necessity for the senatorial sanction was removed, and from 
that time the assembly of the tribes was the principal legis- 
lative organ of the Roman people. 

By the laws of the Twelve Tables an assembly of the 
people was prohibited from inflicting any punishment more 
severe than a fine. 

Notice of a Meeting. — The comitia curiata was generally 
summoned by the lictores curiati, who notified the members 
individually, or by criers. The comitia centuriata and the 
comitia tributa were called together by a written proclama- 
tion, issued seventeen days before the meeting, and on the 
day of the meeting a public crier or an augur called the 
people together. 

Procedure. — On the morning of a meeting of the comitia, 
immediately after midnight, the magistrate who was to 
preside, usually accompanied by an augur, took the aus- 
pices, though for the concilia plebis this ceremony was 
omitted. When the citizens were assembled, the proceed- 
ings were opened with prayer, often preceded by a sacrifice. 
These religious rites completed, the presiding magistrate 
presented the matters to be voted upon, and made such 



24 INTRODUCTION 

remarks as he saw fit. Any magistrate of equal or supe- 
rior rank, or the tribunes might then address the assembly, 
and lastly any private individual who could secure the 
permission of the presiding officer. The president then 
called on the people to vote. One curia, century, or tribe 
was selected by lot to vote first. When it had voted and 
the vote was announced, the others voted. The votes were 
then counted, the decision announced, and the assembly 
dismissed. 

THE MAGISTRATES 

The King. — From the beginning to 509 B.C., supreme 
executive power — civil, military, and religious — was 
vested in a king who held office for life. Though theo- 
retically absolute, public opinion and custom demanded that 
he consult the senate on the more important matters of ad- 
ministration, and ask the comitia to approve proposed laws. 

Magistrates of the Republic. — On the establishment of 
the republic, the powers heretofore vested in the individual 
ruler were transferred to a college consisting of two con- 
suls, each a check on the other. Little by little, a consid- 
erable part of the power of the consuls was distributed 
among other colleges, the praetors, aediles, and censors. 

Term of Office. Election. Salary. — All regular magis- 
trates held office for one year, except the censors, whose 
term, originally five years, was made (433 B.C.) one year 
and a half. The time of elections was fixed by the senate, 
and generally came in July. Magistrates began their 
duties on the first of the January following their election, 
except the tribunes, who assumed office Dec. 10, the quaes- 
tors, who probably did so Dec. 5, and the censors, who had 
no fixed date. Roman magistrates received no salary, but 



MAGISTRATES 25 

the various offices were eagerly sought as the most honor- 
able of all distinctions. During the last two centuries of 
the republic, however, the state positions were sought, not 
for the honor of serving the state, but for the opportu- 
nity of amassing wealth in the government of provinces 
assigned to those who had held the higher magistracies. 

Qualifications. — During the last three centuries of the 
republic, free citizens — patrician or plebeian — were eli- 
gible to any office except the tribuneship of the plebs and 
the plebeian aedileship. These positions were open to 
those only who were, by birth or adoption, members of a 
plebeian family. 

Before 180 b.c. there seems to have been no law defining 
the age at which a citizen became eligible for office, but 
that year the age qualifications probably became 31 for 
quaestor, 37 for curule aedile, 40 for praetor, 43 for consul. 

Restrictions. — 1. No one could hold two magistracies 
in the same year. 2. No one could be legally reelected to 
the same office until after the lapse of ten years. 

Note. — In 121 B.C. the second restriction was removed in the case 
of the tribuneship. The laws in respect to qualifications and restrictions 
were enforced under all ordinary circumstances, but in emergencies, 
or as a reward for especially distinguished services, the people might 
and did except individuals, and even a class of individuals, from their 
operation. 

Removal from Oflice. Resignation. — After election, until 
formal entrance upon his duties, a magistrate was called 
designates, e.g. consul designates, etc. 

No magistrate or magistrate designates could legally be 
removed from office, but any magistrate, except a dictator, 
censor, or tribune, might be impeached after the expiration 
of his term. 



26 INTRODUCTION 

An officer of the government might be compelled to 
resign if it was proved that there had been an irregularity 
in observing the "auspices before the comitia, that any 
unfavorable omen had been disregarded during its prog- 
ress, that the election had been secured by any illegal 
means, or that the magistrate was a traitor. 

Potestas. Imperium. — Potestas was the power which 
any officer of the government had by virtue of his position. 
Imperium gave the right to command an army, and to 
convoke the comitia centuriata. 

Oath of Office. — Every magistrate was compelled within 
five days after entering office to swear obedience to the 
laws. At the close of his term, he took oath that he had 
not wilfully violated the laws. This latter ceremony oc- 
curred in the forum on the day before the new magistrates 
began their duties, and the consuls usually, on such occa- 
sions, gave a report of their year of service to the state. 

Classification. — Various methods of classification have 
been proposed. The more important are : ordinary, extra- 
ordinary ; with imperium, without imperium ; curule, non- 
curule; patrician, plebeian. 

Ordinary (elected at stated intervals). — Consul, praetor, 
aedile, quaestor, tribune, censor. 

Extraordinary (chosen in emergencies). — Dictator, ma- 
gister equitum, interrex. Of these, the consul, praetor, 
dictator, magister equitum, interrex (for five days only), 
had imperium. The consul, praetor, curule aedile, censor, 
and dictator were curule magistrates. The tribune of the 
plebs and the plebeian aedile were always plebeian ; the 
others were all originally patrician, but after 337 b.c. there 
were no exclusively patrician magistracies. 



MAGISTRATES 27 

THE ORDINARY MAGISTRATES 

Consuls. — The consuls, two in number, and equal in 
power, were the chief executive officers of the republic. 
The office was established 509 B.C., and opened to plebei- 
ans 366 B.C. Consuls were elected in the comitia centuriata. 

Powers. — When the consuls were in the city, all other 
magistrates except the tribunes were subject to their 
authority. They alone could convoke the senate and 
the comitia centuriata; they presided at such meetings, 
introduced the subjects on which the senate was consulted, 
and the bills on which the comitia voted. Outside the 
city, as generals, they had supreme civil, criminal, and 
military jurisdiction. To avoid confusion, the consuls 
usually served in turn. 

- Insignia of Office. — The insignia of the consuls were 
the toga praetexta, the sella curulis, and twelve lictors 
with fasces, who walked before the acting consul, but be- 
hind the other. 

Praetors. — When the plebeians became eligible to the 
consulship, in 366 B.C., the judicial power of the consuls 
was transferred to a praetor, also elected by the comitia 
centuriata. At first exclusively patrician, the praetorship 
was thrown open to the plebeians in 337 b.c 

Number. — At first there was only one praetor. About 
244 b.c, owing to the number of foreigners in Rome, an 
additional praetor was elected, to sit in suits between for- 
eigners, or between foreigners and citizens. In 227 b.c the 
number was increased to four, in 197 b.c to six ; these were 
added to provide governors for Sicily, Sardinia, and the two 
provinces of Spain. Sulla still further increased the number 
to eight, and Caesar to ten, twelve, and eventually to sixteen. 



28 INTRODUCTION 

Duties. — After the establishment of the quaestiones 
perpetuae, about 149 B.C., all the praetors remained in the 
city during their year of office, two, as formerly, presiding 
in the civil, the others in the criminal courts. The praetor 
urbanus was supreme judge in civil suits, and in the ab- 
sence of the consuls acted as their representative. The 
praetors were assigned to their positions by lot. 

Insignia. — A praetor was entitled to wear the toga 
praetexta, to use the sella curulis, and was attended by two 
lictors in the city, and six when on foreign service. 

Aediles. — There were two classes of aediles, the plebeian 
and the curule aediles. The former were elected by the 
concilium plebis, and the latter by the comitia tributa. 

Duties. — The aediles were commissioners of police, 
looked after the streets, temples, public buildings, sewers, 
aqueducts, inspected markets, weights, and measures, and 
had supervision over all public exhibitions and games. 

Insignia. — The plebeian aediles had none; the curule 
aediles wore the toga praetexta and used the sella curulis. 

Quaestors. — These officers were elected by the cojnitia 
tributa, a consul presiding. This was the lowest of the 
great offices and the first step to the higher magistracies. 
It entitled the holder to membership in the senate. 

Number. — The number of quaestors was originally 
two; in 421 B.C. the number was increased to four; in 
267 b.c. to eight ; by Sulla (82 B.C.), to twenty ; by Caesar, 
to forty. 

Duties. — All revenues, taxes, custom duties, and special 
levies were paid to the quaestors and all funds for the 
public service were distributed by them. Two quaestors 
remained in the city; one accompanied each consul to 
the field ; four served in Italy, where the public revenues 



MAGISTRATES 29 

required their services ; the rest went to manage the pro- 
vincial treasuries. 

Tribuni Plebis. — There were at first two, later five, and 
after 457 b.c. ten. Candidates for the tribuneship must 
be free born and the sons of free born citizens, and they 
must be plebeian by birth or by adoption. 

Powers. — The most important power of the tribunes 
was the right of veto, which was originally intended for 
the protection of the plebeians. Tribunes also had the 
power to convoke the concilium plebis and there initiate 
legislation binding at first only on the plebs, but after 449 
b.c. on the whole populace. 

The tribunes never had impcrinm. 

Insignia. — None ; but they had one attendant. 

Censors. — Registration {census) and the solemn rites 
connected with it were established by Servius Tullius and 
conducted by the kings in person. During the early 
republic the consuls presided, but in 443 b.c. these duties 
were transferred to special officers called censors. There 
were always two, elected once in five years. The object of 
the census was to apportion the taxes and military service. 

The censors were also allowed to affix a mark of disap- 
probation to the names of those who in their judgment 
were not conducting themselves in a proper manner. 

EXTRAORDINARY MAGISTRATES 

Dictator. — At critical times a single magistrate, called 
Dictator, might be appointed for a definite period, never 
exceeding six months. The independent powers of all the 
other magistrates were then in abeyance. The first dicta- 
tor was appointed in 501 b.c, the last in 202 B.C. 



30 INTRODUCTION 

Insignia. — The insignia of the dictator were the toga 
praetexta, the sella curulis, and twenty-four lictors. 

Note. — The dictatorships of Sulla and of Caesar were irregular and 
unconstitutional. 

Magister Equitum. — A dictator appointed a deputy 
called magister equitum who represented him when absent 
but was in all respects subordinate to him. 

Decretum Extremum et Ultimum. — Instead of naming 
a dictator the senate sometimes invested the consuls with 
extraordinary powers by a decree which Caesar calls decre- 
tum extremum et ultimum, the formula of which was 
Videant consules ne quid det7imenti res publica capiat. 
This gave them dictatorial power, for the exercise of which 
they might afterward be called to account. 

Interrex. — In the regal period the supreme power 
returned to the patres when the king died. They elected 
by lot an officer called interrex, who acted as king for five 
days and named his successor for a like term. 

In addition to the officers mentioned above there was a 
large number of minor magistracies, for information in 
regard to which special works upon that subject should be 
consulted. 

INDUCTIVE STUDIES 

In the inductive, or laboratory, method of study, material 
is collected, examined and compared, and classified ; then 
the general results or principles are formulated. 

It must be kept in mind that a generalization thus 
reached is true only of the facts observed ; it may or 
may not be true universally. Its value depends very 
largely on the number of facts observed. Every fact 
illustrates a principle; but a general principle can come 



INDUCTIVE STUDIES 



31 



only from examination of a number of similar facts, and a 
universal law can be derived only from knowledge of all 
the facts. 

Below are several exercises that have been prepared for 
the guidance of students, and also a list of topics to be 
investigated in a similar manner. 

Pupils are urged to do as much of this kind of work as 
possible, for it fixes facts much more firmly than mere 
memorizing, it gives clearer and more accurate ideas, culti- 
vates the powers of observation and perception, and trains 
the mind for original research. 

Inductive Study I 



Topic : the use of the endings -ris and -re in the second 
person singular number of simple passive forms. 
Material : the first Catilinarian oration. 
Occurrences : 



I. 


abutere . 


2. 


arbitraris 


3- 


machinaris . 


4- 


interficiere . 


5- 


teneris . . 


6. 


moliris . . 


7- 


adsequeris . 


8. 


arbitraris 


9- 


verebere 


10. 


sequere . . 


11. 


meditere 


12. 


commoveare 


13- 


videaris . . 


14. 


perfruere 


15- 


bacchabere . 



6. patiere 



Chapter 
I 
I 
I 

II 
III 
III 

VI 
VII 
VII 
VII 

IX 

IX 

IX 
X 
X 

XI 



Observations 

Fut. Ind. Third Conjugation. 



Pres. " 


First 


ft 


« « 


« 


u 


Fut. " 


Third 


ii 


Pres. Ind. 


Second 


ft 


» ft 


Fourth 


ft 


« « 


Third 


ft 


ft ft 


First 


ft 


Fut. Ind. 


Second 


ft 


« c< 


Third 


ii 


Pres. Subj. 


First 


a 


ft a 


Second 


a 


ft ft 


« 


a 


Firt. Ind. 


Third 


a 


ft ft 


First 


a 


« « 


Third 


ft 



32 - INTRODUCTION 

Summary : 

Pres. Ind. Fut. Ind. Pres. Subj. 

-ris .... 6 o i 

-re . . . . o 7 2 

Generalization : in the second person singular number 
of simple passive forms of all conjugations, the present 
indicative has the ending -ris, the future indicative -re, 
and the present subjunctive -re or -ris. 

Note. — When an inductive study is completed, the results obtained 
should always be compared with the statements of standard grammars, 
for, otherwise, too broad conclusions might be reached from a limited 
amount of material. The result of the study above must be corrected 
slightly for the future indicative. See H. 240 (237) and Madvig 114, b. 

Inductive Study II 
Topic : the gerundive. 

Field of study : the second Catilinarian oration. 
Occurrences : 

1. Quern hostem quam vehementer foris esse timendum 
putem, how much I think this enemy is to be feared ontside. 

2. mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse nobis quam 
hos qui exercitum deseruerunt pertimescendos, remember 
that that army is not so much to be feared as these who have 
forsaken the army. 

3. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, And they are 
more to be feared for this reason. 

4. frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis, by enduring 
cold and hunger and thirst and wakefulness. 

5. Non enim iam sunt tolerandae audaciae, For 710 longer 
are their deeds of effrontery endurable. 

6. essent illi quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi, 
they would have to be despaired of, to be sure, but they 
would be endurable. 



INDUCTIVE STUDIES 33 

7. Cum luxuria nobis certandum est, We must fight 
with riotous living. 

8. quae resecanda erunt, ivhat things shall have to be 
cut off. 

9. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae verum 
etiam conservandae rei publicae, O, the wretched lot, not only 
of him who directs the republic, but also of him who saves it. 

10. consilium belli faciendi, plan of making war. 

11. Numquam ego ab dis immortalibus optabo invidiae 
meae levandae causa, Never shall I pray of the immortal 
gods, for the sake of lightening my unpopularity. 

12. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, But 
these men, I tliink, are least to be feared. 

13. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, To whom it seems 
that this admonition ought to be given. 

T4. Sulla sit ab inferis excitandus, Sulla would have to 
be raised from the dead. 

15. male gerendo negotio, through poor management of 
business. 

16. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, O war greatly 
to be feared. 

17. Reliquis de rebus constituendis, maturandis, agendis, 
About determining, hastening, and performing other tilings. 

18. mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse moriendum, 
that I must either live with these or die for them. 

19. quod vix optandum videtur, which seems hardly to 
be asked for. 

A careful study of these examples shows that, for this 
material at least, these facts may be gathered : 

1. That the gerundive is always used as an adjective, 
i.e. it modifies nouns and pronouns, and its form depends 
on the gender, number, and case of the word modified. 

H. & G. CIC. — 3 



34 INTRODUCTION 

2. That in its verbal force the gerundive is always passive. 

3. That it is often used as a predicate adjective with 
esse to express obligation or necessity. 

4. That when an active expression of obligation or 
necessity is required or an intransitive verb is used, the 
gerundive is used impersonally, i.e. the nominative singular 
neuter form is taken, and the dative is employed to denote 
upon whom the necessity or obligation rests. See examples 
7 and 18. 

5. That where we should expect a verbal noun followed 
by an object, the Latin construction often is a noun or 
pronoun in an oblique case with the gerundive in agree- 
ment with it. See examples 4, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17. 

6. That in example 11 the genitive of a noun and a 
gerundive is used with causa to express a purpose. 

Note. — Also ad is used with the accusative of a noun and a gerun- 
dive to express a purpose. 

Inductive Study III 

Topic : the Gerund. 

Field of study : the Catilinarian orations. 

Occurrences : 

1 . sui conservandi causa, for the purpose of saving them- 
selves. 

2. ad custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum 
sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum, most watchful 
in guarding and most keen in suspecting a?id most energetic 
in punishing. 

3. unius usuram horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non 
dedissem, I should not have given that gladiator the enjoy- 
ment of a single hour to live in. 



INDUCTIVE STUDIES 35 

4. qui coniurationem nascentem non credendo corrobora- 
verunt, zvho strengthened the growing conspiracy by not 
believing that there was one. 

5. aliis mortem parentum non modo impellendo verum etiam 
adiuvando pollicebatur, he promised others the death of their 
parents, not only urging but even giving assistance. 

6. labor vigilandi, exertion during waking hours. 

7. nascendi condicio, circumstances at birth. 

8. dicendi exercitatio, training in oratory. 

9. praesertim qui 110s non pugnando sed tacendo superare 
potuerint, especially since they could overcome us, not by 
figJiting but by keeping still. 

10. Id opprimi sustentando aut prolatando nullo pacto 
potest, This can in no way be destroyed by forbearance and 
delay. 

From these examples it becomes apparent : 

1. That the gerund is a verb used as a noun. 

2. That it is used only in the oblique cases. 

3. That it is therefore the complement of the infinitive, 
which is also a verbal noun, and the two together permit 
verbal ideas to be used in all noun constructions. 

4. That the gerund does not commonly have an object, 
but the noun or pronoun that is the object of the act is 
put in the case of the gerund and, instead of the gerund, 
the gerundive is used. 1 

5. That the genitive of the gerund with causa is used 
to express a purpose. 

1 More material, however, would have shown that a direct object does 
quite often occur with the genitive of the gerund and occasionally with 
other cases in some authors, 



36 INTRODUCTION 



Inductive Study IV 

Topic : conditional sentences. 

Field of study : the first Catilinarian oration. 

Occurrences : l 

1. Nos autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei publicae videmur, 
si istius furorem ac tela vitemus, But we, brave men that we 
are, seem to ourselves to be doing our duty to the republic, 
if zue avoid the rage and weapons of that wretch. 

2. Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendi, si interfici, iussero, 
credo, erit verendum mihi, If I shall nozv order you to be 
arrested and killed, I shall have to fear, I suppose. 

Similar conditions are : si iussero, residebit ; sin exieris, 
exhaurietur. feram, si feceris ; si ieris, sustinebo. si eiecerit, 
eduxerit, adgregarit ; exstinguetur, delebitur. si tolletur, 
videbimur. 

3. Non iubeo, sed si me consulis, suadeo, / do not order 
that course, but if you ask counsel of me, I advise it. 

Similar conditions : quid est, si potest, si inlustrantur, si 
erumpunt. dubitas, si potes. refers, si neglegis. si est, est 
pertimescenda. 

4. Convincam, si negas, IsJiallfurnisJiproof, if you make 
denial. 

5. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mihi timorem eripe ; 
si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando 
timere desinam, Wherefore depart and take away from me 
this fear ; if it is zvell grounded, that I may not be crushed, 
but if it is gromidless, that at last finally I may cease to be 
in fear. 

1 To save labor, only one example of a kind may be recorded and the place 
of the rest given. 



INDUCTIVE STUDIES 37 

Si minus, quam plurimos. si vis, perge. Sin mavis, 
egredere. 

6. Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis 
exspectas contumeliam ? If this has happened to no one 
before in the memory of men, are yon waiting for an 
expressed rebuke ? 

J. Servi mei si me isto pacto metuerent, domum relinquen- 
dam putarem, If my slaves feared me in that way, I should 
think that I ought to leave my home. 

Si viderem, mailem. si timerent, odissent, posses ; con- 
cederes. 

8. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne impetrare 
debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? If your country 
should talk with you as I have said, should she not obtain 
her request, even if she should not be able to employ force f 

Si loquatur. 

9. si hie ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtem- 
peraturum te esse dicis, you say that if this body shall vote 
that it is best that you go into exile, you will obey. 

Si induxeris, impendeat. si pervenerit, fore. 

10. At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si 
fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixissem, iam mini consuli hoc 
ipso in templo iure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset, 
But if I had said this same tiling to this excellent young 
man Publius Sestius or to this worthy mail Marcus Mar- 
cellus, the senate would very properly have already laid 
violent hands on me, the consul, even in this temple. 

11. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con- 
scripti, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae gladi- 
atori isti ad vivendum non dedissem, If I thought it the best 
thing to do, senators, to put Catiline to death, I should not 
have given that gladiator a single hour to live in. 



38 INTRODUCTION 

12. Etenim, si summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et 
Gracchorum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine 
non modo se non contaminarunt sed etiam honestarunt, certe 
verendum non mini, For, you see, if the most distinguished 
men a?id the most illustrious citizens not only did not dis- 
grace tJiemselves but even brought honor upon themselves 
by the blood of Saturninus and the Gracchi and Flaccus 
and many others of former times, surely I had not to 
fear. 

13. Quod si ea mihi mazime impenderet, tamen hoc animo 
semper fui, But if this threatened me very seriously, never- 
theless I have always been of this mind. 

14. quorum auctoritatem secuti multi non solum improbi 
verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter 
et regie factum esse dicerent, followi7ig the lead of these 
men, many not only bad but also uninfonned ones would say, 
if I had punished this man, that I had acted cruelly and 
tyrartnically. 

15. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo gravi, cum aestu febri- 
que iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, primo relevati 
videntur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adflictantur ; 
sic hie morbus qui est in re publica, relevatus istius poena, 
vehementius reliquis vivis ingravescet, As often men who are 
sick with a serious disease, when they are tossed about by 
the heat of fever, if they drink cold water, at first seem to 
be relieved, and tlien are distressed much more seriously and 
severely, so this disease which is in the state, if checked by 
the punishment of that wretch, will become much worse, if 
the rest are left alive. 

1 6. quicquid increpuerit Catilinam timeri non est feren- 
dum, it is not to be endured that, if any noise is heard, 
Catiline should be feared. 



INDUCTIVE STUDIES 39 

General results : 

1. The sentences are complex, and the dependent clause 
contains a supposed case, upon the fulfilment of which the 
independent clause depends. 

Are there special names for these two parts of a con- 
ditional sentence? See H. 572 (506); M. 360; A. & G. 
304; G. 589; B. 301. 

2. In the conditions 1-6, 9, 12, 15, and 16 there is no 
implication as to the reality of the supposed case. 

What names are given to the various kinds of condi- 
tions ? H. 573 (508-510); M. 363-366; A. & G. 305; G. 
595-597 ; B. 302-304. 

3. In 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, there is a distinct implication 
that the supposed case was not a real one. 

4. In 8 the supposed case is represented as possible. 

S- In conditions with nothing implied as to fulfilment 
the indicative is used in both protasis and apodosis, unless 
the condition is in indirect discourse or the apodosis is a 
command or indirect question or some other construction 
which requires a different mode. The tense is determined 
in the usual manner. 

6. In the contrary to fact conditions the imperfect sub- 
junctive refers to present time and the pluperfect to past 
time. 

7. In conditions assumed as possible the present sub- 
junctive is employed. 

Has the perfect subjunctive any use in conditional sen- 
tences ? H. 576, 1 (509, N. 1); M. 364; A. & G. 307, 2, c; 
G. 596, 1 ; B. 303. 

8. In all the conditions except 15 and 16 a definite and 
particular supposition is made, but in 15 and 16 any one 
of a number of possible occurrences is referred to. 



40 INTRODUCTION 

9. In these two general conditions present time is im- 
plied, and the perfect indicative is used in the protasis 
and the present indicative in the apodosis. 

10. The protasis is usually introduced by si or one of 
its compounds, but sometimes a relative is found. In 16 
quicquid is equivalent to si quid. 

1 1. The protasis is generally in the form of a dependent 
clause ; but in 1 5, relevatus and reliquis vivis have each all 
the force of a protasis. 

What other forms may a condition assume? H. 575, 9 
(507, N. 7); M. 372; A. & G. 310; G. 600; B. 305. 

12. When a conditional sentence is in indirect discourse, 
the mode and tense are determined in the usual way, as in 
1 and 9. 

What does the present or the perfect subjunctive in the 
apodosis of a condition assumed as possible become in 
indirect discourse? H. 646, 1 (527, II); M. 403 ; A. & G. 
337, 2, a; G. 656, 2; B. 320. 

What is the form of protases of unreal conditions in 
indirect discourse after a primary tense? H. 647 (527, 
III); M. 404; A. & G. page 376, I; G. 659; B. 321, B. 

What is the form of apodoses of unreal conditions in 
indirect discourse? H. 647 (527, III and N. I); M. 404; 
A. & G. page 376, 2 and 3 ; G. 656; B. 321, A. 

What does the future perfect in dependent clauses be- 
come in indirect discourse ? H. 644, 2 (525, 2) ; M. 317, 2 ; 
A. & G. 286, R. ; G. 516; B. 319, B, a. 



For his first unaided effort, let the student investigate 
the truthfulness of this statement, which appears in a 
standard English work on Latin composition : 




^ 


B5 


fe. 


in 


^ 


tei 




S* 


h 



INDUCTIVE STUDIES 



41 



"The verb usually stands first in sentences introduced 
by autem or enim." 

Some topics for investigation are suggested below : 



The genitive in -um and 
-ium. 

The ablative in -e and -T. 

Assimilation in com- 
pounds. 

Contracted forms of the 
verb. 

The genitive. 

The accusative. 

The dative. 

The ablative. 
- The locative. 

The ablative absolute. 

The position of the adjec- 
tive in the Latin expression 
for " Roman people." 

Comparatives, formation 
and force. 

Superlatives. 

How is separation ex- 
pressed ? 

The supine. 

The uses of the infinitive. 

Wishes. 

Participles. 

The present indicative. 

The imperfect indicative. 

Purpose constructions. 



Commands. 

Different ways of express- 
ing necessity. 

Sequence of tenses. 

Cause constructions. 

Time constructions. 

Relative clauses with the 
subjunctive. 

Relative clauses with the 
indicative. 

Place constructions. 

The subjunctive in inde- 
pendent clauses. 

Characteristic clauses. 

Cum clauses. 

Is the emphatic word ever 
placed last in a Latin sen- 
tence ? 

Catiline. 

Pompey. 

Milo. 

Clodius. 

Marcellus. 

Style of Roman letters. 

Cicero in the orations and 
in the letters. 

The powers of the Roman 
senate. 







n 






a 


































B 

Statilii T 
. ML A urc 


< « 5 


'E 




u 

ft 

< 


c 


a 
n 

c 

c 

:/ 

< 


S 

2 

_2 


> 


"S, 


= 


rt 




E 
re 


3 : = 
ft > 

z ~ 
-C 


-5 


ft.2 

P. > 

jr. ~ 


3 

£ 

a 


a 

p. 
U 


F 
a 
= 

B 




X 


■£ ° 


p3« 


4) 4) 

« K 

F F 


a 


n 


R 


'i 


_■§ 





£ 


C 


- 


~ 


~ 


H 


a 
u 


F 

•J 


X. 

> 


U 


|« 






fc 


Z 


a 


^ 


KH 


~ 


J3 


> 


o 


~ 


— 


= 


« 


r^ 


« 


— 




~ 




-CJ3 




























- — 




n 




<IHU<H 




H 


- 




< 


H 


— 


- 


> 


— 


J 


--' 




< 




^ 


~ 


- 


— 


~ 




ro •<*■ in^d 


t^co 




H 


IN 


r'<- 




mvd 


t>od 




H 


<N 


rn 


4 


iri 














m 


f 


H 


M 


« 


H 


H 


H 


H 




M 




(N 


<N 


<N 







11 
M 

w 




S 
o 


"3 « 


"• ; ,> 




■fl 


uirini 

mae Constant 
m Augusti 
acis 
elluris 
cus Liviae 
m Vestae 
eneris et Rom 
idis et Serapis 


Ss 
a F U 


u 

r. 
> 


O 


OZ c-^'Z-c>~ 


^- S 


*£ 


n o 


*o • -OS . . 






h-^^--<^'- 


->^ 


r- 


Cfi 



•<*■ "-.vo t^oo 





BRADLEY 4 POATES. 



43 



In L. Sergium Catilinam Oratio Prima 

QUO usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia no- 
stra ? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuns nos elu- 
det ? Quern ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia ? 
Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium PalatI, nihil urbis 

5 vigiliae, nihil timor popull, nihil concursus bonorum 
omnium, nihil hie munltissimus habendl senatus locus, 
nihil horum ora voltusque moverunt ? Patere tua 
consilia non sentls ? constrictam iam horum omnium 
scientia teneri coniurationem tuam non vides ? Quid 

10 proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos 
convocaveris, quid consill ceperis, quern nostrum Igno- 
rare arbitraris ? 

O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, con- 
sul videt ; hie tarn en vivit. Vlvit ? Immo vero etiam 

15 in senatum venit, fit public! consill particeps, notat et 
designat oculls ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. 
Nos autem, fortes virl, satis facere re! publicae vide- 
mur, si istlus furorem ac tela vltemus. 

Ad mortem te, Catilina, duel iussu consulis iam pri- 

20 dem oportebat ; in te conferrl pestem quam tu in nos 
machinaris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Sclpio, ponti- 
fex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem 
statum rel publicae prlvatus interfecit; Catilinam, orbem 
terrae caede atque incendils vastare cupientem, nos 

25 consules perferemus ? Nam ilia nimis antlqua prae- 

45 



46 IN CATILINAM I 

tereo, quod C. Servllius Ahala Sp. Maelium novls rebus 
studentem manu sua occldit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam 
in hac re piiblica virtus ut virl fortes acrioribus suppli- 
ers civem perniciosum quam acerbissimum hostem co- 
5 ercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, 
vehemens et grave. Non deest rel publicae consilium, 
neque auctoritas hiiius ordinis ; nos, nos, dlco aperte, 
consules desumus. 

ii. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. Opimius consul 

10 videret ne quid res piiblica detrlmentl caperet. Nox 
nulla intercessit: interfectus est propter quasdam sedi- 
tionum susplciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, 
maioribus ; occlsus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consu- 
laris. Simill senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio 

15 consulibus est permissa res publica-; num unum diem 

postea L. Saturnlnum tribiinum plebis et C. Servilium 

praetorem mors ac rel publicae poena remorata est ? 

At nos vicesimum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem 

horum auctoritatis. Habemus enim huiusce modi sena- 

20 tus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulls, tamquam in 
vagina reconditum, quo ex senatus consulto confestim te 
interfectum esse, Catilina, convenit. Vlvis, et vlvis n5n 
ad deponendam, sed ad conflrmandam audaciam. 

Cupio, patres conscrlptl, me esse clementem ; cupio in 

25 tantls rel publicae perlculls me non dissoliitum viderl, 
sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemns. Castra 
sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae 
faucibus conlocata, crescit in dies singulos hostium nu- 
merus ; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque 

30 hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, 
intestlnam aliquam cotldie perniciem rel publicae molien- 
tem. 



IN CATILINAM I 47 

Si te iam, Catilina, comprehend!, si interne! iussero, 
credo, erit verendum mini ne non hoc potius omnes bon! 
serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dlcat. 
Verum ego hoc, quod iam prldem factum esse oportuit, 

5 certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Turn denique 
interficiere, cum iam nemo tarn improbus, tarn perditus, 
tarn tul similis invenlr! poterit, qui id non iure factum 
esse fateatur. Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere 
audeat, vlves ; et vlves ita ut vlvis, multls meis et flrmls 

10 praesidils oppressus, ne commovere te contra rem publi- 
can) possls. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non 
sentientem, slcut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque 
custodient. 

in. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- 

15 spectes, si neque nox tenebrls obscurare coetus nefarios 
nee prlvata domus parietibus continere voces coniura- 
tionis tuae potest ? si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia ? 
Muta iam istam mentem ; mihi crede, oblivlscere caedis 
atque incendi5rum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora 

20 nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recogno- 
scas. Meministine me ante diem xii. Kalendas Novem- 
brls dlcere in senatu, fore in armls certo die, qui dies 
futurus esset ante diem vi. Kal. Novembrls, C. Manlium, 
audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me 

25 fefellit, Catillna, non modo res tanta, tarn atrox tamque 
incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis est admlrandum, 
dies ? 

Dlxl ego Idem in senatu caedem te optimatium contu- 
lisse in ante diem v. Kalendas Novembrls, turn cum 

30 multl prlncipes clvitatis Roma non tarn sul conservandl 
quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profu- 
gerunt. Num lnfitiarl potes te illo ipso die, meis prae- 



48 IN CATILINAM I 

sidils, mea dlligentia circumclusum, commovere te contra 
rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum, 
nostra tamen qui remansissemus caede, te contentum 
esse dlcebas ? Quid ? cum te Praeneste Kalendls ipsls 
5 Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confi- 
deres, sensistlne illam coloniam meo iussu meis praesidiis, 
custodils, vigiliis esse munltam ? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, 
nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam 
videam planeque sentiam. 

10 iv. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superi- 
orem ; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem 
quam te ad perniciem rel publicae. Dlco te priore nocte 
venisse inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Lae- 
cae domum ; convenisse eodem compluris eiusdem araen- 

15 tiae scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? Quid 
taces ? Convincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in 
senatii quosdam qui tecum una fuerunt. 

O dl immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus ? In qua 
urbe vlvimus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? Hie, 

20 hie sunt, in nostro numero, patres conscrlptl, in hoc 
orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de 
nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo 
de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video consul 
et de re piiblica sententiam rog5, et quos ferro trucldarl 

25 oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero. 

FuistI igitur apud Laecam ilia nocte, Catillna ; distri- 
buistl partis Italiae ; statuistl quo quemque proficlscl 
placeret ; delegistl quos Romae relinqueres, quos tecum 
educeres ; dlscrlpsistl urbis partis ad incendia ; conflr- 

30 mastl te ipsum iam esse exiturum ; dlxistl paulum tibi 
esse etiam nunc morae quod ego vlverem. RepertI 
sunt duo equites RomanI qui te ista cura llberarent et 



IN CATILINAM I 49 

sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo 
interfecturos esse pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vix- 
dum etiam coetu vestr5 dimisso, comperi. Domum 
meam maioribus praesidiis munlvl atque f IrmavT ; exclusl 

5 eos quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, cum ill! ipsi ve- 
nissent, quos ego iam multis ac summls virls ad me id 
temporis venturos esse praedlxeram. 

v. Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, perge quo coepistl. 
Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae, proficlscere. 

10 Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra 
deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnis tuos ; si minus, 
quam plurimos ; purga urbem. Magno me metu libera- 
bis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobis- 
cum versar! iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non 

15 patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda 
est atque huic ipsi Iovl StatorT, antlquissimo custod! 
huius urbis, gratia, quod hanc tarn taetram, tarn horribi- 
lem tamque Infestam re! publicae pestem totiens iam 
effugimus. Non est saepius in imo homine summa 

20 salus perlclitanda rei publicae. 

Quam diu mihi c5nsulT deslgnato, Catillna, Insidiatus 
es, non publico me praesidio, sed prlvata diligentia de- 
fend!. Cum proximls comitils consularibus me consu- 
lem in campo et competltores tuos interficere voluistl, 

25 compress! cdnatus tuos nefarios am!corum praesidio et 
copils, niillo tumultu publice concitato ; denique, quoti- 
enscumque me petlstl, per me tibi obstitl, quamquam 
videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate re! 
publicae esse coniunctam. Nunc iam aperte rem pu- 

30 blicam universam petis ; templa deorum immortalium, 
tecta urbis, vltam omnium civium, Italiam totam ad 
exitium ac vastitatem vocas. 
h. & g. cic. — 4 



50 IN CATILINAM I 

Qua re, quoniam id quod est primum, et quod huius 
imperl discipllnaeque maiorum proprium est, facere non- 
dum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius, et 
ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interna iusse- 

5 ro, residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus. 
Sin tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur 
ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentlna 
rel publicae. Quid est, Catillna ? num dubitas id me 
imperante facere, quod iam tua sponte faciebas ? Exlre 

10 ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in 
exsilium ? Non iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 

vi. Quid est enim, Catillna, quod te iam in hac urbe 
delectare possit ? in qua nemo est extra istam coniura- 
tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo 

15 qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non 
inusta vltae tuae est ? Quod prlvatarum rerum dedecus 
n5n haeret in fama ? quae libido ab oculls, quod facinus 
a manibus umquam tuls, quod flagitium a toto corpore 
afuit ? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum inle- 

20 cebrls inretlsses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad 
libldinem f acem praetulistl ? Quid vero ? niiper cum 
morte superioris uxoris novls nuptils domum vacuefe- 
cisses, nonne etiam alio incredibill scelere hoc scelus 
cumulasti ? quod ego praetermitto et facile patior silerl, 

25 ne in hac clvitate tantl facinoris immanitas aut exsti- 
tisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 

Praetermitto rulnas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnls 
impendere tibi proximls Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio 
quae non ad prlvatam Ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non 

30 ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed 
ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum 
vltam salutemque pertinent. Potestne tibi haec lux, 



IN CAT1L1NAM I 5 I 

Catilina, aut huius caell splritus esse iucundus, cum 
scias horum esse neminem qui nesciat te prldie Ka- 
lendas Ianuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in 
comitio cum telo ? manum consulum et principum civi- 

5 tatis interficiendorum causa paravisse ? scelerl ac furor! 
tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortii- 
nam popul! RomanI obstitisse ? 

Ac iam ilia omitto — neque enim sunt aut obscura aut 
non multa commissa ; quotiens tu me designatum, quo- 

10 tiens consulem interficere conatus es ! quot ego tuas 
petitiones, ita coniectas ut vltarl posse non viderentur, 
parva quadam decllnatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugl ! 
Nihil adsequeris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 
Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! quo- 

15 tiens vero excidit casii aliquo et elapsa est ! Quae qui- 

dem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio, 

quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore deflgere. 

vii. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim iam 

tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo 

20 debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. 
Venisti paul5 ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta 
frequentia, tot ex tuls amlcls ac necessarils salutavit ? 
Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis 
exspectas contumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taci- 

25 turnitatis oppressus ? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista sub- 
sellia vacuef acta sunt ? quod omnes consulares, qui tibi 
persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, simul atque 
adsedistl, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque in- 
anem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi ferendum 

30 putas ? 

Servl me hercule mel si me isto pacto metuerent, ut 
te metuunt omnes elves tul, domum meam relinquendam 



52 IN CATILINAM I 

putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et, si me mels 
clvibus iniuria suspectum tarn graviter atque offensum 
viderem, carere me aspectu clvium quam Infestls omnium 
oculls conspicl mallem. Tu, cum conscientia scelerum 

5 tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi 
debitum, dubitas quorum mentis sensusque vulneras, 
eorum aspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes 
timerent atque odissent tul neque eos ulla ratione placare 
posses, tu, oplnor, ab eorum oculls aliquo concederes. 

10 Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium 

nostrum, odit ac metuit, et iam diu te nihil iudicat nisi 

de parricldio suo cogitare ; huius tu neque auctoritatem 

verebere nee iudicium sequere nee vim pertimesces ? 

Quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit, et quodam modo tacita 

15 loquitur : 

' Nullum iam aliquot annls facinus exstitit nisi per te. 
nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi unl multorum clvium neces, 
tibi vexatio dlreptioque sociorum impunlta fuit ac libera ; 
tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum 

20 etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuistl. Su- 
periora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut 
potul, tull; nunc vero me totam esse in metii propter 
unum te, quicquid increpuerit Catillnam timerl, nullum 
viderl contra me consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere 

25 abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede 
atque hunc mihi timorem eripe : si est verus, ne oppri- 
mar; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' 

viii. Haec si tecum, ut dlxl, patria loquatur, nonne 
impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? 

30 Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedistl ? quod vitan- 
dae susplcionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle 
dlxistl ? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus 



IN CAT1L1NAM I 53 

es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogastl. Cum a 
me quoque id responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse 
Isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in perlculo 
essem quod Isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metel- 

5 lum praetorem venistl ; a quo repudiatus ad sodalem 
tuum, virum optimum, M. Marcellum, demigrastl ; quern 
tu videlicet et ad custodiendum dlligentissimum et ad 
suspicandum sagacissimum et ad vindicandum fortis- 
simum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere 

10 atque a vinculls abesse debere, qui se ipse iam dlgnum 
custodia iudicarit ? Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, dubitas, 
si emorl aequo animo non potes, ablre in aliquas terras, 
et vltam istam, multls supplicils iustls debitlsque ereptam, 
fugae solitudinlque mandare ? 

15 ' Refer/ inquis, ' ad senatum ; ' id enim postulas, et, si 
hie ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium, obtempe- 
raturum te esse dlcis. Non referam, id quod abhorret 
a mels moribus ; et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi 
de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catillna ; libera rem 

20 publicam metu ; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, pro- 
ficlscere. Quid est, Catillna ? ecquid attendis ? ecquid 
animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid 
exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem 
tacitorum perspicis ? At si hoc idem huic adulescentl 

25 optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro M. Marcello dlxissem, 
iam mihi consull, hoc ipso in templo, senatus iure optimo 
vim et manus intulisset. De te autem, Catillna, cum 
quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum 
tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctori- 

30 tas est videlicet cara, vita vllissima, sed etiam illl equites 
RomanI, honestissiml atque optiml virl, ceterlque fortis- 
siml elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et fre- 




54 



IN C ATI LIN AM I 55 

quentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante 
exaudire potuistl. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu 
manus ac tela contined, eosdem facile adducam ut te 
haec, quae vastare iam prldem studes, relinquentem 
5 usque ad portas prosequantur. 

ix. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut ulla res f rangat ? 
tu ut umquam te corrigas ? tu ut ullam fugam meditere ? 
tu ut exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem dl 
immortales duint ! Tamets! video, si mea voce perterri- 

10 tus Ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas 
invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus, recentl 
memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem, impendeat. 
Sed est tantl, dum modo ista sit prlvata calamitas et a 
rel publicae perlculls seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitils tuls 

is commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut tempori- 

- bus rel publicae cedas, n5n est postulandum. Neque 

enim is es, Catillna, ut te aut pudor. umquam a turpi- 

tudine aut metus a perlculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. 

Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dlxl, proficlscere ; ac, si 

20 mihi inimlco, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, 
recta perge in exsilium ; vix feram sermones hominum 
si id f eceris ; vix molem istlus invidiae, si in exsilium 
iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servlre meae 
laudl et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna scelera- 

25 torum manu ; confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos 
elves, secerne te a bonis, Infer patriae bellum, exsulta 
impio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invl- 
tatus ad tuos Isse videaris. 

Quamquam quid ego te invltem, a quo iam sciam esse 

30 praemissos qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur 
armatl? cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio 
diem ? a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi 



56 IN C ATI LIN AM I 

ac tuls omnibus c5nf!do perniciosam ac funestam futu- 
ram, cui doml tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum c5nstitu- 
tum fuit, sciam esse praemissam ? Tu ut ilia carere 
diutius possls, quam venerarl ad caedem proficiscens 

5 solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram 
ad necem clvium transtulistl ? 

x. Ibis tandem aliquando quo te iam prldem ista tua 
cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat. Neque enim 
tibi haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem 

10 voluptatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, vo- 
luntas exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non 
modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium con- 
cuplstl. Nanctus es ex perditls atque ab omnl n5n 
modo fortuna, verum etiam spe derellctls conflatam im- 

15 proborum manum. Hie tu qua laetitia perfruere ! qui- 
bus gaudils exsultabis ! quanta in voluptate bacchabere, 
cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum 
quemquam neque videbis ! 

Ad huius vltae studium meditatT ill! sunt qui feruntur 

20 labores tul, iacere hum! non solum ad obsidendum stu- 
prum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum ; vigilare non 
solum Insidiantem somno marltorum, verum etiam bonis 
otiosorum. Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram 
patientiam famis, frlgoris, inopiae rerum omnium, qui- 

25 bus te brevl tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum 
profeci turn, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius 
temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, at- 
que ut id quod est a te scelerate susceptum latrocinium 
potius quam bellum nominaretur. 

30 xi. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope 
iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, perci- 
pite, quaeso, dlligenter quae dlcam, et ea penitus animls 



IN CATILINAM 1 57 

vestrls mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, 
quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si 
omnis res piiblica, loquatur : 

1 M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune eum quern esse hostem 

5 comperistl, quern ducem belli futurum vides, quern ex- 
spectarl imperatorem in castrls hostium sentis, auctorem 
sceleris, prlncipem coniurationis, evocatorem servorum 
et clvium perditorum, exire patiere ut abs te non emis- 
sus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur ? Non 

io hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapl, non summo 
supplicio mactari imperabis ? Quid tandem te impedit ? 
Mosne maiorum ? At persaepe etiam prlvatl in hac re 
piiblica perniciosos clvls morte multaverunt. An leges, 
quae de clvium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? At 

is numquam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt clvium 
iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times ? Prae- 
claram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te homi- 
nem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, 
tarn mature ad summum imperium per omnis honorum 

20 gradus extulit, si propter invidiae aut alicuius perlcull 
metum salutem clvium tuorum neglegis. Sed si quis 
est invidiae metus, num est vehementius severitatis ac 
fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertime- 
scenda? An cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur 

as urbes, tecta ardebunt, turn te non exlstimas invidiae 
incendio conflagraturum ? ' 

xii. His ego sanctissimls rei publicae v5cibus, et 
eorum hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pau- 
ca respondebo. Ego, si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, 

30 patres conscrlptl, Catillnam morte multarl, unlus usuram 
horae gladiatorl isti ad vlvendum non dedissem. Etenim 
Si summi et clarissimi virl Saturnlnl et Gracchorum et 



58 IN CAT! LI NAM I 

FlaccI et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo 
se non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe ve- 
rendum mini non erat ne quid hoc parriclda clvium in- 
terfecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod 

5 si ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo semper 
fill, ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam 
putarem. 

Quamquam non nulll sunt in hoc ordine qui aut ea 
quae imminent non videant, aut ea quae vident dissimu- 

10 lent; qui spem Catillnae mollibus sententils aluerunt, 
coniurationemque nascentem non credendo corroborave- 
runt ; quorum auctoritatem secutl multf non solum im- 
probl, verum etiam imperltl, si in hunc animadvertissem, 
crudeliter et regie factum esse dlcerent. Nunc intelle 

15 si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, ne- 
minem tarn stultum fore qui non videat coniurationem 
esse factam, neminem tarn improbum qui non fateatur. 
Hoc autem unci interfecto, inteilego hanc rel publicae 
pestem paulisper repriml, non in perpetuum compriml 

20 posse. Quod si se eiecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, et 
eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos ag^regarit, 
exstinguetur atque delebitur non modo haec tarn adulta 
rel publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malo- 
rum omnium. 

25 xni. Ktenim iam diu, patres conscrlptl, in his perlcu- 
lls coniurationis Insidilsque versamur, sed nescio quo 
pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae 
maturitas in nostrl consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si 
ex tanto latrocinio iste Gnus tolletur, videbimur fortasse 

30 ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevatl; 
perlculum autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in 
venls atque in vlsceribus rel publicae. Ut saepe homi- 



IN CA II I.I NAM I 59 

nes aegrl morbo gravl, cum aestu febrlque iactantur, si 
aquam gelidam biberunt, prlm5 relevarl videntur, deinde 
multo gravius vehementiusque adfllctantur ; sic hie mor- 
bus, qui est in re publica, relevatus istlus poena, vehe- 

s mentius reliquls vlvls ingravescet 

Qua re secedant improbl, secernant se a bonis, unum 
in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod saepe iam 
dlxl, discernantur a nobis ; desinant Insidiarl domi suae 
consul!, circumstare tribunal praetoris urban!, obsidere 

10 cum gladils curiam, malleolos et faces ad Inflammandam 
urbem comparare ; sit denique Inscrlptum in fronte 
unius cuiusque quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc 
vobls, patres conscript!, tantam in nobis consulibus fore 
dlligentiam, tantam in vdbis auctoritatem, tantam in equi- 

15 tibus Romania virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis con- 
sensionem, ut Catillnae profectione omnia patefacta, 
inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata esse videatis. 

Hlsce ominibus, Catillna, cum summa rel publicae 
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio 

20 qui se tecum omnl scelere parricldioque iunxerunt, pro- 
ficlsccre ad impium bellum ac nefarium. 

Tu, Iuppiter, qui Isdem quibus haec urbs auspicils es 
constitutes, quern Statorem huius urbis atque imperl 
verc nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tins ceterlsque 

25 tem])lis, a tectls urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunlsque 
clvium arcebis, et homines bonorum inimlcos, hostls 
patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac 
nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis supplicils vivos 
mortuosque mactabis. 




Go 



In L. Sergium Catilmam Oratio Secunda 

TANDEM aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catillnam, furen- 
tem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae 
nefarie molientem, vobls atque huic urbl ferro flammaque 
minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus, vel emlsimus, vel 

5 ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, ex- 
cessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla iam pernicies a monstro 
illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsls intra moenia compara- 
bitur. 

Atque hunc quidem unum huius belli domesticl ducem 

10 -sine controversia vlcimus. Non enim iam inter latera 
nostra slca ilia versabitur ; non in campo, non in foro, 
non in curia, non denique intra domesticos parietes 
pertimescemus. Loco ille m5tus est, cum est ex urbe 
depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impediente bel- 

is lum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus hominem magni- 
nceque vlcimus, cum ilium ex occultls Insidils in apertum 
latrocinium coniecimus. Quod vero non cruentum mu- 
cronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vlvls nobis egressus est, 
quod el ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolum'fs 

20 clvls, quod stantem urbem rellquit, quanto tandem ilium 
maerore esse adflictum et profllgatum putatis ? Iacet 
ille nunc prostratusque est, et se perculsum atque ab- 
iectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos profect5 saepe ad 
hanc urbem, quam e suls faucibus ereptam esse luget ; 

25 quae quidem mihi laetarl videtur, quod tantam pestem 
evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 

61 



62 IN C ATI LIN AM II 

II. Ac si quis est talis, quails esse omnls oportebat, 
qui in h5c ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, 
me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non 
comprehenderim potius quam emlserim, non est ista 
s mea culpa, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. Catill- 
nam et gravissim5 supplicio adfectum iam prldem oporte- 
bat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperl severitas 
et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse 
putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent ? quam 

10 multos qui etiam def enderent ? 

Ac si illo sublato depelll a vobls omne perlculum 
iudicarem, iam prldem ego L. Catillnam non modo 
invidiae meae, verum etiam vltae periculo sustulissem. 
Sed cum viderem, ne vobls quidem omnibus re etiam 

15 turn probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, 
fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequl non pos- 
sem, rem hue deduxl ut turn palam pugnare possetis, 
cum hostem aperte videretis. 

Quern quidem ego hostem quam vehementer foris esse 

20 timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam 
moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. 
Utinam ille omnls secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongi- 
lium mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, 
Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum 

25 in poplna nullum rel publicae motum adferre poterat; 
rellquit quos viros ! quanto aere alieno ! quam valentls ! 
quam nobills ! 

in. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanls legioni- 
bus, et hoc dllectu quern in agro Plceno et Gallico Q. 

30 Metellus habuit, et his copils quae a nobis cotldie com- 
parantur, magno opere contemno, conlectum ex senibus 
desperatls, ex agrestl liixuria, ex rusticls decoctoribus, 



IN CATILINAM II 6$ 



ex els qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum 
maluerunt ; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus 
nostrl, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, con- 
cident. Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad 

5 curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent un- 
guentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum milites eduxis- 
set; qui si hie permanent, mementote non tarn exercitum 
ilium esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, 
pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendl magis, 

10 quod quicquid cogit^nt me scire sentiunt, neque tamen 
permoventur. Video cui sit Apulia attributa, quis 
habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Plcenum, quis Gallicum, 
quis sibi has urbanas Insidias caedis atque incendiorum 
depoposcerit ; omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me 

15 perlata esse sentiunt ; patef eel in senatu hesterno die ; 
Catillna ipse pertimuit, prof ugit ; hi quid exspectant ? 
Ne illl vehementer errant, si illam meam prlstinam leni- 
tatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 

iv. Quod exspectavl, iam sum adsecutus, ut v5s omnes 

20 factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem piiblicam 
videretis ; nisi ver5 si quis est qui Catillnae simills cum 
Catillna sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitatl locus ; 
severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- 
dam ; exeant, proficlscantur, ne patiantur deslderio sul 

25 Catillnam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter, Aure- 
lia via profectus est ; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam 
consequentur. 

O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentlnam 
urbis eiecerit ! Uno me hercule Catillna exhausto, levata 

30 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mall 
aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest quod non ille con- 
ceperit ? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis 



64 IN CATILINAM II 

latro, quis slcarius, quis parriclda, quis testamentorum 
subiector, quis circumscrlptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, 
quis adulter, quae mulier Infamis, quis corruptor iuven- 
tutis, quis corruptus, quis perditus invenln potest, qui 
5 se cum Catillna non f amiliarissime vlxisse fateatur ? 
Quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est ? quod 
nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 

lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuven- 
tutis inlecebra f uit quanta in illo ? qui alios ipse ama- 

10 bat turpissime, aliorum amor! flagitiosissime serviebat ; 
alils fructum libldinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo 
impellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc 
vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex 
agrls ingentem numerum perditorum hominum conlege- 

15 rat ! Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in 
angulo totius Italiae oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern 
non ad hoc incredibile sceleris foedus asclverit. 

v. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimill ratione 
perspicere possltis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo 

20 ad facinus audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse 
fateatur ; nemo in scaena levior et nequior, qui se non 
eiusdem prope sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque 
Idem tamen, stuprorum et scelerum exercitatione ad- 
suefactus, frlgore et fame et sitl et vigilils perferendls 

25 fortis ab istls praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia 
atque Instrumenta virtutis in libidine audaciaque con- 
sumeret. 

Hunc vero si secutl erunt sui comites, si ex urbe 
exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosl greges, O nos 

30 beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam ! O praeclaram 
laudem consulates mel ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres 
hominum libldines, non humanae ac tolerandae auda- 



IN CATILINAM II 6$ 

ciae ; nihil cogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi 
raplnas. Patrimonia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas 
obligaverunt ; res eos iam pridem, fides niiper deficere 
coepit ; eadem tamen ilia, quae erat in abundantia, libido 

5 permanet. Quod si in vino et alea comissationes solum 
et scorta quaererent, essent illl quidem desperandl, sed 
tamen essent ferendl ; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertls 
homines fortissimis virls Insidiarl, stultissimos pruden- 
tissimls, ebriosos sobrils, dormientls vigilantibus ? qui 

10 mihi accubantes in convlvils, complexl mulieres impudl- 
cas, vino languidl, confertl cibd, sertls redimltl, un- 
guentls oblitl, debilitatl stuprls, eructant sermonibus suls 
caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 

Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum aliquod, et poe- 

15 nam iam diu improbitatl, nequitiae, scelerl, libldinl de- 
bitam aut Instare iam plane, aut certe appropinquare. 
Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare n5n potest, 
sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa 
saecula propagarit rel publicae. Nulla est enim natio 

20 quam pertimescamus, nullus rex qui bellum populo Ro- 
mano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa unlus virtute 
terra marlque pacata ; domesticum bellum manet ; intus 
Insidiae sunt, intus inclusum perlculum est, intus est 
hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere 

25 certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Qui- 
rites ; suscipio inimlcitias hominum perditorum. Quae 
sanarl poterunt, quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae rese- 
canda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem clvitatis manere. 
Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, aut, si et in urbe et in 

30 eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. 
VI. At etiam sunt qui dlcant, Quirltes, a me in exsili- 
um eiectum esse Catillnam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi 

H. & G. CIC. — 5 



66 IN CATILINAM II 

possem, istos ipsos eicerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo 
enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem 
consulis ferre non potuit; simul atque Ire in exsilium 
iussus est, paruit. Quid? ut hesterno die, Quirltes, cum. 
s domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem 
Iovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscrl- 
ptos detuli. Quo cum Catillna venisset, quis eum senator 
appellavit ? quis salutavit ? quis denique ita aspexit ut 
perditum clvem, ac non potius ut importunissimum ho- 

10 stem ? Quln etiam pnncipes eius 5rdinis partem illam 
subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque 
inanem rellquerunt. 

Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo clvls in exsi- 
lium eicio, quaeslvl a Catillna in nocturno conventu ad 

15 M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille, homo audacissi- 
mus, conscientia convlctus, prlmo reticuisset, patefecl 
cetera ; quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam consti- 
tuisset, quern ad modum esset el ratio totlus belli de- 
scrlpta, edocul. Cum haesitaret, cum teneretur, quaeslvl 

20 quid dubitaret proficlscl e5, quo iam prldem pararet, cum 
arma, cum securls, cum fascls, cum tubas, cum slgna 
mllitaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam 
sacrarium domi suae fecerat, sclrem esse praemissam. 
In exsilium eiciebam, quern iam ingressum esse in 

25 bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centu- 
rio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo 
Roman5 suo nomine indlxit, et ilia castra nunc non Cati- 
llnam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se 
Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 

30 vii. O condicionem miseram non modo administran- 
dae, verum etiam conservandae rel piiblicae ! Nunc si 
L. Catillna consilils, laboribus, perlculls mels circumclu- 



IN CATILINAM II 6j 

sus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam muta- 
verit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendl abiecerit, 
ex hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in 
exsilium converterit, ndn ille a me spoliatus armls auda- 
5 ciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea dlligentia, 
non de spe conatiique depulsus, sed indemnatus, inno- 
cens, in exsilium eiectus a consule vl et minis esse 
dlcetur; et erunt qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non impro- 
bum, sed miserum, me non dlligentissimum consulem, 

10 sed crudelissimum tyrannum exlstimarl velint. 

Est mihi tantl, Quirltes, huius invidiae falsae atque 
inlquae tempestatem sublre, dum modo a vobls huius 
horribilis belli ac nefaril perlculum depellatur. Dlcatur 
sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, 

15 mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam ego a dls im- 
mortalibus optab5, Quirltes, invidiae meae levandae 
causa, ut L. Catillnam ducere exercitum hostium atque 
in armls volitare audiatis, sed trlduo tamen audietis ; mul- 
toque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquandd, 

20 quod ilium emlserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed 
cum sint homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum 
esse dlcant, eldem, si interf ectus esset, quid dlcerent ? 

Quamquam istl, qui Catillnam Massiliam Ire dictitant, 
non tarn hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est isto- 

25 rum tarn misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad 
Massiliensls Ire malit Ille autem, si me hercule hoc 
quod agit numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinan- 
tem se interficl mallet quam exsulem vlvere. Nunc 
vero, cum el nihil adhiic praeter ipslus voluntatem cogi- 

30 tationemque accident, nisi quod vlvls ndbls Roma pro- 
fectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam 
queramur. 



68 IN CATILINAM II 

viii. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de 
hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, 
quod semper volul, murus interest, non timeo; de els 
qui dissimulant, qui Romae remanent, qui noblscum 
5 sunt, nihil dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo mod5 
fieri possit, non tarn ulclscl studeo quam sanare sibi 
ipsos, placare rel publicae, neque id qua re fieri non 
possit, si me audlre volent, intellego. Exponam enim 
vobls, Quirltes, ex quibus generibus hominum istae co- 

10 piae comparentur; deinde singulis mediclnam consill 
atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. 

Unum genus est eorum qui magn5 in aere alien5 
maiores etiam possessiones habent, quarum am5re ad- 
ductl dissolvl nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum 

15 species est honestissima, sunt enim locupletes ; voluntas 
vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agrls, tu aedificils, 
tu argento, tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et co- 
piosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adqulrere 
ad fidem ? Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid ergo ? 

20 in vastatione omnium, tuas possessiones sacrosanctas 
futuras putas ? An tabulas novas ? Errant qui istas a 
Catillna exspectant ; meo benefici5 tabulae novae profe- 
rentur, verum auctionariae. Neque enim istl, qui pos- 
sessiones habent, alia ratione ulla salvl esse possunt. 

25 Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque, id quod 
stultissimum est, certare cum usurls fructibus praedio- 
rum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus clvibus utere- 
mur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, 
quod aut deducl de sententia possunt, aut, si perma- 

30 nebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturl contra rem 
publicam quam arma laturl. 

ix. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam pre- 



IN CATILINAM II 69 

muntur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, 
rerum potlrl volunt, hon5res, quos quieta re publica 
desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. 
Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et 

5 idem quod reliquls omnibus, ut desperent id quod co- 
nantur se consequi posse ; prlmum omnium me ipsum 
vigilare, adesse, providere rel publicae ; deinde magnos 
animos esse in bonis virls, magnam concordiam in maxi- 
ma multitudine, magnas praeterea copias mllitum ; deos 

10 denique immortalls huic invlcto popul5, clarissimo impe- 
rio, pulcherrimae urbi, contra tantam vim sceleris prae- 
sentis auxilium esse latur5s. Quod si iam sint id quod 
cum summo furore cupiunt adept!, num ill! in cinere 
urbis et in sanguine clvium, quae mente conscelerata 

15- ac nefaria concupiverunt, se consules ac dictatores aut 
etiam reges sperant futuros ? Non vident id se cupere, 
quod si adept! sint, fugitlvo alicui aut gladiatorl concedl 
sit necesse ? 

Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen 

20 exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est Manlius, 
cui nunc Catillna succedit. Sunt homines ex els colo- 
nils quas Sulla constituit : quas ego universas clvium 
esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio; sed 
tamen el sunt colon!, qui se in Insperatls ac repentlnls 

25 pecunils sumptuosius Insolentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum 
aedificant tamquam beat!, dum praedils lectls, familils 
magnls, convlvils apparatls delectantur, in tantum aes 
alienum inciderunt ut, si salvl esse velint, Sulla sit ab 
Inferls excitandus ; qui etiam non nullos agrestls, homi- 

30 nes tenuis atque egentls, in eandem illam spem raplna- 
rum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego utrosque in eodem 
genere praedatorum dlreptorumque pono. Sed eos hoc 



7<d IN CATILINAM II 

moneo ; desinant furere ac proscrIpti5nes et dictaturas 
cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum dolor inustus 
est dvitatl ut iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecu- 
des quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. 

5 x. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et 
turbulentum, qui iam prldem premuntur, qui numquam 
emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo ne- 
gotio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno 
vacillant; qui vadimonils, iudicils, proscriptione bono- 

10 rum defatigati, permultl et ex urbe et ex agrls se in ilia 
castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn mllites 
acrls quam Infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homi- 
nes primum, si stare non possunt, conruant ; sed ita, ut 
non modo cl vitas, sed ne viclni quidem proximi sentiant. 

15 Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si vlvere hone- 
ste non possunt, perlre turpiter velint ; aut cur minore 
dolore perituros se cum multls, quam si soli pereant, 
arbitrentur. 

Qulntum genus est parricldarum, slcariorum, denique 

20 omnium facinoros5rum ; quos ego a Catillna. non revoco, 
nam neque ab e5 dlvelll possunt, et pereant sane in 
latrocinio, quoniam sunt ita multl ut eos career capere 
non possit. 

Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum 

25 etiam genere ips5 atque vita, quod proprium Catillnae 
est, — de eius dilectu, imm5 vero de complexu eius ac 
sinu ; quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbls aut bene 
barbatos videtis, manicatls et talaribus tunicls, veils 
amictos, non togls, quorum omnis industria vltae et 

30 vigilandl labor in antelucanls cenls expromitur. In his 
gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulterl, omnes impurl 
impudlclque versantur. Hi puerl tarn lepidl ac delicatl 



IN CATILINAM II 7 1 

non solum amare et amarl, neque saltare et cantare, sed 
etiam slcas vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt; qui 
nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catillna perierit, scl- 
tote hoc in re publica seminarium Catillnarum futurum. 

5 Verum tamen quid sibi istl miserl volunt ? Num suas 
secum mulierculas sunt in castra ducturl? Quern ad 
modum autem illls carere poterunt, his praesertim iam 
noctibus ? Quo autem pacto ill! Appenninum atque illas 
pruinas ac nivis perf erent ? nisi idcirco se facilius hie- 

10 mem toleraturos putant, quod niidl in convlvils saltare 
didicerunt. 

xi. O bellum magn5 opere pertimescendum, cum hanc 
sit habiturus Catillna scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 
Instruite nunc, Quirltes, contra has tarn praeclaras Cati- 

15 linae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et 
prlmum gladiator! illl confecto et saucio consules impe- 
ratoresque vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam nau- 
fragorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totlus 
Italiae ac robur educite. Iam vero urbes coloniarum ac 

20 municipiorum respondebunt Catillnae tumulls silvestri- 
bus. Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia 
vestra cum illlus latronis inopia atque egestate conferre 
debeo. 

Sed si, omissls his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, 

25 eget ille, senatu, equitibus Romanls, urbe, aerario, vecti- 
galibus, cuncta Italia, provincils omnibus, exterls natio- 
nibus, si, his rebus omissls, causas ipsas quae inter se 
confllgunt contendere vellmus, ex e5 ips5 quam valde 
illl iaceant intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte 

30 pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia ; hinc pudlcitia, illinc 
stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, illinc 
scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, il- 



72 IN CATILINAM II 

line turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libld5 ; denique 
aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, [virtutes om- 
nes] certant cum inlquitate, luxuria, Ignavia, temeritate, 
[cum vitils omnibus] ; postremo copia cum egestate, 

5 bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona 
denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confllgit. 
In eius modi certamine ac proelio, nonne, etiam si homi- 
num studia deficiant, dl ipsl immortales cogant ab his 
praeclarissimls virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superarl ? 

io xii. Quae cum ita sint, Quirltes, vos, quern ad modum 
iam antea, vestra tecta custodils vigililsque defendite ; 
mihi, ut urbl sine vestro m5tu ac sine ullo tumultu satis 
esset praesidl, consultum atque provlsum est. Colon! 
omnes municipesque vestrl, certiores a me factl de hac 

15 nocturna excursione Catillnae, facile urbls suas flnlsque 
defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissi- 
mam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam 
pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. 
Q. Metellus, quem ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Galli- 

20 cum Plcenumque praemlsl, aut opprimet hominem, aut 
omnls eius motus c5natusque prohibebit. Reliquls autem 
de rebus constituendls, maturandls, agendls, iam ad sena- 
tum referemus, quem vocarl videtis. 

Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 

25 contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Cati- 
llna relict! sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia 
sunt elves, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas 
si cui adhuc solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod 
latebat erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum 

30 oblivlscl meam hanc esse patriam, me horum esse consu- 
lem, mihi aut cum his vlvendum aut pro his esse mori- 
endum. Nullus est portls custos, nullus Insidiator viae ; 



IN CATILINAM II 73 

si qui exlre volunt, conivere possum. Qui vero se in 
urbe commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed in- 
ceptum ullum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, 
sentiet in hac urbe esse consules vigilantls, esse egre- 
s gios magistratus, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse 
carcerem, quern vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum 
scelerum maiores nostrl esse voluerunt. 

xiii. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut maxi- 
mae res minimo motu, pencula summa nullo tumultu, 

10 bellum intestlnum ac domesticum post hominum memo- 
riam crudelissimum et maximum, me uno togato duce 
et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, 
Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus qui- 
dem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sul sceleris sufferat. 

15 Sed si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens patriae 
perlculum me necessario dehac animl lenitate deduxerit, 
illud profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tarn Insidioso 
bell5 vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam 
intereat, paucorumque poena vos omnes salvl esse pos- 

20 sitis. 

Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque humanls 
consilils fretus polliceor vobls, Quirites, sed multis et 
non dubils deorum immortalium slgnificationibus, quibus 
ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus ; 

25 qui iam n5n procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo 
hoste atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo numine 
atque auxili5 sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. 
Quos vos, Quirites, precarl, venerarl, implorare debetis 
ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse 

30 voluerunt, hanc, omnibus hostium copils terra marique 
superatls, a perditissimorum clvium nefario scelere de- 
fendant. 



In L. Sergium Catilinam Oratio Tertia 

REM PUBLIC AM, Quirltes, vltamque omnium ve- 
strum, bona, fortunas, coniuges llberosque vestros, 
atque hoc domicilium clarissiml imperl, fortunatissimam 
pulcherrimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum immorta- 

5 Hum summo erga vos am5re, lab5ribus, consilils, perlculls 
mels, e flarama atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati 
ereptam et vobls conservatam ac restitutam videtis. 
. Et si n5n minus nobis iucundl atque inlustres sunt el 
dies quibus conservamur, quam illl quibus nascimur, 

i° quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendl incerta condicio, 
et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, 
profecto, quoniam ilium qui hanc urbem condidit ad 
deos immortalls benevolentia. famaque sustulimus, esse 
apud v5s posterosque vestros in honore debebit is qui 

is eandem hanc urbem conditam amplificatamque servavit. 
Nam totl urbl, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus sub- 
iectos prope iam Ignis circumdatosque restinximus; 
Idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus, 
mucronesque eorum a iugulls vestrls deiecimus. Quae 

20 quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt 
per me, vobls iam exponam breviter, Quirltes, ut et 
quanta et qua ratione investlgata et comprehensa sint, 
vos qui IgnSratis et exspectatis scire possltis. 

11. Prlncipio, ut Catillna paucls ante diebus erupit ex 

25 urbe, cum sceleris sul socios, huiusce nefaril belli acerri- 

74 



IN CATILINAM III 75 

mos duces, Romae rellquisset, semper vigilavi et provldl, 
Quirltes, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditls 
Insidils salvl esse possemus. Nam turn, cum ex urbe 
Catillnam eiciebam — non enim iam vereor huius verb! 

5 invidiam, cum ilia magis sit timenda, quod vlvus exierit 
— sed turn, cum ilium exterminarl volebam, aut reliquam 
coniuratorum manum simul exituram, aut eos qui resti- 
tissent inflrmos sine illo ac debills fore putabam. Atque 
ego, ut vldl quos maximo furore et scelere esse Inflam- 

10 matos sciebam eos noblscum esse, et Romae remansisse, 
in eo omnls dies noctlsque consumpsi, ut quid agerent, 
quid mollrentur, sentlrem ac viderem, ut, quoniam auri- 
bus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris 
minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita compre- 

15 henderem ut turn demum animls salutl yestrae pr5vi- 
deretis, cum oculls maleficium ipsum videretis. 

Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Transal- 
pini et tumultus Gallic! excitandl causa, a P. Lentulo 
esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos clvls, eo- 

20 demque itinere cum litterls mandatisque ad Catillnam 
esse missos, comitemque els adiunctum esse T. Vol- 
turcium, atque huic ad Catillnam esse datas litteras, 
facultatem mihi oblatam putavl, ut, quod erat difficilli- 
mum, quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, 

25 tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatu et a vobls 
manifesto deprehenderetur. 

Itaque hestern5 die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptlnum 
praetores, fortissimos atque amantissimos re! publicae 
viros, ad me vocavi; rem exposui, quid fieri placeret 

30 ostendl. 111! autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara 
atque egregia sentlrent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla 
mora negotium susceperunt, et, cum advesperasceret, 



y6 IN CATILINAM III 

occulte ad pontem Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in 
proximls villls ita bipartlto fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos 
et pons interesset. Eodem autem et ipsl sine cuiusquam 
susplcione multos fortls viros eduxerant, et ego ex prae- 

s fectura Reatina compluris delectos adulescentls, quorum 
opera utor adsidue in re publica praesidio, cum gladiis 
mlseram. Interim, tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam 
pontem Mulvium magn5 comitatu legati Allobrogum 
ingredi inciperent, unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus ; 

10 educuntur et ab illis gladil et a nostrls. Res praetoribus 
erat nota soils, Ignorabatur a ceteris. 

in. Turn, interventu Pomptmi atque FlaccT, pugna 
quae erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque 
erant in eo comitatu, integrls slgnis praetoribus traduntur; 

15 ipsl comprehensl ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, dedii- 
cuntur. Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum 
machinatorem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me, nihil 
dum suspicantem, vocavl; deinde item arcessitus est 
L. Statilius, et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem 

20 Lentulus venit, credo, quod in litterls dandls praeter 
consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat. 

Cum summls ac clarissimls huius clvitatis viris, qui 
audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras 
a me prius aperlri quam ad senatum deferrem placeret, 

25 ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus 
iniectus clvitati videretur, negavl me esse facturum ut 
de periculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem 
integram deferrem. Etenim, Quirltes, si ea quae erant 
ad me delata reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbi- 

30 trabar, in tantis re! publicae perlculls, esse mihi nimiam 
dlligentiam pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem ce- 
leriter, ut vldistis, coegi. Atque interea statim, admo- 



IN CATILINAM III 77 

nitu Allobrogum, C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, 
misl, quT ex aedibus Cethegl si quid telorum esset effer- 
ret; ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et 
gladiorum extulit. 
5 iv. Introduxl Volturcium sine Gallls ; fidem publicam 
iussu senatus dedl ; hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine 
timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magn5 
timore recreasset, ab Lentulo se habere ad Catillnam 
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut 

10 ad urbem quam prlmum cum exercitu accederet; id 
autem eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus 
quern ad modum descrlptum distributumque erat incen- 
dissent, caedemque Inflnltam civium fecissent, praesto 
esset ille, qui et fugientls exciperet, et se cum his 

15 urbanis ducibus coniungeret. 

IntroductI autem Galll ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab 
Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 
dlxerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse prae- 
scrlptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam prlmum mit- 

20 terent ; pedestrls sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum 
autem sibi confirm asse, ex fatis Sibylllnls haruspicumque 
responsls, se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quern 
regnum huius urbis atque imperium pervenlre esset 
necesse ; Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse ; eundemque 

25 dlxisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad interitum huius 
urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus decimus post vir- 
ginum absolutionem, post Capitoll autem incensionem 
vlcesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris contro- 
versiam fuisse dlxerunt, quod Lentulo et alils Saturnali- 

30 bus caedem fieri atque urbem incendl placeret, Cethego 
nimium id longum videretur. 

v. Ac ne longum sit, Quintes, tabellas proferr! ius- 



yS IN CATILINAM III 

simus, quae a quoque dlcebantur datae. Primum osten- 
dimus Cethego slgnum ; cognovit. Nos llnum incldi- 
mus ; legimus. Erat scrlptum ipslus manu Allobrogum 
senatul et populo, sese quae eorum legatls conflrmasset 

5 facturum esse ; orare ut item ill! facerent quae sibi 
eorum legatl recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo 
ante aliquid tamen de gladils ac slcls quae apud ipsum 
erant deprehensa respondisset, dlxissetque se semper 
bonorum ferrament5rum studiosum fuisse, recitatls lit- 

10 tens debilitatus atque abiectus conscientia repente con- 
ticuit. 

Introductus est Statilius ; cognovit et slgnum et 
manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere 
sententiam ; confessus est. 

15 Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo, et quaeslvi cogno- 
sceretne slgnum. Adnuit. ' Est vero,' inquam, ( notum 
quidem slgnum, imago avl tui, clarissiml virT, qui amavit 
unice patriam et civls suos; quae quidem te a tanto 
scelere etiam muta revocare debuit.' Leguntur eadem 

20 ratione ad senatum Allobrogum populumque litterae. 
Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci potestatem. 
Atque ille prlmo quidem negavit ; post autem aliquanto, 
tot5 iam indicio exposit5 atque edito, surrexit; quae- 
slvit a Gallls quid sibi esset cum els, quam ob rem 

25 domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum 
illl breviter c5nstanterque respondissent, per quern ad 
eum quotiensque venissent, quaeslssentque ab eo nihilne 
secum esset de fatls Sibylllnls locutus, turn ille subito, 
scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset ostendit. 

30 Nam cum id posset Infitiarl, repente praeter oplnionem 
omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium 
illud et dlcendl exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam 



IN CATILINAM III 79, 

propter vim sceleris manifest! atque deprehensi impu- 
dentia, qua superabat omnls, improbitasque defecit. 

Volturcius vero subito litteras proferrl atque aperiri 
iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dlce- 

s bat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus 
tamen et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant 
autem sine nomine, sed ita : Quis sim scies ex eo quern 
ad te mist. Curd ut vir sis, et cogita quern in locum sis 
progressus ; vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et curd ut 

10 omnium tibi auxilia adiungds, etiam Infimorum. 

Gablnius deinde introductus, cum prlmo impudenter 
respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex els quae 
Galli Insimulabant negavit. 

Ac mihi quidem, Quintes, cum ilia certissima visa sunt 

15 argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, slgna, manus, 
denique unius cuiusque confessi5 ; turn multo certiora 
ilia, color, ocull, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupu- 
erant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim non numquam 
inter sese aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicarl, sed 

20 indicare se ipsi viderentur. 

vi. Indicils expositls atque editis, senatum consului 
de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt 
a prmcipibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas 
senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam 

25 nondum est perscrlptum senatus consultum, ex memoria 
vobis, Quirltes, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 

Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimls aguntur, quod 
virtute, consilio, providentia mea res publica maximls 
perlculls sit liberata. Deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptl- 

30 nus praetores, quod eorum opera fortl fidellque usus 
essem, merito ac iure laudantur. Atque etiam viro fortl, 
conlegae meo, laus impertltur, quod eos qui huius con- 



80 IN CATILINAM III 

iurationis participes fuissent a suls et a re! publicae 
consilils removisset. 

Atque ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se prae- 
tura abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur; itemque utl 

5 C. Cethegus, L. Statilius, P. GabTnius, qui omnes prae- 
sentes erant, in custodiam traderentur ; atque idem hoc 
decretum est in L. Cassium, qui sibi procurati5nem 
incendendae urbis depoposcerat, in M. Ceparium, cui 
ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attributam esse erat 

10 indicatum, in P. Furium, qui est ex els colonls quos 
Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in Q. Annium Chilonem, qui 
una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum 
sollicitatione versatus, in P. Umbrenum, llbertinum 
hominem, a qu5 prlmum Gallos ad Gabmium perductos 

15 esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus est usus, 
Quirites, ut ex tanta coniiiratione, tantaque hac multi- 
tudine domesticorum hostium, novem hominum perditis- 
simorum poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentis 
sanarl posse arbitraretur. 

20 Atque etiam supplicatio dls immortalibus pro singu- 
lar! eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi 
prlmum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit. Et 
his verbis decreta est, quod urbem incendits, caede 
clvis, Italiam bello liberdssem. Quae supplicatio si cum 

25 ceteris conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, 
haec una conservata re publica constituta est. 

Atque illud, quod faciendum prlmum fuit, factum 
atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam 
patefactls indicils, confessionibus suls, iudicio senatus 

30 non modo praetoris ius, verum etiam clvis amlserat, 
tamen magistrate se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, 
clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de 



IN CATILINAM III 8 I 

quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, praetorem occlderet, 
ea nos religione in prlvato P. Lentulo puniendo llbera- 
remur. 

vii. Nunc quoniam, Quirltes, consceleratissiml pericu- 

5 losissimlque belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre- 
hensos tenetis, exlstimare debetis omnis Catillnae copias, 
omnls spes atque opes, his depulsls urbis perlculis conci- 
disse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc 
providebam animo, QuirTtes, remoto Catillna, non mihi 

10 esse P. Lentull somnum, nee L. CassI adipes, nee C. 
Cethegl furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille 
erat Onus timendus ex istls omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum 
urbis moenibus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium 
aditus tenebat ; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, 

is audebat ; erat el consilium ad f acinus aptum, consilio 
autem neque manus neque lingua deerat. Iam ad certas 
res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos 
habebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum 
putabat ; nihil erat quod non ipse oblret, occurreret, 

20 vigilaret, laboraret. Frlgus, sitim, famem, ferre poterat. 

Hunc ego hominem tarn acrem, tarn audacem, tarn 

paratum, tarn callidum, tarn in scelere vigilantem, tarn 

in perditls rebus dlligentem, nisi ex domesticls msidils in 

castrense latrocinium compulissem, dlcam id quod sentio, 

25 Quirites, non facile hanc tantam molem mall a cervicibus 
vestrls depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia c5nstitu- 
isset, neque tanto ante exsill ac fatl diem rei publicae 
denuntiavisset ; neque commlsisset ut slgnum, ut litterae 
suae testes manifestl sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae 

30 nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt ut nullum in prlvata 
domo furtum umquam sit tarn palam inventum quam 
haec tanta in re publica coniurati5 manifesto inventa 
h. & g. cic. — 6 



82 IN CATILINAM III 

atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catillna in urbe ad hanc 
diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius 
consilils occurri atque obstitl, tamen, ut levissime dicam, 
dlmicandum nobis cum illo f uisset ; neque nos umquam, 

5 cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantls perlculis rem publi- 
cam tanta pace, tant5 otio, tanto silentio llberassemus. 

viii. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a me 
administrata ut de5rum immortalium nutu atque consi- 
lio et gesta et provlsa esse videantur ; idque cum con- 

10 iectura consequl possumus, quod vix videtur human! 
consili tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn 
vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium 
nobis tulerunt ut eos paene oculls videre possemus. 
Nam ut ilia omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occi- 

15 dente faces ardoremque caell, ut fulminum iactus, ut 
terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam cetera, quae tarn 
multa nobis consulibus facta sunt ut haec, quae nunc 
flunt, canere dl immortales viderentur, hoc certe, quod 
sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum neque relinquen- 

20 dum est. 

Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato 
consulibus, complurls in Capitolio res de caelo esse 
percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt, et 
statuae veterum hominum deiectae, et legum aera lique- 

25 facta ; tactus est etiam ille qui hanc urbem condidit 
Romulus, quern inauratum in CapitcTlio, parvum atque 
lactentem, uberibus luplnls inhiantem, fuisse meministis. 
Quo quidem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria con- 
venissent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et 

30 bellum civile ac domesticum et totius urbis atque imperl 
occasum appropinquare dixerunt, nisi dl immortales, omnl 
ratione placatl, suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 



IN CATILINAM III 83 

Itaque illorum responsls turn et ludl per decern dies 
fact! sunt, neque res ulla quae ad placandos deos perti- 
neret praetermissa est ; Idemque iusserunt simulacrum 
Iovis facere maius, et in excelso conlocare, et, contra 
5 atque antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere ; ac se spe- 
rare dlxerunt, si illud slgnum, quod videtis, solis ortum 
et forum curiamque conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, 
quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque im- 
perl, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano 

10 perspicl possent. Atque illud slgnum conlocandum 
consules ill! locaverunt ; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas 
ut neque superioribus consulibus, neque nobis ante ho- 
diernum diem, conlocaretur. 

ix. Hie quis potest esse tarn aversus a vero, tarn 

15 praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae 
videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem, deorum immorta- 
lium nutu- ac potestate administrarl ? Etenim cum esset 
ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rel publicae 
compararl, et ea per clvls, quae turn propter magnitudi- 

20 nem scelerum non nullls incredibilia videbantur, ea non 
modo cogitata a nefarils clvibus, verum etiam suscepta 
esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est ut 
nutu Iovis OptimI Maximl factum esse videatur, ut, cum 
hodierno die mane per forum me5 iussu et coniuratl et 

25 eorum indices in aedem Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso 

tempore slgnum statueretur ? Qu5 conlocato atque ad 

vos senatumque convers5, omnia quae erant cogitata 

contra salutem omnium, inlustrata et patefacta vidistis. 

Quo etiam mai5re sunt istl odio supplicioque dlgnl, 

30 qui non solum vestrls domicilils atque tectls, sed etiam 
de5rum templis atque delubrls sunt funestos ac nefarios 
Ignis inferre conatl. Quibus ego si me restitisse dlcam, 



84 IN CATILINAM III 

nimium mihi sumam, et non sim ferendus. Ille, ille 
Iuppiter restitit ; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille 
cunctam urbem, ille vos omnis salvos esse voluit. Dls 
ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem, Quirites, vo- 

5 luntatemque suscepl, atque ad haec tanta indicia perve- 
ni. lam vero ab Lentulo ceterisque domesticls hostibus 
tarn dementer tantae res creditae et Ignotls et barbarls 
numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dls immortalibus huic 
tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. Quid vero ? 

10 ut homines Galll, ex clvitate male pacata, quae gens una 
restat quae bellum populo Romano facere posse et non 
nolle videatur, spem imperl ac rerum maximarum ultro 
sibi a patricils hominibus oblatam neglegerent, vestram- 
que salutem suis opibus anteponerent, id non divlnitus 

15 esse factum putatis, praesertim qui nos non pugnando, 
sed tacendo superare potuerint ? 

x. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvl- 
naria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 
coniugibus ac llberls vestrls. Nam multl saepe honores 

20 dls immortalibus iustl habitl sunt ac debit!, sed profecto 
iustiores numquam. EreptI enim estis ex crudelissimo 
ac miserrimo interitu ; ereptl sine caede, sine sanguine, 
sine exercitu, sine dlmicatione. TogatI me uno togato 
duce et imperatore vlcistis. Etenim recordaminl, Quirl- 

25 tes, omnis clvllls dissensiones, non solum eas quas audl- 
stis, sed eas quas vosmet ipsl meministis atque vldistis. 
L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit ; eiecit ex urbe C. Mari- 
um, custodem huius urbis, multosque fortls viros partim 
eiecit ex clvitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul 

30 armls expulit ex urbe conlegam ; omnis hie locus acervls 
corporum et clvium sanguine redundavit. Superavit 
pbstea Cinna cum Mario ; turn vero, clarissimls viris in- 



IN CATILINAM III 85 

terfectls, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. . Ultus est huius 
vlctdriae crudelitatem postea Sulla ; ne did quidem opus 
est quanta diminution e civium et quanta calamitate rei 
publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortis- 

s sim5 viro Q. Catulo ; attulit non tarn ipslus interitus rei 
publicae luctum quam ceterorum. 

Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi, 
quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem publi- 
cam pertinerent. Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam, 

10 sed in ea quae esset se esse prlncipes, neque hanc 
urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. 
Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla 
exitium rei publicae quaeslvit, eius modi fuerunt ut non 
reconciliatione concordiae, sed internecione civium diiu- 

is'dicatae sint. In h5c autem uno post hominum memo- 
riam maximo crudelissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla 
umquam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, qu5 in bello lex 
haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, 
ut omnes, qui salva urbe salvl esse possent, in hostium 

20 numero ducerentur, ita me gessT, Quirltes, ut salvl omnes 
conservareminl ; et cum hostes vestrl tantum civium su- 
perf uturum putassent quantum Inflnltae caedl restitisset, 
tantum autem urbis quantum flamma oblre non potu- 
isset, et urbem ec clvis integros incolumisque servavi. 

25 xi. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirltes, nullum ego a 
vobls praemium virtutis, nullum Inslgne honoris, nullum 
monumentum laudis postulo, praeterquam huius die! 
memoriam sempiternam. In animis ,ego vestris omnls 
triumphos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta 

30 gloriae, laudis Insignia condl et conlocarl volo. Nihil 
me mutum potest delectare, nihil taciturn, nihil denique 
eius modi, quod etiam minus dignl adsequl possint. 



86 s IN CATILINAM III 

Memoria vestra, Quirites, res nostrae alentur, serm5nibus 
crescent, litterarum monumentls inveterascent et con- 
roborabuntur ; eandemque diem intellego, quam spero 
aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et 

5 ad memoriam consulates mel; unoque tempore in hac 
re publica duos clvls exstitisse, quorum alter finis vestrl 
imperi non terrae, sed caell regionibus terminaret, alter 
eiusdem imperi domicilium sedlsque servaret. 

xii. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessl non 

10 eadem est fortuna atque conditio quae illorum qui ex- 
terna bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum els vlvendum est 
quos vlcl ac subegl, istl hostls aut interfectos aut oppres- 
sos rellquerunt, vestrum est, Quirltes, si ceteris facta 
sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. 

is Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac 
nefariae ne vobls nocere possent ego provldl ; ne mihi 
noceant vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirltes, 
mihi quidem ipsl nihil ab istis iam nocerl potest. Ma- 
gnum enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in per- 

20 petuum comparatum est ; magna in re publica dlgnitas, 
quae me semper tacita def endet ; magna vis conscientiae, 
quam qui neglegunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsl 
indicabunt. 

Est etiam nobis is animus, Quirltes, ut non modo 

25 nulllus audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnls improbos 
ultro semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus 
domesticorum hostium, depulsus a vobls, se in me unum 
convertit, vobls erit videndum, Quirltes, qua condicione 
posthac eos esse velltis, qui se pro salute vestra ob- 

30 tulerint invidiae perlcullsque omnibus ; mihi quidem 
ipsl, quid est quod iam ad vltae fructum possit adqulrl, 
cum praesertim neque in honore vestro, neque in gloria 



IN CATILINAM III 



87 



virtutis, quicquam videam altius quo mihi libeat ascen- 
dere ? Illud prof ecto perficiam, Quirites, ut ea quae 
gessl in consulate privatus tuear atque ornem, ut si qua 
est invidia conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat in- 

5 vidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. 

Denique ita me in re publica tractab5 ut meminerim 
semper quae gesserim, cOremque ut ea virtute, non casu 
gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam nox est, 
veneratl Iovem, ilium custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, 

10 in vestra tecta discedite ; et ea, quamquam iam est perl- 
culum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodils 
vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobls diutius faciendum sit 
atque ut in perpetua pace esse possltis, providebo. 




Atrium Vestae 
(The Ruins in the Foreground) 



In Ij. Sergium Catilinam Oratio Quarta 

VIDEO, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum 
ora atque oculos esse conversos. Video vos non 
solum de vestro ac rel publicae, verum etiam, si id 
depulsum sit, de meo perlculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi 

5 iucunda in malls et grata in dolore vestra erga me 
voluntas, sed earn, per deos immortalls, deponite ; atque 
oblltl salutis meae, de vobls ac de vestris llberis cogitate. 
Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omnls 
acerbitates, omnls dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram 

10 non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dum modo mels 
laboribus vobls populoque Roman5 dlgnitas salusque 
pariatur. 

Ego sum ille consul, patres conscrlptl, cui non forum, 
in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consulari- 

15 bus auspiciis consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium 
omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 
lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris 
umquam vacua mortis perlculo atque Insidils fuit. Ego 
multa tacul, multa pertull, multa concessl, multa meo 

20 quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavl. Nunc si hunc 
exitum consulatus mel dl immortales esse voluerunt, ut 
vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, coniuges 
llberosque vestros virginesque Vestalls ex acerbissima 
vexatione, templa atque delubra, hanc pulcherrimam 

25 patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam 



IN CATILINAM IV 89 

Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi 
un! proponetur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim si P. Lentu- 
lus suum nomen, inductus a vatibus, fatale ad perniciem 
re! publicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum con- 

5 sulatum ad salutem popull Romanl prope fatalem 
exstitisse ? 

11. Qua re, patres conscript!, consulite vobls, prospi- 
cite patriae, conservate vos, coniuges, liberos fortunasque 
vestras, popull Romanl nomen salutemque defendite ; 

10 mihi parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam prlmum 
debeo sperare omnls deos, qui huic urbl praesident, pro 
eo mihi ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si 
quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam 
neque turpis mors fort! viro potest accidere, neque 

15 immatura c5nsularl, nee misera sapientl. 

Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris carissiml 
atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear, 
horumque omnium lacrimls, a quibus me circumsessum 
videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe revo- 

20 cat exanimata uxor, et abiecta metu fllia, et parvolus 
fllius, quern mihi videtur amplectl res publica tamquam 
obsidem consulatus mel, neque ille, qui exspectans huius 
exitum diel adstat in conspectu meo, gener. Moveor 
his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, utl salvl sint 

25 vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, 
potius quam et illl et nos una rel publicae peste perea- 
mus. 

Qua re, patres conscrlptl, incumbite ad salutem rel 
publicae, circumspicite omnls procellas, quae impendent 

30 nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribu- 
nus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios 
concitare conatus est, non L. Saturnlnus, quod C. Mem- 



QO IN CATILINAM IV 

mium occldit, in discrlmen aliquod atque in vestrae 
severitatis iudicium addiicitur ; tenentur el qui ad urbis 
incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catillnam 
accipiendum, Romae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, slgna, 
5 manus, denique unius cuiusque conf essio ; sollicitantur 
Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catillna arcessitur; id 
est initum consilium, ut interfectls omnibus nemo ne ad 
deplorandum quidem populi Roman! nomen atque ad 
lamentandam tantl imperl calamitatem relinquatur. 

10 in. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, re! confess! sunt, 
vos multls iam iudicils iudicavistis : primum quod mihi 
gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtute atque 
diligentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefac- 
tam esse decrevistis; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 

15 praetura coegistis; turn quod eum et ceteros, de quibus 
iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis ; maximeque 
quod me5 nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos 
togato habitus ante me est neminl; postremo hesterno 
die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio de- 

20 distis amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi ut el 
qui in custodiam nominatim datl sunt sine ulla dubita- 
tione a vobls damnatl esse videantur. 

Sed ego InstituI referre ad vos, patres conscript!, 
tamquam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis, et de 

25 poena quid censeatis. Ilia praedlcam quae sunt con- 
sulis. Ego magnum in re piiblica versar! furorem, et 
nova quaedam miscerl et concitarl mala iam pridem 
videbam ; sed hanc tantam, tarn exitiosam haber! con- 
iurationem a c!vibus numquam putavl. Nunc quicquid 

30 est, quocumque vestrae mentes inclmant atque sententiae, 
statuendum vobls ante noctem est. Quantum facinus 
ad vos delatum sit videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfl- 



IN CATILINAM IV 9 1 

nls esse, vehementer erratis. Latius opmi5ne dissemi- 
natum est hoc malum ; manavit non solum per Ttaliam, 
verum etiam transcendit Alpls, et obscure serpens multas 
iam provincias occupavit. Id oppriml sustentando ac 
5 prolatando nullo pacto potest. Quacumque ratione 
placet, celeriter v5bls vindicandum est. 

iv. Video adhuc duas esse sententias : unam D. Sl- 
lanl, qui censet eos, qui haec delere conatl sunt, morte 
esse multand5s ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam 

10 removet, ceterorum supplici5rum omnis acerbitates am- 
plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dlgnitate et prd rerum 
magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. 

Alter eos qui nos omnis vita prlvare conatl sunt, qui 
delere imperium, qui populi RomanI nomen.exstinguere, 

15 punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communl splritu non 
putat oportere; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in im- 
probos clvls in hac re publica esse usurpatum recorda- 
tur. 

Alter intellegit mortem ab dls immortalibus non esse 

20 supplicl causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae, 
aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem. Itaque earn sapi- 
entes numquam invitl, fortes saepe etiam libenter op- 
petlverunt. Vincula vero et ea sempiterna certe ad 
singularem poenam nefaril sceleris inventa sunt. Muni- 

25 cipiis dispertirl iubet. Habere videtur ista res inlquita- 
tem si imperare veils, difficultatem si rogare. Decernatur 
tamen, si placet. Ego enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, 
reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis 
non putent esse suae dignitatis reciisare. Adiungit 

30 gravem poenam municipibus, si quis eorum vincula 
ruperit; horribills custodies circumdat, et dlgnas sce- 
lere hominum perditorum. Sancit ne quis edrum 



92 



IN CATILINAlVf IV 



poenam quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per 
populum, levare possit ; eripit etiam spem, quae sola 
hominern in miserils consolarl solet. Bona praeterea 
publican iubet ; vltam solam relinquit nefarils homini- 
5 bus, quam si eripuisset, multos uno dolores animi atque 
corporis et omnls scelerum poenas ademisset. Itaque, 
ut aliqua in vita formldo improbls esset posita, apud 
Inferos eius modi quaedam illl antlqul supplicia impils 
constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellege.bant, 

10 els remotls, non esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam. 
v. Nunc, patres conscript!, ego mea video quid inter- 
sit. Si eritis secutl sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam 
hanc is in re publica viam quae popularis habetur secu- 
tus est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore 

is huiusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertime- 
scendl; sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotl 
contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum perlculorum rationes 
utilitas rel publicae vincat. 

Habemus enim a Caesare, slcut ipslus dlgnitas et 

20 maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam 
obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intel- 
lectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contionatorum 
et animum vere popularem, salutl popull consulentem. 
Video de istls, qui se popularis haberl volunt, abesse 

25 non neminem, ne de capite videlicet clvium Romanorum 
sententiam ferat. At is et nudius tertius in custodiam 
clvls Romanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi decrevit, 
et indices hesterno die maximls praemils adfecit. lam 
hoc neminl dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesltorl 

30 gratulationem, indicl praemium decrevit, quid de tota re 
et causa iudicarit. 

At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse 



IN CATILINAM IV 



93 



de civibus Romanis constitutam ; qui autem re! publicae 
sit hostis, eum clvem nullo modo esse posse ; denique 
ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iussu popull poenas rei 
publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largitorem 

5 et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie popull Roman!, 
exitio huius urbis tarn acerbe, tarn crudeliter cogitarit, 
etiam appellar! posse popularem. Itaque homo mltissi- 
mus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternls 
tenebrls vincullsque mandare, et sancit in posterum ne 

10 quis huius suiDplicio levando se iactare et in perniciem 

popull Roman! posthac popularis esse possit ; adiungit 

etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnis anim! cruciatus 

et corporis etiam egestas ac mendlcitas consequatur. 

vi. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi 

15 comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucundum ; 
sive Sllan! sententiam sequl malueritis, facile me atque 
vos crudelitatis vituperatione exsolveritis, atque obtinebo 
earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres con- 
script!, quae potest esse in tant! sceleris immanitate 

20 punienda crudelitas ? Ego enim de meo sensu iudico. 
Nam ita mihi salva re publica vob!scum perfru! liceat, 
ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atroci- 
tate anim! moveor — quis est enim me m!tior ? — sed 
singular! quadam humanitate et misericordia. 

25 Videor enim mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis 
terrarum atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno in- 
cendio concidentem. Cerno animo sepulta in patria 
miseros atque msepultos acervos c!vium. Versatur mihi 
ante oculos aspectus Cetheg!, et furor in vestra caede 

30 bacchantis. Cum vero mihi proposu! regnantem Lentu- 
lum, s!cut ipse ex f atls se sperasse confessus est, purpura- 
tum esse huic Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilmam, 



94 IN CATILINAM IV 

turn lamentationem matrum familias, turn fugam vir- 
ginum atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum Vesta- 
lium perhorresco ; et quia mihi vehementer haec videntur 
misera atque miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea perficere 

5 voluerunt me severum vehementemque praebeo. 

Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias, liberis suls a 
servo interfectls, uxore occlsa, incensa domo, supplicium 
de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is 
clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et crudelis- 

10 simus esse videatur ? Mihi ver5 importunus ac ferreus, 
qui n5n dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem crucia- 
tumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, qui 
coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucldare voluerunt, qui 
singulas unlus cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc univer- 

is sum rel publicae domicilium delere c5natl sunt, qui 
id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestlgils huius 
urbis atque in cinere deflagratl imperl conlocarent, si 
vehementissiml fuerimus, misericordes habebimur ; sin 
remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis crudelitatis 

20 in patriae clviumque pernicie fama subeunda est. Nisi 
vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissimus 
rel publicae, crudelior nudius tertius vlsus est, cum 
sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et 
audientem vita prlvandum esse dixit, cum avum suum 

25 iussu consulis interfectum, flliumque eius impuberem, 
legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. 
Quorum quod simile factum ? Quod initum delendae 
rel publicae consilium ? 

Largltionis voluntas turn in re publica versata est, et 

30 partium quaedam contentio. Atque eo tempore huius 
avus Lentull, vir clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est 
persecutus. Ille etiam grave turn vulnus accepit, ne 




Portrait Statue of a Vestal 



96 IN CATILINAM IV 

quid de surama re publica deminueretur ; hie ad ever- 
tenda re! publicae fundamenta Gallos arcessit, servitia 
concitat, Catillnam vocat, attribuit nos trucldandos 
Cethego, et ceteros clvls interficiendos Gablnio, urbem 
5 Inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam dlripien- 
damque Catillnae. VereaminI, censeo, ne in hoc scelere 
tarn immanl ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse 
videaminl; multo magis est verendum ne remissione 
poenae crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animad- 

10 versionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostis fuisse 
videamur. 

vii. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscript!, dissimu- 
lare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt 
ad aurls meas, eorum qui vererl videntur ut habeam 

15 satis praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die 
transigunda. Omnia et provisa et parata et constituta 
sunt, patres conscript!, cum mea surama cura atque 
dlligentia, turn multo etiam maiore popull Roman! ad 
summum imperium retinendum et ad communis fortunas 

20 conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordi- 
num homines, omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est 
forum, plena templa circum forum, plenl omnes aditus 
huius tempi! ac loci. 

Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa 

25 sola in qua omnes sentlrent unura atque idem, praeter 
eos qui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omni- 
bus potius quam sol! perlre voluerunt. Hosce ego 
homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in impro- 
borum clvium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero 

30 habendos puto. Ceterl vero, dl immortales ! qua fre- 
quentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem saliitem 
dlgnitatemque consentiunt ! 



IN CATILINAM IV 97 

Quid ego hie equites Romanos commemorem ? qui 
vobis ita summam ordinis consilique concedunt ut vobis- 
cum de amore rel publicae certent ; quos ex multorum 
annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem con- 

s cordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies vobiscum atque 
haec causa coniungit. Quam si coniunctionem, in con- 
sulate conflrmatam meo, perpetuam in re publica tenu- 
erimus, confirmo vobis nullum posthac malum civile ac 
domesticum ad ullam rel publicae partem esse venturum. 

10 Pari studio defendundae rel publicae convenisse video 
tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scrlbas item uni- 
versos, quos cum casu hie dies ad aerarium frequentas- 
set, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem communem 
esse conversos. 

15- Omnis ingenuorum adest multitudo, etiam tenuissi- 
morum. Quis est enim cui non haec templa, aspectus 
urbis, possessio llbertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et hoc 
commune patriae solum, cum sit carum turn vero dulce 
atque iucundum ? 

20 viii. Operae pretium est, patres con scrip tl, llbertl- 
norum hominum studia cognoscere, qui, sua virtute 
fortunam huius clvitatis consecutl, hanc suam patriam 
iudicant, quam quldam hie natl, et summo loco natl, non 
patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. 

25 Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, 
quos prlvatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, 
quos denique llbertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salu- 
tem patriae defendendam excitavit ? Servus est nemo, 
qui modo tolerabill condicione sit servitutis, qui non 

30 audaciam clvium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare cupiat, 
qui non quantum audet et quantum potest conferat ad 
salutem voluntatis. 

H. & G. CIC. — 7 



98 IN CATILINAM IV 

Qua re si quern vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod 
auditum est, lenonem quendam Lentull concursare cir- 
cum tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitarl posse animos 
egentium atque imperltorum, est id quidem coeptum 
s atque temptatum ; sed null! sunt invent! tarn aut for- 
tuna. miseri aut voluntate perditl qui non ilium ipsum 
sellae atque operis et quaestus cotldianl locum, qui non 
cublle ac lectulum suum, qui denique n5n cursum hunc 
otiosum vltae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero 

10 maxima pars eorum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero, 
id enim potius est dicendum, genus hoc universum, 
amantissimum est oti. Etenim omne Instrumentum, 
omnis opera atque quaestus frequentia clvium susten- 
tatur, alitur otio; quorum si quaestus occlusls tabernis 

15 minul solet, quid tandem incensls futurum fuit ? 

Quae cum ita sint, patres conscrlptl, vobls popull 
RomanI praesidia non desunt ; vos ne populo Romano 
deesse videaminl providete. 

ix. Habetis consulem ex plurimls perlculls et Insidils 

20 atque ex media morte, non ad vltam suam, sed ad salu- 
tem vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservan- 
dam rem publicam mente, voluntate, voce consentiunt. 
Obsessa facibus et tells impiae coniurationis vobls sup- 
plex manus tendit patria communis ; vobls se, vobls 

25 vltam omnium clvium, vobls arcem et Capitolium, vobls 
aras Penatium, vobls ilium Ignem Vestae sempiternum, 
vobls omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobls muros 
atque urbis tecta commendat. 

Praeterea de vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque 

30 llber5rum anima, de fortunls omnium, de sedibus, de 
focis vestrls, hodierno die vobls iudicandum est. Habe- 
tis ducem memorem vestrl, oblltum sul, quae non semper 



IN CATILINAM IV 99 

facultas datur-; habetis omnls ordines, omnls homines, 
universum populum Romanum, id quod in civil! causa 
hodierno die prTmum videmus, unum atque idem senti- 
entem. Cogitate quantls laborious fundatum imperium, 

5 quanta virtute stabilltam llbertatem, quanta deorum be- 
nlgnitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox paene 
delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo non conficl, 
sed ne cogitarl quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die 
providendum est. Atque haec n5n ut vos, qui mihi 

10 studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed 
ut mea v5x, quae debet esse in re publica prlnceps, 
officio functa consularl videretur. 

x. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me 
pauca dlcam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, 

15 quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum 
multitudinem suscepisse vide5 ; sed earn iudico esse 
turpem et Inflrmam et abiectam. Quod si aliquando 
alicuius furore et scelere concitata manus ista plus 
valuerit quam vestra ac re! publicae dlgnitas, me tamen 

20 meorum factorum atque consiliorum numquam, patres 
conscript!, paenitebit Etenim mors, quam ill! fortasse 
minitantur, omnibus est parata ; vitae tantam laudem, 
quanta vos me vestris decretls honestastis, nemo est 
adsecutus. Ceteris enim semper bene gesta, mihi unl 

25 conservata re publica, gratulationem decrevistis. 

Sit Sclpio ille clarus, cuius c5nsilio atque virtute 
Hannibal in Africam redlre atque Italia decedere coactus 
est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbls 
huic imperio Inf estissimas, Karthaginem Numantiamque, 

30 delevit ; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum 
rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses hone- 
stavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsi- 



IOO IN CATILINAM IV 

dione et metu servitutis llberavit ; anteponatur omnibus 
Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes Isdem quibus 
solis cursus regionibus ac terminls continentur : erit pro- 
fecto inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi 

s forte maius est patefacere nobis provincias quo exlre 
possimus quam curare ut etiam ill! qui absunt habeant 
quo vlctores revertantur. 

Quamquam est uno loco conditio melior externae vlc- 
toriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut 

10 oppress! serviunt, aut recepti in amlcitiam beneficio se 
obligatos putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia 
aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, 
eos cum a pernicie re! publicae reppuleris, nee vl coercere 
nee beneficio placare possls. Qua re mihi cum perditis 

15 clvibus aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego 
vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio, memoriaque tanto- 
rum perlculorum, quae non modo in h5c populo, qui 
servatus est, sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac 
mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a mels facile 

20 pr5pulsarl posse confido. Neque ulla profecto tanta 
vis reperietur, quae coniunctionem vestram equitumque 
R5manorum, et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium 
confringere et labefactare possit. 

xi. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 

25 provincia quam neglexl, pro triumphs ceterlsque laudis 
Inslgnibus quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque 
salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientells hospitilsque 
provincialibus, quae tamen urbanls opibus non minore 
labore tueor quam compare, pro his igitur omnibus 

30 rebus, pro mels in vos singularibus studils, proque hac 
quam perspicitis ad conservandam rem publicam dlli- 
gentia, nihil a vobls nisi huius temporis totlusque mel 



IN CATILINAM IV 



IOI 



consulates memoriam postulo ; quae dum erit vestrls 
flxa mentibus, tutissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitra- 
bor. Quod si meam spem vis improborum fefellerit 
atque superaverit, commendo vobls parvum meum fllium, 

s cui profecto satis erit praesidl non solum ad salutem 

verum etiam ad dignitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo 

sollus perlculo conservarit, ilium fllium esse memineritis. 

Quapropter de summa salute vestra popullque RomanI, 

de vestrls coniugibus ac llberls, de arls ac focls, de fanls 

10 atque templls, de totlus urbis tectls ac sedibus, de 
imperio ac llbertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re 
publica, decernite dlligenter, ut Instituistis, ac fortiter. 
Habetis eum consulem qui et parere vestrls decretls non 
dubitet, et ea quae statueritis, quoad vlvet, defendere et 

is per se ipsum praestare possit. 




^PPWNIPw 



o s 
i ■ i 1 1 1 1 



Plan of the Tullianum 



De Imperio Cn. Pompei Oratio 

QUAMQUAM mihi semper frequens conspectus 
vester multo iucundissimus, hie autem locus ad 
agendum amplissimus, ad dlcendum ornatissimus est 
vlsus, Quirltes, tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper 

5 optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas 
adhuc, sed vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate sus- 
ceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per aetatem 
nondum huius auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, 
statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, elabo- 

10 ratum industria. adferrl oportere, omne meum tempus 
amlcorum temporibus transmittendum putavl. 

Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab els qui 
vestram causam defenderent, et meus labor, in prlvato- 
rum perlculls caste integreque versatus, ex vestro iudi- 

15 cio fructum est amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum 

propter dllationem comitiorum ter praetor primus cen- 

turils cunctls renuntiatus sum, facile intellexl, Quirltes, 

et quid de me iudicaretis et quid alils praescrlberetis. 

Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit quantum 

20 vos honoribus mandandls esse voluistis, et ad agendum 
facultatis tantum quantum homini vigilantl ex forensl 
usu prope cotldiana dlcendl exercitatio potuit adferre, 
certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos utar 
qui earn mihi dederunt, et si quid in dlcendo consequl 

25 possum, els ostendam potissimum, qui el quoque rei 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI IO3 

friictum suo iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque 
illud in prlmls mihi laetandum hire esse video, quod in 
hac Insolita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dlcendl causa talis 
oblata est in qua oratio deesse neminl possit. Dlcen- 
s dum est enim de Cn. Pompel singular! eximiaque virtute ; 
huius autem orationis difficilius est exitum quam prlnci- 
pium invenlre. Ita mihi non tarn copia quam modus 
in dlcendo quaerendus est. 

11. Atque, ut inde oratio mea proficlscatur unde haec 

10 omnis causa ducitur, bellum grave et perlculosum vestrls 
vectlgalibus ac sochs a duobus potentissimls regibus 
Infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, 
alter lacessltus, occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam 
oblatam esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanls, hone- 

15 stissimls virls, adferuntur ex Asia cotldie litterae, quorum 
magnae res aguntur in vestrls vectlgalibus exercendls 
occupatae ; qui ad me, pro necessitudine quae mihi est 
cum illo ordine, causam rel publicae periculaque rerum 
suarum detulerunt : Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provin- 

20 cia est, vlcos exustos esse compluris ; regnum Ariobar- 
zanis, quod flnitimum est vestrls vectlgalibus, totum 
esse in hostium potestate ; L. Lucullum, magnis rebus 
gestls, ab eo bello discedere; huic qui successerit non 
satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum administrandum ; 

25 unum ab omnibus socils et civibus ad id bellum impera- 
torem deposcl atque expetl, eundem hunc unum ab ho- 
stibus metul, praeterea neminem. 

Causa quae sit videtis ; nunc quid agendum sit con- 
siderate. Prlmum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde 

30 de magnitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo esse 
dlcendum. 

Genus est belli eius modi, quod maxime vestros ani- 



104 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

mos excitare atque Inflammare ad persequendi studium 
debeat ; in quo agitur popull Roman! gloria, quae vobls 
a maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus turn summa 
in re militarl tradita est; agitur salus sociorum atque 

s amlcorum, pro qua multa maiores vestrl magna et gravia 
bella gesserunt ; aguntur certissima popull RomanI 
vectlgalia et maxima, quibus amissls et pacis ornamenta 
et subsidia belli requiretis ; aguntur bona multorum 
clvium, quibus est a vobls et ipsorum et re! publicae 

10 causa consulendum. 

in. Et quoniam semper appetentes gl5riae praeter 
ceteras gentls atque avid! laudis fuistis, delenda est 
vobls ilia macula bello superi5re concepta, quae penitus 
iam Insedit ac nimis inveteravit in popull Roman! nomine, 

15 quod is, qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in civitatibus, uno 
nuntio atque una slgnificatione litterarum civis Romanos 
necandos trucldandosque denotavit, non modo adhuc 
poenam nullam suo dlgnam scelere suscepit, sed ab illo 
tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita 

20 regnat ut se non Pont! neque Cappadociae latebrls 
occultare velit, sed emergere ex patrio regno atque in 
vestrls vectlgalibus, h5c est, in Asiae luce versari. 
Etenim adhuc ita nostrl cum illo rege contenderunt 
imperatores ut ab illo Insignia victoriae, non victoriam 

25 reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Mu- 
rena de Mithridate, duo fortissiml viri et summl impera- 
tores ; sed ita triumpharunt ut ille pulsus superatusque 
regnaret. Verum tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tri- 
buenda quod egerunt, venia danda quod reliquerunt, 

30 propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res publica, 
Murenam Sulla revocavit. 

iv. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI IO5 

ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparatidnem novl 
contulit ; qui cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque 
classls exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex genti- 
bus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis flnitimls 

5 suis bellum Inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam lega- 
tos ac litteras mlsit ad eos duces quibuscum turn bellum 
gerebamus, ut, cum duobus in locls disiunctissimls maxi- 
meque dlversls un5 consilio a blnls hostium copils bellum 
terra marlque gereretur, vos ancipitl contentione district! 

10 de imperi5 dlmicaretis. 

Sed tamen alterius partis perlculum, Sertorianae atque 
Hispaniensis, quae multo plus flrmamentl ac roboris 
habebat, Cn. Pompei dlvlno consilio ac singularl virtute 
depulsum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo summo 

15 viro est administrata ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna 
atque praeclara non f ellcitatl eius, sed virtutl, haec autem 
extrema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed for- 
tunae tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dlcam 
alio loco, et ita dlcam, Quirltes, ut neque vera laus el 

20 detracta oratione mea neque falsa adflcta esse videatur ; 
de vestrl imperl dlgnitate atque gloria, quoniam is est 
exorsus orationis meae, videte quem vobls animum sus- 
cipiendum putetis. 

v. Maiores nostri saepe mercatoribus aut navicularils 

25 nostrls iniuriosius tractatls bella gesserunt ; vos, tot 
mllibus clvium Romanorum iino nuntio atque uno tem- 
pore necatls, quo tandem animo esse debetis ? LegatI 
quod erant appellati superbius, Corinthum patres vestrl 
totlus Graeciae lumen exstinctum esse voluerunt ; vos 

30 eum regem inultum esse patieminl, qui legatum popull 
RomanI consularem vinculls ac verberibus atque omnl 
supplicio excruciatum necavit ? 111! llbertatem immi- 



106 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

nutam clvium Romanorum non tulerunt ; vos ereptam 
vltam neglegetis ? I us legationis verbo violatum illT 
persecute sunt ; vos legatum orani supplicio interfectum 
relinquetis ? Videte ne, ut illls pulcherrimum fuit tan- 
5 tarn vobls imperl gloriam tradere, sic vobls turpissi- 
mum sit id quod accepistis tuerl et conservare non 
posse. 

Quid ? quod salus sociorum summum in perlculum ac 
discrlmen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis ? 

10 Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi 
RomanI atque amicus ; imminent duo reges totl Asiae 
non solum vobls inimlcissiml, sed etiam vestrls socils 
atque amicls ; civitates autem omnes cuncta Asia atque 
Graecia vestrum auxilium exspectare propter pericull 

15 magnitudinem coguntur; imperatorem a vobls certum 
deposcere, cum praesertim vos alium mlseritis, neque 
audent neque se id facere sine summo perlculo posse 
arbitrantur. 

Vident et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, unum virum 

20 esse, in quo summa sint omnia, et eum propter esse, 
quo etiam carent aegrius ; cuius adventu ipso atque 
nomine, tamets! ille ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen 
impetus hostium repressos esse intellegunt ac retardatos. 
Hi vos, quoniam llbere loqul non licet, tacite rogant ut 

25 se quoque, slcut ceterarum provinciarum socios, dlgnos 
exlstimetis, qu5rum salutem tall viro commendetis ; 
atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in provinciam eius 
modi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut etiam si ab 
hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbls soci6- 

30 rum non multum ab hostlll expugnati5ne differant. 
Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident, tanta 
temperantia, tanta mansuetiidine, tanta humanitate, ut 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI IO? 

el beatissiml esse videantur apud quos ille diutissime 
commoratur. 

vi. Qua re si propter socios, nulla ipsl iniuria laces- 
sltT, maiores nostrl cum Antiocho, cum Philipp5, cum 
5 Aetolls, cum Poenls bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio 
convenit iniuriis provocates sociorum salutem una cum 
imperl vestri dlgnitate defendere, praesertim cum de 
maximis vestris vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum 
provinciarum vectlgalia, Quirltes, tanta sunt ut els ad 

10 ipsas provincias tutandas vix content! esse possimus; 
Asia vero tarn oplma est ac fertilis ut et ubertate agro- 
rum et varietate fructuum et magnitudine pastionis et 
multitudine earum rerum quae exportantur facile omni- 
bus terrls antecellat. Itaque haec vobls provincia, 

15 Quirltes, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem reti- 
nere voltis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu 
calamitatis est defendenda. 

Nam in ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, turn detrl- 
mentum accipitur; at in vectigalibus non solum ad- 

20 ventus mall, sed etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. 
Nam cum hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiam si 
inruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agrl 
cultiira deseritur, mercatorum navigatio conquiescit. 
Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumls neque ex scrlptura 

25 vectlgal conservari potest ; qua re saepe totlus anni 
fructus uno rumore perlculi atque un5 belli terrore 
amittitur. 

Quo tandem igitur animo esse exlstimatis aut eos qui 
vectlgalia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent atque 

30 exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximis c5pils propter 
adsint ? cum una excursio equitatus perbrevl tempore 
totlus anni vectlgal auferre possit ? cum publican! fami- 



108 t)E IMPER10 POMPEl 

lias maximas, quas in saltibus habent, quas in agris, 
quas in portubus atque custodils, magno perlculo se 
habere arbitrentur ? Putatisne vos illls rebus f rul posse, 
nisi eos qui vobls fructul sunt conservaritis non solum, 

5 ut ante dlxl, calamitate, sed etiam calamitatis formldine 
llberatos. 

vii. Ac ne illud quidem vobls neglegendum est, quod 
mihi ego 'extremum proposueram, cum essem de belli 
genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona clvium Roma- 

10 norum pertinet, quorum vobls pro vestra sapientia, 
Quirltes, habenda est ratio dlligenter. Nam et publi- 
canl, homines honestissiml atque ornatissiml, suas ra- 
tiones et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum 
ipsorum per se res et fortiinae vobls curae esse debent 

15 Etenim si vectlgalia nervos esse rel publicae semper 
duximus, eum certe ordinem, qui exercet ilia, flrmamen- 
tum ceterorum ordinum recte esse dlcemus. 

Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavl atque in- 
dustril partim ipsl in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos 

20 absentibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea pro- 
vincia pecunias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur 
humanitatis vestrae magnum numerum eorum clvium 
calamitate prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum clvium 
calamitatem a re publica seiunctam esse non posse. 

25 Etenim prlmum illud parvl refert, nos publica his amis- 
sis vectlgalia postea victoria recuperare. Neque enim 
Isdem redimendl facultas erit propter calamitatem, ne- 
que aliis voluntas propter timorem. 

Deinde quod nos eadem Asia atque Idem iste Mithri- 

30 dates initio belli AsiaticI docuit, id quidem certe calami- 
tate doctl memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum 
in Asia res magnas permultl amlserant, sclmus Romae, 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI IO9 

solutione impedlta, fidem concidisse. N5n enim possunt 
una in civitate multl rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non 
plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo 
perlculo prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite, id 

5 quod ipsl videtis, haec fides atque haec ratio pecunia- 
rum, quae Romae, quae in foro versatur, implicata est 
cum illls pecunils Asiaticls et cohaeret. Ruere ilia non 
possunt, ut haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant. 
Qua re videte num dubitandum vobls sit omnI studio 

10 ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestrl, 
salus sociorum, vectlgalia maxima, fortunae plurimo- 
rum clvium coniunctae cum re publica defendantur. 

viii. Quoniam de genere belli dixl, nunc de magni- 
tudine pauca dicam. Potest hoc enim dlcf, belli genus 

^5 esse ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita ma- 
gnum ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime elaboran- 
dum est ne forte ea vobls quae diligentissime providenda 
sunt contemnenda esse videantur. 

Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. Luculld tantum 

20 impertlre laudis quantum fort! viro et sapientl hominl 
et magno imperatorl debeatur, dico eius adventu maxi- 
mas Mithridati copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque 
instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam nobisque 
amlcissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege 

25 maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, 
quam L. Lucullus virtute, adsiduitate, consilio, sum- 
mis obsidionis perlculls llberavit; ab eodem imperat5re 
classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianis 
ad Italiam studi5 atque odio Inflammata raperetur, su- 

30 peratam esse atque depressam ; magnas hostium prae- 
terea copias multls proelils esse deletas, patefactumque 
nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Ro- 



HO DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

mano ex omnl aditu clausus fuisset; Sinopen atque 
Amlsum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, omni- 
bus rebus ornatas ac refertas, ceterasque urbls PontI et 
Cappadociae permultas, uno aditu adventuque esse ca- 
5 ptas ; regem, spoliatum regno patrio atque avlto, ad alios 
se reges atque ad alias gentis supplicem contulisse ; at- 
que haec omnia salvis popull RomanI socils atque inte- 
grls vectlgalibus_ esse gesta. Satis oplnor haec esse 
laudis, atque ita, Quirltes, ut hoc vos intellegatis, a. nullo 

10 istorum, qui huic obtrectant leg! atque causae, L. Lucul- 
lum similiter ex hoc loco esse laudatum. 

ix. Requlretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum 
haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. 
Cognoscite, Quirltes. Non enim hoc sine causa quaerl 

15 videtur. 

Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex 
eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dlcitur, 
quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in els locls, 
qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum con- 

20 lectio dlspersa maerorque patrius celeritatem perse- 
quendl retardaret. Sic Mithridates fugiens maximam 
vim aurl atque argent! pulcherrimarumque rerum om- 
nium, quas et a maioribus acceperat et ipse bello supe- 
riore ex tota Asia dlreptas in suum regnum congesserat, 

25 in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri conligunt 
omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium 
in persequendi studio maeror, hos laetitia tardavit. 

Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes rex Armenius 
excepit, diffldentemque rebus suls confirmavit, et adfllc- 

30 turn erexit, perditumque recreavit. Cuius in regnum 
postea quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures 
etiam gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI III 

sunt. Erat enim metus iniectus els nationibus quas 
numquam populus Romanus neque lacessendas bello 
neque temptandas putavit ; erat etiam alia gravis atque 
vehemens opinio, quae animos gentium barbararum 

5 pervaserat, fan! locupletissiml et religiosissiml diripiendl 
causa in eas oras nostrum esse exercitum adductum. 
Ita nationes multae atque magnae novo quodam terrore 
ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem exercitus, tametsl 
urbem ex TigranI regno ceperat, et proeliis usus erat 

10 secundls, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac deslderio 
suorum commovebatur. 

Hie iam plura non dlcam. Fuit enim illud extremum, 
ut els locls a mllitibus nostris reditus magis maturus 
quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem 

15 et suam manum iam conflrmarat, et magnis adventlcils 
auxilils multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Iam 
hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum adflictae 
fortunae facile mult5rum opes adliciant ad misericordiam, 
maximeque e5rum qui aut reges sunt aut vlvunt in regno, 

20 ut els nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. 
Itaque tantum victus efricere potuit quantum incolumis 
numquam est ausus optare. Nam cum se in regnum 
suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus, quod el praeter 
spem acciderat, ut illam, postea. quam pulsus erat, ter- 

25 ram umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum 
clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. 

Sinite hoc loco, Quirltes, sicut poetae solent qui res 
R5manas scrlbunt, praeterlre me nostram calamitatem, 
quae tanta fuit ut earn ad auris imperatoris non ex 

30 proelio nuntius sed ex sermone rumor adferret. Hie 
in illo ipso mal5 gravissimaque belli offensione, L. Lu- 
cullus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte els incommodis mederl 



112 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

fortasse potuisset, vestro iussu coactus, qui imperl 
diuturnitatl modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavi- 
stis, partem mllitum, qui iam stipendils confectl erant, 
dlmlsit, partem M\ Glabrioni tradidit. 

5 Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectura per- 
spicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod 
coniungant reges potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes, 
suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster acci- 
piat, vetere exercitu pulso. 

10 x. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor qua re esset 

hoc bellum genere ips5 necessarium, magnitudine perl- 

culosum. Restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deli- 

gendo ac tantls rebus praeficiendo dlcendum esse videatur. 

Utinam, Quirltes, virorum fortium atque innocentium 

15 copiam tantam haberetis ut haec vobls dellberatio diffi- 
cilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantls rebus ac tanto 
bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero, cum sit 
unus Cn. Pompeius, qui non modo e5rum hominum qui 
nunc sunt gloriam, sed etiam antlquitatis memoriam 

20 virtute superarit, quae res est quae cuiusquam animum 
in hac causa dubium facere possit ? 

Ego enim sic exlstimo, in summo imperatore quattuor 
has res inesse oportere, scientiam rel mllitaris, virtutem, 
auctoritatem, fellcitatem. Quis igitur hoc homine scien- 

25 tior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit ? qui e ludo atque e 
pueritiae discipllnls bello maximo atque acerrimls hostibus 
ad patris exercitum atque in mllitiae discipllnam profectus 
est; qui extrema pueritia miles in exercitu fuit summl 
imperatoris, ineunte adulescentia maximl ipse exercitus 

30 imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste confllxit quam quis- 
quam cum inimlco concertavit, plura bella gessit quam 
ceterl legerunt, plures provincias c5nfecit quam alii 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 113 

concuplverunt ; cuius adulescentia ad scientiam rei 
mllitaris non alienls praeceptls sed suis imperils, non 
offensionibus belli sed vlctorils, non stlpendils sed 
triumphls est erudlta. 

5 Quod denique genus esse belli potest in quo ilium 
non exercuerit fortuna rei publicae ? Civile, Africanum, 
Transalplnum, Hispaniense, servile, navale bellum, varia 
et diversa genera et bellorum et hostium, n5n solum 
gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nullam rem esse 

10 declarant in usu positam mllitarl quae hums viri scien- 
tiam fugere possit. 

XI. lam vero virtutl Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio 
par invenlrl ? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dlgnum 
aut vobls novum aut cuiquam inaudltum possit adferre ? 

15 Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperat5riae, quae 
vulgo exlstimantur, labor in negotils, fortitudo in perl- 
culls, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, con- 
silium in providendo ; quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta 
in omnibus reliquls imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut 

20 audlvimus, non fuerunt. 

Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius 
virtute et subsidio confessus est llberatam. Testis est 
Sicilia, quam multis undique clnctam perlculls non ter- 
rore belli, sed consill celeritate explicavit. Testis est 

25 Africa, quae, magnls oppressa hostium copils, eorum 
ipsorum sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per 
quam legionibus nostrls iter in Hispaniam Gallorum 
internecione patefactum est. Testis est Hispania, quae 
saepissime plurimos hostls ab hoc superatos prostra- 

30 tosque conspexit. Testis est iterum et saepius Italia, 
quae cum servlll bello taetro penculosoque premeretur, 
ab hoc auxilium absente expetlvit; quod bellum ex- 
h. & g. cic. — 8 



114 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

spectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, 
adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes nunc vero iam 
oranes orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, 
denique maria omnia cum universa, turn in singulis oris 

5 omnes sinus atque portus. 

Quis enim toto marl locus per hos annos aut tarn 
flrmum habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tarn fuit 
abditus ut lateret ? Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis 
aut servitutis perlculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut 

10 referto praedonum marl navigaret ? Hoc tantum bellum, 
tarn turpe, tam vetus, tam late divlsum atque dispersum, 
quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus 
uno anno aut omnibus annls ab uno imperatore conficl 
posse ? Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus llbe- 

15 ram per hosce annos ? quod vectlgal vobls tutum fuit ? 
quern socium defendistis ? cui praesidio classibus ve- 
strls fuistis ? quam multas exlstimatis Insulas esse deser- 
tas ? quam multas aut metu rellctas aut a praedonibus 
captas urbls esse sociorum ? 

20 xii. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc 
quondam, fuit proprium popull Roman!, longe a domo 
bellare, et propugnaculls imperl sociorum fortunas, non 
sua tecta defendere. Socils ego nostris mare per hos 
annos clausum fuisse dlcam, cum exercitus vestrl num- 

25 quam a Brundisio nisi hieme surama transmlserint ? 
Qui ad vos ab exterls nationibus venlrent captos querar, 
cum legatl popull RomanI redemptl sint? Mercatoribus 
tutum mare non fuisse dlcam, cum duodecim secures 
in praedonum potestatem pervenerint ? Cnidum aut 

30 Colophonem aut Samum, nobilissimas urbls, innume- 
rabillsque alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros 
portus, atque eos portus quibus vltam ac splritum duci- 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 115 

tis, in praed5num f uisse potestatem sciatis ? An vero 
Ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum ac plenissimum 
navium Inspectante praet5re a praedonibus esse dlrep- 
tum ? ex Mlsen5 autem eius ipslus llberos, qui cum 
5 praedonibus antea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedonibus 
esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum 
atque illam labem atque ignominiam rei publicae querar, 
cum, prope Inspectantibus vobls, classis ea, cui consul 
popull RomanI praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta 

10 atque oppressa est ? Pro di immortales ! tantamne 
unlus hominis incredibilis ac dlvina virtus tarn brevl 
tempore lucem adferre rei publicae potuit ut vos, qui 
modo ante ostium Tiberlnum classem hostium videbatis, 
el nunc nullum intra Oceanl 5stium praeddnum navem 

15 esse audiatis ? 

Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam vi- 
detis, tamen a. me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. 
Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negotl aut consequendl 
quaestus studio tarn brevl tempore tot loca adire, tantos 

20 cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce 
tantl belli impetus na.viga.vit ? Qui nondum tempestlvo 
ad navigandum marl Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit ; 
inde Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria fru- 
mentaria subsidia rei publicae flrmissimls praesidils 

25 classibusque munlvit. Inde cum se in Italiam rece- 
pisset, duabus Hispanils et Gallia praesidils ac navi- 
bus conflrmata, missis item in oram IllyricI maris et 
in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo 
maria maximls classibus flrmissimlsque praesidils ad5r- 

30 navit ; ipse autem ut Brundisio profectus est, unde- 
qulnquagesimo die totam ad imperium popull RomanI 
Ciliciam adiunxit ; omnes, qui ubique praed5nes f uerunt, 



Il6 DE 1MPERI0 POMPEI 

partim capti interfectique sunt, partim unlus hums se 
imperio ac potestati dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, 
cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecato- 
resque mlsissent, spem deditionis non ademit, obsides- 
5 que imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tarn diuturnum, tarn 
longe lateque dlspersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac 
nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme 
apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit. 
xiii. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera- 

10 tons. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare 
coeperam ? quantae atque quam multae sunt ! Non 
enim bellandl virtus solum in summo ac perfecto im- 
peratore quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae 
huius administrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum, 

15 quanta innocentia debent esse imperatores ? quanta 
deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia ? quanta fide ? 
quanta facilitate ? quanto ingenio ? quanta humanita- 
te ? Quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pompeio conslde- 
remus ; summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, sed ea magis 

20 ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognoscT 
atque intellegl possunt. 

Quern enim imperatorem possumus ull5 in numero 
putare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque 
venierint ? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut am- 

25 plum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam, ex aerario 
depromptam ad bellum administrandum, aut propter 
cupiditatem provinciae magistratibus dlviserit, aut prop- 
ter avaritiam Romae in quaestu reliquerit ? Vestra 
admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnoscere videaminl 

30 qui haec fecerint : ego autem nomin5 neminem ; qua 
re IrascI mihi nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit 
confiterl. 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 117 

Itaque propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas 
calamitates, quocumque ventum est, nostrl exercitus 
ferant quis Ignorat ? Itinera quae per hosce annos 
in Italia per agros atque oppida clvium Romanorum 

5 nostrl imperatores fecerint recordamini ; turn facilius 
statuetis quid apud exteras nationes fieri exlstimetis. 
Utrum plurls arbitraminl per hosce annos mllitum ve- 
strorum armls hostium urbls, an hlbernls sociorum civi- 
tates esse deletas ? Neque enim potest exercitum is 

10 continere imperator, qui se ipse non continet, neque 
severus esse- in iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse 
iudices non volt. 

Hie mlramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 
cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint ut non modo 

15 manus tantl exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam 
pacato nocuisse dlcatur ? lam vero quern ad modum 
mllites hlbernent cotidie sermones ac litterae perferun- 
tur ; n5n modo ut sumptum faciat in militem neminl vis 
adfertur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. 

20 Hiemis enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostrl in 
sociorum atque amlcorum tectls esse voluerunt. 

xiv. Age vero, ceteris in rebus quail sit temperantia 
considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tarn in- 
credibilem cursum inventum putatis ? Non enim ilium 

25 eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudlta quaedam guber- 
nandl aut ventl aliqul novl tarn celeriter in ultimas 
terras pertulerunt, sed eae res quae ceteros remorarl 
solent, non retardarunt ; non avaritia ab Instituto cursu 
ad praedam aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, 

30 non amoenitas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad 
cognitionem, non denique labor ipse ad quietem ; po- 
stremo slgna et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum 



Il8 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

oppidorum, quae ceterl tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi 
ille ne vlsenda quidem exlstimavit. 

Itaque omnes nunc in els locis Cn. Pompeium slcut 
aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de cael5 dela- 
5 psum intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse 
homines R5manos hac quondam continentia, quod iam 
nationibus exterls incredibile ac falso memoriae prodi- 
tum videbatur. Nunc imperl vestrl splendor illis genti- 
bus lucem adferre coepit. Nunc intellegunt non sine 

10 causa mai5res suos, turn cum ea temperantia magistra- 
tus habebamus, servire populo Romano quam imperare 
alils maluisse. 

Iam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita 
llberae querimoniae de aliorum iniurils esse dicuntur, ut 

15 is, qui dignitate prlncipibus excellit, facilitate Innmls par 
esse videatur. Iam quantum consilio, quantum dlcendi 
gravitate et copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam 
dlgnitas imperatoria, vos, QuirTtes, hoc ipso ex loco 
saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter so- 

20 cios exlstimari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium ge- 
nerum sanctissimam iudicarint ? Humanitate iam tanta 
est ut difficile dictu sit utrum hostes magis virtutem 
eius pugnantes timuerint, an mansuetudinem victi di- 
lexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quln huic hoc tantum 

25 bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memo- 
riae bella conficienda dlvino quodam consilio natus esse 
videatur ? 

xv. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellls admini- 
strandls multum atque in imperio militarl valet, certe 

30 neminl dubium est quln ea re Idem ille imperator plu- 
rimum possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella 
administranda quid hostes, quid socil de imperatoribus 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 1 19 

nostrls exlstiment quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in 
tantis rebus, ut aut contemnant aut metuant aut oderint 
aut anient, oplnione non minus et fama quam aliqua 
ratione certa commoverl ? Quod igitur nomen umquam 

s in orbe terrarum clarius fuit ? cuius res gestae pares ? 
de quo homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, 
tanta et tarn praeclara iudicia fecistis ? An vero ullam 
usquam esse oram tarn desertam putatis, quo non illlus 
die! fama pervaserit, cum universus populus Romanus, 

10 referto foro completisque omnibus templls ex quibus 
hie locus conspicl potest, unum sibi ad commune om- 
nium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem 
depoposcit ? 

Itaque, ut plura non dlcam, neque aliorum exemplis 

15 conflrmem quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem 
Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla suman- 
tur ; qui quo die a vobls maritimo bello praepositus est 
imperator, tanta repente vllitas annonae ex summa 
inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est unlus 

20 hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix in summa ubertate 
agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 

lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proeli5, de 
quo vos paulo ante invitus admonul, cum socii perti- 
muissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum 

25 praesidium pr5vincia n5n haberet, amisissetis Asiam, 
Quintes, nisi ad ipsum discrlmen eius temporis divlnitus 
Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna popull Roman! 
attulisset. Huius adventus et Mithridatem insolita 
Tnflammatum victoria continuit, et Tigranem magnls 

30 copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubi- 
tabit quid virtiite perfecturus sit, qui tantum auctoritate 
perfecerit? aut quam facile imperio atque exercitu 



120 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

socios et vectlgalia conservaturus sit, qui ipso nomine 
ac rumore defenderit ? 

xvi. Age vero, ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem 
hominis apud hostls popull Roman! auctoritatem, quod 

5 ex locls tarn longinquls tamque dlversis tarn brevl tempore 
omnes huic se uni dediderunt ? quod a communl Cre- 
tensium legatl, cum in eorum insula noster imperator 
exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope 
terras venerunt, elque se omnis Cretensium clvitates 

10 dedere velle dlxerunt ? Quid ? Idem iste Mithridates 
nonne ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in 
Hispaniam mlsit ? eum quern Pompeius legatum semper 
iudicavit, el quibus erat semper molestum ad eum potis- 
simum esse missum, speculatorem quam legatum iudi- 

15 carl maluerunt. Potestis igitur iam constituere, Quirltes, 
hanc auctoritatem, multls postea rebus gestls magnis- 
que vestrls iudicils amplificatam, quantum apud illos 
reges, quantum apud exteras nationes valituram esse 
existimetis. 

20 Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se 
ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero 
possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deo- 
rum, timide et pauca dlcamus. Ego enim sic exlstimo, 
Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et ceteris magnls 

25 imperatoribus non solum propter virtutem, sed etiam 
propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata atque exerci- 
tus esse commissos. Fuit enim profecto quibusdam 
summis virls quaedam ad amplitudinem et ad gloriam et 
ad res magnas bene gerendas dlvmitus adiuncta fortuna. 

30 De huius autem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, 
hac utar moderatione dlcendl, non ut in illlus potestate 
fortunam positam esse dlcam, sed ut praeterita memi- 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 121 

nisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invlsa dis immorta- 
libus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse videatur. 

Itaque non sum praedicaturus quantas ille res domi 
mllitiae, terra marlque, quantaque felicitate gesserit ; ut 

5 eius semper voluntatibus non modo elves adsenserint, 
socil obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam vent! 
tempestatesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dlcam, 
neminem umquam tarn impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis 
immortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare 

10 quot et quantas dl immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detule- 
runt. Quod ut illl proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirltes, 
cum communis salutis atque imperl turn ipslus hominis 
causa, slcutl facitis, velle et optare debetis. 

Qua re, cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegl 

15 non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit administran- 
dum ; et cum el imperatorem praeficere possltis, in quo 
sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima 
auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirltes, quln hoc 
tantum bonl, quod vobls ab dis immortalibus oblatum 

20 et datum est, in rem publicam conservandam atque 
amplificandam conferatis ? 

xvii. Quod si Romae Cn. Pompeius prlvatus esset hoc 
tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus 
atque mittendus ; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilita- 

25 tes haec quoque opportunitas adiungatur, ut in els ipsls 
locls adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab els qui habent 
accipere statim possit, quid exspectamus ? aut cur non 
ducibus dis immortalibus eldem, cui cetera summa cum 
salute rei publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum 

30 regium committamus ? 

At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, 
vestrls beneficils amplissimls adfectus, Q. Catulus, item- 



122 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

que summls ornamentls honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingenl 
praeditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. 
Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multls locls pluri- 
mum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac 
5 causa, tametsl cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum 
fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen omissls auctorita- 
tibus ipsa re ac ratione exqulrere possumus veritatem, 
atque hoc facilius, quod ea omnia quae a me adhuc 
dicta sunt, eldem istl vera esse concedunt, et necessa- 

10 rium bellum esse et magnum, et in uno Cn. Pompeio 
summa esse omnia. 

Quid igitur ait Hortensius ? Si uni omnia tribuenda 
sint, dlgnissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen 
omnia deferrl non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio, 

15 re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu Idem, 
Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singularl 
facilitate dicendl et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. 
Gablnium, graviter ornateque dlxistl, cum is de uno 
imperatore contra praedones constituendo legem pro- 

20 mulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra earn 
legem verba fecistl. Quid ? turn, per deos immortalis ! 
si plus apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam 
ipsius popull RomanI salus et vera causa valuisset, 
hodic hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium 

25 teneremus ? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse videbatur, 
cum popull RomanI legatl quaestores praetoresque ca- 
piebantur ? cum ex omnibus provinces commeatu et 
prlvato et publico prohibebamur ? cum ita clausa nobis 
erant maria omnia ut neque privatam rem transmarlnam 

30 neque publicam iam oblre possemus ? 

xviii. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, non dlco 
Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 1 23 

dicitur ; non Karthaginiensium, qui permultum classe 
ac maritimls rebus valuerunt ; non Rhodiorum, quorum 
usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria 
remansit ; sed quae civitas umquam antea tam tenuis, 
5 quae tam parva Insula fuit, quae non portus suos et 
agros et aliquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae 
per se ipsa defenderet ? At hercule aliquot annos con- 
tinuos ante legem Gablniam ille populus Romanus, cuius 
usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navali- 

10 bus pugnls permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte 
non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperl caruit. 

Nos, quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe Per- 
senque superarunt, omnibusque navalibus pugnls Kar- 
thaginiensls, homines in maritimls rebus exercitatissimos 

15 paratissimosque, vicerunt, el nullo in loco iam praedoni- 
bus pares esse poteramus ; nos, qui antea n5n modo 
Ttaliam tutam habebamus, sed omnls socios in ultimls 
oris auctoritate nostri imperl salvos praestare poteramus, 
turn cum insula Delos, tam procul a nobis in Aegaeo 

20 marl posita, quo omnes undique cum mercibus atque 
oneribus commeabant, referta dlvitils, parva, sine muro, 
ninil timebat, eldem non modo provincils atque oris 
Italiae maritimls ac portubus nostrls, sed etiam Appia 
iam via carebamus ; et els temporibus n5n pudebat raa- 

25 gistratus popull RomanI in hunc ipsum locum escendere, 
cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuvils nauticls et classi- 
um spolils ornatum rellquissent. 

xix. Bono te animo turn, Q. HortensI, populus Ro- 
manus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia, dlcere 

30 exlstimavit ea quae sentiebatis, sed tamen in salute com- 
munl Idem populus Romanus dolorl suo maluit quam 
auctoritatl vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus 




I2 4 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 1 25 

vir, Onus ajmus n5n modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine 

llberavit, sed etiam effecit ut aliquando vere videremur 

omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marlque imperare. 

Quo mihi etiam indlgnius videtur obtrectatum esse 

5 adhuc — Gablnio dlcam anne Pompeio, an utrlque, id 
quod est verius ? — ne legaretur A. Gablnius Cn. Pom- 
pei5 expetenti ac postulant! Utrum ille, quT postulat 
ad tantum bellum legatum quern velit, idoneus non est 
qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expllandds socios dlripien- 

10 dasque provincias quos voluerunt legatos eduxerint ; an 
ipse, cuius lege salus ac dignitas populo Romano atque 
omnibus gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet 
gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius exercitus, qui con- 
silio ipsius ac perlculo est constitutus ? 

15 An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latlniensis, 
Cn. Lentulus, quos omnls honoris causa, nomino, cum 
tribuni plebi fuissent, anno proximo legati esse potu- 
erunt ; in uno GabTnio sunt tarn dlligentes, qui in hoc 
bello, quod lege Gablnia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque 

20 exercitu, quern per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipu5 
iure esse deberet ? De quo legando consules sper5 ad 
senatum relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, 
ego me profiteor relaturum. Neque me impediet cuius- 
quam inimlcum edictum qu5 minus vobls fretus vestrum 

25 ius beneficiumque defendam ; neque praeter interces- 
sionem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, istl ipsl, 
qui minantur, etiam atque etiam quid liceat conslde- 
rabunt. Mea quidem sententia., Quirltes, Onus A. Gabl- 
nius belli maritiml rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio 

30 socius ascrlbitur, propterea quod alter unl illud bellum 
suscipiendum vestrls suffragils detulit, alter delatum 
susceptumque confecit. 



126 DE IMPERIO POMPE1 

xx. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catull auctoritate et sen- 
tentia dlcendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quae- 
reret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid 
eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habiturl, cepit 

5 magnum suae virtiitis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes 
una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse 
dixistis. Etenim talis est vir ut nulla res tanta sit ac 
tarn difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere et integri- 
tate tueri et virtute conficere possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab 

10 eo vehementissime dissenti5, quod, quo minus certa est 
hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, 
dum per deos immortalls licet, frul debet summi virl 
vita atque virtute. 

At enim 'ne quid novl flat contra exempla atque 

15 Instituta maiorum.' Non dlcam hoc loco maiores nostros 
semper in pace consuetiidinl, in bello utilitatl paruisse, 
semper ad novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum 
rationes accommodasse ; non dlcam duo bella maxima, 
Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse 

20 confecta, duasque urbls potentissimas, quae huic imperio 
maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numantiam, 
ab eodem Sclpione esse deletas ; non commemorabo nuper 
ita vobis patribusque vestrls esse visum, ut in uno C. 
Mario spes imperl poneretur, ut Idem cum Iugurtha, Idem 

25 cum Cimbrls, Idem cum Teutonls bellum administraret. 
In ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novl c5nstitul nihil vult 
Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catull 
voluntate constituta recordaminl. 

xxi. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum privatum 

30 exercitum dimcill rel publicae tempore conficere ? Con- 
fecit. Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu 
suo gerere ? Gessit 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI \2J 

Quid tam praeter consuetudinem quam hominl pera- 
dulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe abesset, 
imperium atque exercitum darl, Siciliam permittl, atque 
Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ? 
5 Fuit in his provincils singularl innocentia, gravitate, 
virtute ; bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem 
exercitum deportavit. 

Quid vero tam inauditum quam equitem Romanum 
triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Romanus 

10 non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio vlsendam et 
concelebrandam putavit. 

Quid tam inusitatum quam ut, cum duo consules cla- 
rissim! fortissimlque essent, eques Romanus ad bellum 
maximum formldolosissimumque pro consule mitteretur? 

is Missus est. Quo quidem tempore, cum esset non nemo 
in senatu qui dlceret non oportere mittl hominem priva- 
tum pro c5nsule, L. Philippus dlxisse dlcitur non se 
ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro consulibus 
mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene gerendae spes 

20 constituebatur ut duorum consilium munus unlus adu- 
lescentis virtuti committeretur. 

Quid tam singulare quam ut ex senatus consults legi- 
bus solutus consul ante fieret quam ullum alium magi- 
stratum per leges capere licuisset? Quid tam incredibile 

25 quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consults 
triumpharet? Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post 
hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tam multa non 
sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine videmus. 
Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, perfecta 

30 sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catull atque a cete- 
rorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum 
auctoritate. 



128 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

xxii. Qua re videant ne sit perinlquum et non f erun- 
dum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dlgnitate a 
vobls comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de 
eodem homine iudicium popullque Roman! auctorita- 
5 tern improbarl, praesertim cum iam suo iure populus 
Romanus in hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel con- 
tra omnls qui dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea 
quod, Isdem istls reclamantibus, vos unum ilium ex 
omnibus delegistis quern bello praedonum praeponere- 

10 tis. Hoc si vos temere fecistis, et rel publicae parum 
consuluistis, recte istl studia vestra suls consilils regere 
conantur. Sin autem vos plus turn in re publica vldi- 
stis, vos els repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem 
huic imperio, salutem orbl terrarum attulistis, aliquando 

15 istl prlncipes et sibi et ceteris popull RomanI universl 
auctoritatl parendum esse fateantur. 

Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum mllitaris 
ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
quoque virtutes animl magnae et multae requlruntur. 

20 Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria regnlsque interiorum 
nationum ita versarl nostrum imperatorem ut nihil 
aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde etiam 
si qui sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen 
eos esse talis propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum 

25 nemo arbitratur. Difficile est dictu, Quirltes, quanto in 
odio slmus apud exteras nationes propter eorum, quos 
ad eas per hos annos cum imperio mlsimus, libldines 
et iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terrls no- 
stris magistratibus religiosum, quam clvitatem sanctam, 

30 quam domum satis clausam ac munltam fuisse ? Urbes 
iam locupletes et copiosae requlruntur, quibus causa bell! 
propter dlripiendl cupiditatem Inferatur. 






DE IMPERIO POMPEI 1 29 

Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, 
summls et clarissimis virls, disputarem. Noverunt enim 
sociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias 
audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostls exercitum mittere 

5 putatis, an hostium simulatione contra socios atque 
amicos ? Quae clvitas est in Asia quae non modo im- 
peratoris aut legatl, sed unius tribunl militum animos 
ac splritus capere possit ? 

xxiii. Qua re, etiam si quern habetis qui conlatls sl- 

10 gnls exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi 
erit Idem, qui a pecunils sociorum, qui ab eorum coniu- 
gibus ac llberls, qui ab ornamentls fandrum atque oppi- 
dorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum 
cohibere possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum 

15 regiumque mittatur. Ecquam putatis clvitatem pacatam 
fuisse quae locuples sit ? ecquam esse locupletem quae 
istls pacata esse videatur ? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. 
Pompeium n5n solum propter rel mllitaris gloriam, sed 
etiam propter animl continentiam requisivit. Videbat 

20 enim praetores locupletarl quot annls pecunia publica 
praeter paucos ; neque eos quicquam aliud adsequl, 
classium nomine, nisi ut detrlmentls accipiendls maiore 
adficl turpitudine videremur. Nunc qua cupiditate ho- 
mines in provincias, quibus iacturls et quibus condicio- 

25 nibus proficlscantur, Ignorant videlicet istl, qui ad unura 
deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur ? Quasi vero Cn. 
Pompeium non cum suls virtutibus turn etiam alienis 
vitils magnum esse videamus. Qua re nollte dubitare 
quin huic unl credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos unus 

30 inventus sit, quern socii in urbls suas cum exercitu 
venisse gaudeant. 

Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirites, con- 

H. & G. CIC. — 9 



130 DE IMPERIO POMPEI 

flrmandam putatis, est vobls auctor vir bellorum om- 
nium maximarumque rerum pentissimus, P. Servllius, 
cuius tantae res gestae terra, marlque exstiterunt ut 
cum de bello dellberetis auctor vobls gravior nemo 
5 esse debeat; est C. Curio, summls vestrls beneficils 
maximlsque rebus gestls, summo ingenio et prudentia 
praeditus ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplis- 
simls vestrls honoribus summum consilium, summam 
gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. Cassius, integritate, 

10 virtu te, constantia singularl. Qua re videte ut horum 
auctoritatibus illorum oration!, qui dissentiunt, respon- 
dere posse videamur. 

xxiv. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manlli, primum istam 
tuam et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehe- 

15 mentissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore 
populo Romano maneas in sententia, neve cuiusquam 
vim aut minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse 
animl perseverantiaeque arbitror ; deinde cum tantam 
multitudinem cum tant5 studio adesse videamus, quan- 

20 tarn iterum nunc in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, 
quid est quod aut de re aut de perficiendi facultate 
dubitemus ? 

Ego a utem quicquid est in me studl, consili, laboris, 
ingenl, quicquid hoc beneficio populi Roman! atque hac 

25 potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia 
possum, id omne ad hanc rem conficiendam tibi et 
populo Romano polliceor ac defero; testorque omnls 
deos, et eos maxime qui huic loco temploque praesident, 
qui omnium mentis eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt 

30 maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere cuius- 
quam, neque qu5 Cn. Pompel gratiam mihi per hanc 
causam conciliarl putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam 



DE IMPERIO POMPEI 131 

amplitudine aut praesidia perlculls aut adiumenta hono- 
ribus quaeram ; propterea quod perlcula facile, ut ho- 
minem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, 
honorem autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed 

5 eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vltae, si vestra 
voluntas feret, consequemur. 

Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum 
est, Quirites, id ego omne me rei piiblicae causa susce- 
pisse conflrmo; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam 

10 gratiam quaeslsse videar ut multas me etiam simultates 
partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non 
necessarias, vobls non inutills suscepisse. Sed ego me 
hoc honore praeditum, tantls vestrls beneficiTs adfectum 
statu!, Quirites, vestram voluntatem et rei piiblicae dl- 

15 gnitatem et salutem pr5vinciarum atque sociorum mels 
omnibus commodls et rationibus praeferre oportere. 




POMPEY 



Pro A. Licinio Arcbia Oratio 

SI QUID est in me ingeni, indices, quod sentio quam 
sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua 
me non Tnfitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce 
rel ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studils ac discipllna 

5 profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tem- 
pus abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in prlmls hie 
A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. 
Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spa- 
tium praeteritl temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordarl 

10 ultimam, inde usque repetens hunc video mihi prlncipem 
et ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum 
studiorum exstitisse. 

Quod si haec vox, hums hortatu praeceptlsque con- 
formata, non nullis aliquando salutl fuit, a quo id accepi- 

15 mus quo ceteris opitularl et ali5s servare possemus, huic 
profecto ipsl, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et 
salutem ferre debemus. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita did 
forte mlretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit 
ingeni, neque haec dicendi ratio aut discipllna, ne nos 

20 quidem huic unl studi5 penitus umquam deditl fuimus. 
Etenim omnes artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, 
habent quoddam commune vinculum, et quasi cognatione 
quadam inter se continentur. 

11. Sed ne cui vestrum mlrum esse videatur me in 

25 quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur 

132 



PRO ARCHIA 133 

apud praetorem popull Roman!, lectissimum virum, et 
apud severissimos iudices, tanto conventu hominum ac 
frequentia, hoc titl genere dlcendl, quod non modo a 
consuetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone 
5 abhorreat, quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis 
hanc veniam, accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quern ad 
modum spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta 
atque erudltissimo homine dlcentem, hoc concursu homi- 
num litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc de- 

10 nique praetore exercente iudicium, patiaminl de studils 
humanitatis ac litterarum paulo loqul llberius, et in eius 
modi persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in 
iudicils periculisque tractata est, utl prope novo quodam 
et inusitato genere dlcendl. Quod si mihi a vobis tribul 

15 concedlque sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Lici- 
nium non modo non segregandum, cum sit clvis, a 
numero clvium, verum etiam si non esset, putetis ascl- 
scendum fuisse. 

in. Nam ut prlmum ex puerls excessit Archias, atque 

20 ab els artibus quibus aetas puerllis ad humanitatem 
Informari solet se ad scrlbendl studium contulit, prlmum 
Antiochlae, nam ibi natus est loco nobill, celebri quon- 
dam urbe et copiosa, atque erudltissimis hominibus 
llberalissimisque studils adfluentl, celeriter antecellere 

25 omnibus ingenl gldria contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae 
partibus cunctaeque Graeciae sic eius adventus celebra- 
bantur ut famam ingenl exspectatio hominis, exspecta- 
tiSnem ipslus adventus admlratioque superaret. 

Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum artium ac discipll- 

30 narum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehementius turn 
colebantur quam nunc elsdem in oppidls, et hie Romae 
propter tranquillitatem re! publicae non neglegebantur. 



134 PR0 ARCHIA 

Itaque hunc et Tarentlnl et Reglnl et Neapolitan! civi- 
tate ceterlsque praemils donarunt, et omnes, qui aliquid 
de ingenils poterant iudicare, cognitione atque hospitio 
dlgnum exlstimarunt. Hac tanta celebritate famae cum 
S esset iam absentibus notus, Romara venit Mario consule 
et Catul5. Nactus est prlmum consules eos, quorum 
alter res ad scrlbendum maximas, alter cum res gestas 
turn etiam studium atque auris adhibere posset. Statim 
LucullI, cum praetextatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum 

10 domum suam receperunt. Sed iam hoc non solum 
ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae atque virtutis, 
ut domus, quae huius adulescentiae prima fuit, eadem 
esset familiarissima senectiitl. Erat temporibus illis 
iucundus Metello ill! Numidico et eius Pio fllio ; audie- 

15 batur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et 
fllio ; a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero et Drusum 
et OctaviSs et Cat5nem et totam Hortensiorum domum 
devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficiebatur suramo 
honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid per- 

20 cipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte 
simulabant. 

iv. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 
Lucullo in Siciliam profectus, et cum ex ea provincia 
cum e5dem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracllam : quae 

25 cum esset clvitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascrlbl se 
in earn clvitatem voluit ; idque, cum ipse per se dlgnus 
putaretur, turn auctoritate et gratia LucullI ab Hera- 
cllensibus impetravit. 

Data est clvitas SilvanI lege et Carbonis : Si qui 

30 foederdtis civitdtibus ascripti fidssent ; si tum t cum lex 
ferebdtur, in Italia domicilium habuissent ; et si sexd- 
ginta diebus apud praetorem essent professi. Cum hIC 



PRO ARCHIA 135 

domicilium Romae multos iam annos haberet, professus 
est apud praetorem Q. Metellum familiarissimurri suum. 
Si nihil aliud nisi de clvitate ac lege dlcimus, nihil dlco 
amplius ; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum Inflrmarl, 

5 GratI,- potest? Heracllaene esse turn ascrlptum nega- 
bis? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, 
M. Lucullus, quT se non oplnarl sed scire, non audlsse 
sed vldisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dlcit. Adsunt 
Heracllenses legatl, nobilissiml homines ; huius iudicl 

10 causa cum mandatls et cum publico testimonio vene- 
runt; qui hunc ascrlptum Heracllensem dlcunt. Hie tu 
tabulas deslderas Heracllensium piiblicas, quas Italico 
bello incenso tabulario interlsse sclmus omnls. Est 
rldiculum ad ea quae habemus nihil dlcere, quaerere 

15 quae habere non possumus, et de hominum memoria 
tacere, litterarum memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas 
amplissiml viri religionem, integerriml municipl ius iu- 
randum fidemque, ea quae depravarl nullo modo possunt 
repudiare, tabulas, quas Idem dlcis solere corrumpl, 

20 deslderare. 

An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annls 
ante clvitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortu- 
narum suarum Romae conlocavit ? At non est pro- 
fessus. Immo ver5 els tabulls professus, quae solae 

25 ex ilia professione conlegioque praetorum obtinent pu- 
blicarum tabularum auctoritatem. v. Nam, cum AppI 
tabulae neglegentius adservatae dlcerentur; Gablnl, 
quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem ca- 
lamitas omnem tabularum fidem reslgnasset, Metellus, 

30 homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, tanta dl- 
ligentia fuit ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et ad iudices 
venerit, et unius nominis litura se commotum esse dlxe- 



136 PRO ARCHIA 

rit. In his igitur tabulls nullam lituram in nomine 
A. LicinT videtis. 

Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius dvitate 
dubitetis, praesertim cum alils quoque in civitatibus 

5 f uerit ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et 
aut nulla aut humili aliqua arte praeditls gratulto civi- 
tatem in Graecia homines impertiebant, Reglnos credo 
aut Locrensls aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentlnos, quod 
scenicls artificibus larglrl solebant, id huic surama in- 

10 gem praedito gl5ria noluisse ! Quid ? cum ceteri non 
modo post civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Pa- 
piam aliquo modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas in- 
repserunt, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis in quibus est 
scriptus, quod semper se Heracllensem esse voluit, 

15 reicietur? 

Census nostros requlris scilicet. Est enim obscurum 
proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore 
L. Lucullo apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus, cum 
eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia ; prlmls Iulio et Crass5 

20 nullam popull partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam cen- 
sus non ius clvitatis conflrmat, ac tantum modo indicat 
eum qui sit census se iam turn gessisse pro clve, els 
temporibus quibus tu crlminaris ne ipslus quidem iudicio 
in clvium R5man5rum iure esse versatum, et testamen- 

25 turn saepe fecit nostrls legibus, et adiit hereditates cl- 
vium Romanorum, et in beneficils ad aerarium delatus 
est a L. Liicull5 pro consule. Quaere argumenta, si qua 
potes ; numquam enim hie neque suo neque amlcorum 
iudicio revincetur. 

30 vi. Quaeres a nobis, GratI, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex 
hoc forensl strepitu reficiatur, et aures convlcio defessae 



PRO ARCHIA 137 

conquiescant. An tu exlstimas aut suppetere nobis 
posse quod cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, 
nisi animos nostros doctrlna excolamus; aut ferre ani- 
mos tantam posse contentionem, nisi eos doctrlna eadem 

5 relaxemus ? Ego vero fateor me his studiis esse dedi- 
tum ; ceteros pudeat, si qui se ita litteris abdiderunt ut 
nihil possint ex els neque ad communem adferre fru- 
ctum, neque in aspectum lucemque proferre ; me autem 
quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, indices, ut a nulllus 

10 umquam me tempore aut commotio aut otium meum 
abstraxerit, aut voluptas avocarit, aut denique somnus 
retardarit ? 

Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi 
hire suscenseat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obe- 

15 undas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, 
quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animl 
et corporis conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt 
tempestlvls convlvils, quantum denique alveolo, quan- 
tum pilae, tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia reco- 

20 lenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc ideo mihi concedendum 
est magis, quod ex his studiis haec quoque crescit oratio 
et facultas, quae, quantacumque in me est, numquam 
amlcorum perlculls defuit. Quae si cui levior videtur, 
ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte 

25 hauriam sentio. 

Nam nisi multorum praeceptls multlsque litteris mihi 
ab adulescentia suasissem nihil esse in vita magno opere 
expetendum nisi laudem atque honestatem, in ea autem 
persequenda omnls cruciatus corporis, omnia perlcula 

30 mortis atque exsill parvl esse ducenda, numquam me 
pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dlmicationes atque in 
hos pr5flIgatorum hominum cotldiands impetus obie- 



138 PRO ARCHIA 

cissem. Sed plenl oranes sunt librl, plenae sapientium 
voces, plena exemplorum vetustas, quae iacerent in 
tenebrls omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam 
multas nobis imagines, non solum ad intuendum, verum 

5 etiam ad imitandum, fortissimorum virorum expresses 
scnptores et Graecl et Latin! rellquerunt ? Quas ego 
mihi semper in administranda re piiblica proponens, 
animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione hominum 
excellentium conformabam. 

10 vii. Quaeret quispiam : ' Quid ? illl ipsl summl virl, 
quorum virtutes litterls proditae sunt, istane doctrlna, 
quam tu eff ers laudibus, erudltl f uerunt ? ' Difficile est 
hoc de omnibus conflrmare, sed tamen est certe quod 
respondeam. Ego multos homines excellentl animo ac 

15 virtute fuisse, et sine doctrlna naturae ipslus habitu 
prope divm5 per se ipsos et moderatos et gravis ex- 
stitisse, fateor; etiam illud adiung5, saepius ad laudem 
atque virtutem naturam sine doctrlna quam sine natura 
valuisse doctrmam. Atque Idem ego contends, cum ad 

20 naturam eximiam atque inlustrem accesserit ratio quae- 
dam conformatioque doctrlnae, turn illud nescio quid 
praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere. Ex hoc esse 
hunc numero, quern patres nostrl vlderunt, dlvlnum 
hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, 

25 moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; ex hoc 
fortissimum virum et illls temporibus doctissimum, M. 
Catonem ilium senem : qui profecto si nihil ad percipi- 
endam virtutem litterls adiuvarentur, numquam se ad 
earum studium contulissent. 

30 Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex 
his studils delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut oplnor, 
hanc animl adversionem humanissimam ac llberalissi- 



PRO ARCHIA 139 

mam iudicaretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt 
neque aetatum omnium neque locorum ; haec studia 
adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res 
ornant, adversis perfugium ac solarium praebent, delec- 

5 tant doml, non impediunt foris, pernoctant noblscum, 
peregrmantur, rusticantur. 

viii. Quod si ipsl haec neque attingere neque sensu 
nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mlrarl deberemus, 
etiam cum in aliis videremus. Quis nostrum tarn animo 

10 agresti ac duro fuit ut RoscI morte nuper non commo- 
veretur? qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter 
excellentem artem ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori 
non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem 
sibi conciliarat a nobis omnibus ; nos animorum incre- 

15 dibills motus celeritatemque ingeniorum neglegemus ? 
Quotiens ego hunc Archiam vldl, iudices, utar enim 
vestra benlgnitate, quoniam me in hoc novo genere 
dlcendl tarn dlligenter attenditis, quotiens ego hunc 
vldl, cum litteram scrlpsisset nullam, magnum numerum 

20 optimorum versuum de els ipsls rebus quae turn ageren- 
tur dicere ex tempore ! Quotiens revocatum eandem 
rem dicere, commutatls verbis atque sententils ! Quae 
vero accurate cogitateque scrlpsisset, ea sic vldl probarl 
ut ad veterum scrlptorum laudem pervenlret. Hunc 

25 ego non dlligam ? non admirer ? non omnl ratione de- 
fendendum putem ? 

Atque sic a summls hominibus erudltissimlsque ac- 
cepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrlna et prae- 
ceptls et arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere, et 

30 mentis vlribus excitarl, et quasi dlvlno quodam splritu 
Inflari. Qua re suo hire noster ille Ennius sanctos 
appellat poetas, quod quasi deorum aliquo dono atque 



14O PRO ARCHIA 

munere commendatl nobis esse videantur. Sit igitur, 
itidices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos homines, hoc 
poetae n5men, quod nulla umquam barbaria violavit. 
Saxa et solitudines vocl respondent, bestiae saepe im- 
5 manes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt ; nos, Institutl 
rebus optimls, non poetarum voce moveamur ? Home- 
rum Colophonil clvem esse dlcunt suum, Chil suum 
vindicant, Salamlnii repetunt, Smyrnael vero suum esse 
conflrmant, itaque etiam delubrum eius in oppido dedi- 

10 caverunt ; permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque 
contendunt. 

. ix. Ergo ill! alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem 
etiam expetunt ; nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et 
legibus noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim cum omne 

15 olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias 
ad popull Roman! gloriam laudemque celebrandam ? 
Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit, et ipsi ill! 
C. Maris, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, iucundus 
fuit. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, 

20 qui non mandarl versibus aeternum suorum laborum 
facile praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, sum- 
mum Athenls virum, dlxisse aiunt, cum ex e5 quae- 
reretur quod acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime 
audlret : Eius, a quo sua »virtus optime praedicaretur. 

25 Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium dllexit, cuius 
ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebrarl. 

Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difricile 
et in multa varietate terra marlque versatum, totum ab 
hoc expressum est ; qui librl non modo L. Lucullum, 

30 fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam popull 
RomanI nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus 
aperuit Lucullo imperante Pontum, et regils quondam 



PRO ARCHIA 141 

opibus et ipsa natura et regione vallatum ; popull Ro- 
man! exercitus, eodem duce, non maxima manu innu- 
merabills Armeniorum c5pias fudit ; popull Roman! 
laus est urbem amlcissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem con- 

5 silio ex omnl impetu regio atque totlus belli ore ac 
faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam ; nostra semper 
feretur et praedicabitur, L. Lucullo dlmicante, cum 
interfectls ducibus depressa hostium classis, et incredi- 
bilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt 

10 tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumph!. Quae quo- 
rum ingenils efferuntur, ab els popull Roman! fama 
celebratur. 

Carus fuit Africano superior! noster Ennius, itaque 
etiam in sepulcro Sclpionum putatur is esse constitiitus 

is ex marmore. At els laudibus certe non solum ipse qui 
laudatur, sed etiam popull Roman! nomen ornatur. In 
caelum huius proavus Cato tollitur ; magnus honos 
popull Roman! rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique ill! 
Maximi, Marcelll, Fulvi! non sine commun! omnium 

20 nostrum laude decorantur. 

x. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudlnum hominem, 
mai5res nostri in clvitatem receperunt ; nos hunc Hera- 
cllensem, multls clvitatibus expetltum, in hac autem 
legibus constitutum, de nostra clvitate eiciemus ? 

25 Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecls 
versibus percip! quam ex Latlnls, vehementer errat, 
propterea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere genti- 
bus, Latlna suls fmibus, exiguls sane, continentur. Qua 
re si res eae quas gessimus orbis terrae regionibus defl- 

30 niuntur, cupere debemus, qud manuum nostrarum tela 
pervenerint, eodem gloriam famamque penetrare, quod 
cum ipsls populls de qu5rum rebus scrlbitur, haec ampla 



142 PRO ARCHIA 

sunt, turn els certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dlmicant, h5c 
maximum et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 

Quam multos scrlptores rerum suarum magnus ille 
Alexander secum habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, 

5 cum in Sigeo ad A chillis tumulum astitisset : ' O fortu- 
nate,' inquit, ' adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum 
praeconem inveneris ! ' Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia 
exstitisset, Idem tumulus, qui corpus eius contexerat, 
nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? noster hie Magnus, qui 

10 cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem 
Mytilenaeum, scrlptorem rerum suarum, in contione 
mllitum clvitate donavit ; et nostrl ill! fortes viri, sed 
rusticl ac mllites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commotl, 
quasi participes eiusdem laudis, magno illud clamore 

is approbaverunt ? 

Itaque, credo, si clvis Romanus Archias legibus n5n 
esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore clvitate donaretur perficere 
non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, 
credo, hunc petentem repudiasset ; quern nos in contione 

20 vidimus, cum el libellum malus poeta de populo subie- 
cisset, quod epigramma in eum fecisset, tantum modo 
alternls versibus longiusculls, statim ex els rebus quas 
tunc vendebat iubere el praemium tribul, sed ea condi- 
cione, ne quid postea scrlberet. Qui sedulitatem mall 

25 poetae duxerit aliqu5 tamen praemio dignam, huius 
ingenium et virtutem in scrlbendo et copiam non expe- 
tisset ? Quid ? a Q. Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui 
clvitate multos donavit, neque per se neque per Lucullos 
impetravisset, qui praesertim usque eo de suls rebus 

30 scrlbl cuperet ut etiam Cordubae natis poetls, pingue 
quiddam sonantibus atque peregrlnum, tamen aurls suas 
dederet ? 



PRO ARCHIA I43 

xi. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscu- 
rarl non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum ; trahimur 
omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria 
ducitur. Ipsi ill! philosophl, etiam in els libellls quos de 

5 contemnenda gloria scrlbunt, nomen suum Inscrlbunt; 
in eo ipso, in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despi- 
ciunt, praedicarl de se ac nominarl volunt. Decimus 
quidem Brutus, summus vir et imperator, AccT, aml- 
cissiml sui, carminibus templorum ac monumentorum 

10 aditus exornavit suorum. lam vero ille, qui cum Aetolis 
Ennio comite bellavit, Fulvius non dubitavit Martis 
manubias Musis consecrare. Qua re in qua urbe impera- 
tores prope armat! poetarum nomen et Musarum delubra 
coluerunt, in ea non debent togatl iudices a Musarum 

15 honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. 

Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobls, iudices, 
indicabo, et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acr! 
fortasse verum tamen honesto, vobls confitebor. Nam 
quas res nos in consulatu nostro voblscum simul pro 

20 salute huiusce imperi et pro vita clvium proque universa 
re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque incohavit ; 
quibus audltis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, 
hunc ad perficiendum adornavi. Nullam enim virtus 
aliam mercedem laborum perlculorumque deslderat, prae- 

25 ter hanc laudis et gloriae ; qua quidem detracts, iudices, 
quid est quod in hoc tarn exiguo vltae curriculo tantls 
nos in laboribus exerceamus ? Certe si nihil animus 
praesentfret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vltae 
spatium circumscriptum est, elsdem omnls cogitationes 

30 terminaret suas, nee tantls se laboribus frangeret, neque 
tot curls vigiliisque angeretur, nee totiens de ipsa vita 
dlmicaret. Nunc Insidet quaedam in optimo quoque 



144 PR0 ARCHIA 

virtus, quae noctls ac dies animum gloriae stimulis 
concitat, atque admonet non cum vltae tempore esse 
dlmittendam commemorationem nominis nostrl, sed cum 
omni posteritate adaequandam. 

s xii. An vero tarn parvl animi videamur esse omnes, 
qui in re publica atque in his vltae periculls laboribusque 
versamur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum 
tranquillum atque otiosum splritum duxerimus, noblscum 
simul moritiira omnia arbitremur ? An statuas et ima- 

10 gines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum, studiose 
multl summl homines rellquerunt ; consiliorum relinquere 
ac virtutum nostrarum efBgiem nonne multo malle debe- 
mus, summls ingenils expressam et polltam ? Ego vero 
omnia quae gerebam, iam turn in gerendo spargere me 

15 ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam 
sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem 
afutura est, sive, ut sapientissiml homines putaverunt, 
ad aliquam mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe 
cogitatione quadam speque delector. 

20 Qua re conservate, iudices, hominem pud5re eo, quern 
amicorum videtis comprobarl cum dlgnitate turn etiam 
vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit 
exlstimarl, quod summorum hominum ingenils expetltum 
esse videatis ; causa ver5 eius modi, quae beneficio legis, 

25 auctoritate municipT, testimonio LucullT, tabulls Metelli 
comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobls, iudi- 
ces, si qua non modo humana, verum etiam divlna in 
tantls ingenils commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, 
qui vestros imperatores, qui populi RomanI res gestas 

30 semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostrls vestrls- 
que domesticls periculls aeternum se testimonium laudis 
daturum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper 



PRO ARCHIA 



145 



apud omnls sancti sunt habiti itaque diet!, sic in vestram 
accipiatis fidem ut humanitate vestra levatus potius 
quam acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 

Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter simpli- 
5 citerque dlxl, iudices, ea confldo probata esse omnibus. 
Quae autem remota a mea iudicialique consuetudine, et 
de hominis ingenio et communiter de ipsius studio locu- 
tus sum, ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem 
accepta ; ab eo qui iudicium exercet, certo scio. 



g rcogfiair~nrF-SCI Pi O 




H. & G. CIC. — IO 



Pro T. Aniiio Milone Oratio 

ETSI vereor, iudices, ne turpe sit pro fortissimo viro 
dlcere incipientem timere, minimeque deceat, cum 
T. Annius ipse magis de re! publicae salute quam de 
sua perturbetur, me ad eius causam parem animl magni- 

5 tudinem adferre non posse, tamen haec novl iudici nova 
forma terret oculos, qui, quocumque inciderunt, consue- 
tudinem fori et prlstinum morem iudiciorum requlrunt. 
Non enim corona consessus vester clnctus est, ut sole- 
bat ; non usitata frequentia stlpatl sumus ; non ilia prae- 

10 sidia, quae pro templls omnibus cernitis, etsl contra vim 
conlocata sunt, non adferunt tamen oratorl aliquid, ut 
in foro et in iudicio, quamquam praesidils salutaribus 
et necessarils saeptl sumus, tamen ne non timere quidem 
sine aliquo timore posslmus. Quae si opposita MilonI 

is putarem, cederem temporl, iudices, nee inter tantam 
vim armorum exlstimarem esse oratorl locum. Sed me 
recreat et reficit Cn. Pompel, sapientissiml et iiistissiml 
virl, consilium, qui profecto nee iustitiae suae putaret 
esse, quern reum sententils iudicum tradidisset, eundem 

20 tells militum dedere, nee sapientiae, temeritatem con- 
citatae multitudinis auctoritate publica armare. 

Quam ob rem ilia arma, centuriones, cohortes non 
perlculum nobis, sed praesidium denuntiant ; neque 
solum ut quieto, sed etiam ut magno animo slmus hor- 

25 tantur ; neque auxilium modo defensionl meae, verum 

146 



PRO MILONE 147 

etiam silentium pollicentur. Reliqua vero multitudo, 
quae quidem est clvium, tota nostra est ; neque eorum 
quisquam, quos undique intuentls, unde aliqua fori pars 
aspicl potest, et hums exitum iudicl exspectantls videtis, 
5 n5n cum virtuti Milonis favet, turn de se, de llberls suls, 
de patria, de fortunls hodierno die decertarl putat. 

11. Unum genus est adversum Infestumque nobis, 
eorum quos P. ClodI furor raplnls et incendils et omni- 
bus exitils publicls pavit, qui hesterna etiam contione 

10 incitatl sunt ut vobls voce praelrent quid iudicaretis. 
Qu5rum clamor si qui forte fuerit, admonere vos debe- 
bit ut eum clvem retineatis, qui semper genus illud 
hominum clamoresque maximos prae vestra salute ne- 
glexit. Quam ob rem adeste animls, indices, et timorem 

15 si quern habetis deponite. Nam, si umquam de bonis 
et fortibus virls, si umquam de bene meritls clvibus 
potestas vobls iudicandl fuit, si denique umquam locus 
amplissimorum ordinum delectis virls datus est ut sua 
studia erga fortls et bonos clvls, quae vultu et verbis 

20 saepe significassent, re et sententils declararent, hoc 
profecto tempore earn potestatem omnem v5s habetis, 
ut statuatis utrum nos, qui semper vestrae auctoritatl 
deditl fuimus, semper miserl lugeamus, an, diu vexatl a 
perditissimls clvibus, aliquando per v5s ac per vestram 

25 ndem, virtutem, sapientiamque recreemur. 

Quid enim nobis duobus, indices, laboriosius, quid 
magis sollicitum, magis exercitum did aut fingl potest, 
qui, spe amplissimorum praemiorum ad rem piiblicam 
adductl, metu crudelissimorum suppliciorum carere non 

30 possumus ? Equidem ceteras tempestates et procellas 
in illls dum taxat fluctibus contionum semper putavl 
Miloni esse subeundas, quia semper pro bonis contra 



148 PRO MILONE 

improbos senserat ; in iudicio vero, et in eo consilio in 
quo ex cunctls 5rdinibus amplissiml virl iudicarent, num- 
quam exlstimavl spem ullam esse habituros Milonis ini- 
mlcos, ad eius non modo salutem exstinguendam, sed 

5 etiam gloriam per talis vir5s Infringendam. 

Quamquam in hac causa, radices, T. AnnI tribunatu, 
rebusque omnibus pro salute rel publicae gestls ad huius 
criminis defensionem non abutemur. Nisi oculls vlderi- 
tis Insidias Miloni a Clodio factas, nee deprecaturi sumus 

10 ut crimen hoc nobis propter multa praeclara in rem pu- 
blicam merita condonetis, nee postulaturl ut, si mors 
P. ClodI salus vestra fuerit, idcirco earn virtutl Milonis 
potius quam popull RomanI fellcitatl adslgnetis. Sed 
si illlus Insidiae clariores hac luce fuerint, turn denique 

15 obsecrabo obtestaborque vos, iu dices, si cetera amlsimus, 
hoc saltern nobis ut relinquatur, ab inimlcorum audacia 
tellsque vltam ut impune liceat defendere. 

in. Sed ante quam ad earn orationem venio quae est 
propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse refutanda, 

20 quae et in senatu ab inimlcls saepe iactata sunt, et in 
conti5ne ab improbls, et paulo ante ab accusatoribus, ut 
omnl errore sublato rem plane quae veniat in iudicium 
videre possltis. Negant intuerl lucem esse fas el qui a 
se hominem occlsum esse fateatur. In qua tandem urbe 

25 hoc homines stultissiml disputant ? nempe in ea quae 
prlmum iudicium de capite vldit M. HoratI, fortissiml 
virl, qui nondum libera clvitate tamen popull RomanI 
comitils llberatus est, cum sua manu sororem esse inter- 
fectam fateretur. An est quisquam qui hoc Ignoret, 

30 cum de homine occlso quaeratur, aut negarl solere om- 
nino esse factum aut recte et iure factum esse defendl ? 
Nisi vero exlstimatis dementem P. Africanum fuisse, 



PRO MI LONE I49 

qui cum a C. Carbone tribuno plebis seditiose in con- 
tione interrogaretur quid de Ti. Gracchi morte sentiret, 
respondent iure caesum viderl. Neque enim posset aut 
Ahala ille Servllius, aut P. Naslca, aut L. OpTmius, 

5 aut C. Marius, aut me consule senatus, non nefarius 
haberl, si sceleratos clvis interficl nefas esset. 

Itaque hoc, iudices, non sine causa etiam flctls fabu- 
lis doctissiml homines memoriae prodiderunt, eum qui 
patris ulclscendl causa matrem necavisset, variatls homi- 

10 num sententils, non solum dlvlna, sed etiam sapientissi- 
mae deae sententia llberatum. 

Quod si duodecim tabulae nocturnum furem quoquo 
modo, diurnum autem, si se telo defenderet, interficl im- 
pune voluerunt, quis est qui quoquo modo quis interfec- 

15 tus sit, puniendum putet, cum videat aliquando gladium 

nobis ad hominem occldendum ab ipsls porrigl legibus. 

iv. AtquI si tempus est ullum iure hominis necandl, 

quae multa sunt, certe illud est non modo iustum, verum 

etiam necessarium, cum vl vis inlata defenditur. Pudl- 

20 citiam cum eriperet mllitl tribunus mllitaris in exercitu 
C. Marl, propinquus eius imperat5ris, interfectus ab eo 
est cui vim adferebat. Facere enim probus adulescens 
perlculose quam perpetl turpiter maluit. Atque hunc 
ille summus vir scelere solutum perlculo llberavit. In- 

25 sidiatorl vero et latronl quae potest InferrI iniusta nex ? 
Quid comitates nostrl, quid gladil volunt ? quos habere 
certe n5n liceret, si utl illls nullo pacto liceret. 

Est igitur haec, iudices, non scrlpta, sed nata lex ; 
quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus, verum ex na- 

30 tura ipsa adripuimus, hausimus, expressimus ; ad quam 
non doctl sed factl, n5n InstitutI sed imbutl sumus, ut, 
si vita nostra in aliquas Insidias, si in vim et in tela aut 



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Senatus Consultum de Bacchaxalibu; 



A senatus consultum engraved on a bronze plate, found in 1640 at Tiriolo in 
Bruttii. It forbids the celebration of the rites of Bacchus without permission of the 
senate. 

"50 



PRO MILONE 151 

latronum aut immlcorum incidisset, omnis honesta ratio 
esset expediendae salutis. Silent enim leges inter arma; 
nee se exspectari iubent, cum el qui exspectare velit, 
ante iniiista poena luenda sit quam iusta repetenda. 

5 EtsI persapienter et quodam modo tacite dat ipsa lex 
potestatem defendendl, quae non hominem occldl, sed 
esse cum telo hominis occldendi causa vetat ; ut, cum 
causa, non telum quaereretur, qui suT defendendl causa 
telo esset usus non hominis occldendi causa habuisse 

10 telum iudicaretur. Quapropter hoc maneat in causa, 
iudices, non enim dubito quln probaturus sim vobls de- 
fensionem meam, si id memineritis quod obllvlsci non 
potestis, Insidiatorem hire interne! posse. 

v. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimlcls saepissime 

15 dicitur, caedem in qua P. Clodius occlsus est senatum 
iudicasse contra rem publicam esse factam. Illam vero 
senatus non sententils suls solum, sed etiam studils com- 
probavit. Quotiens enim est ilia causa a n5bls acta in 
senatu ! quibus adsensionibus universi ordinis, quam nee 

20 tacitls nee occultls ! Quando enim frequentissimo se- 
natu quattuor aut summum qulnque sunt inventl qui 
Milonis causam non probarent ? Declarant huius ara- 
bustl tribunl plebis illae intermortuae contiones, quibus 
cotldie meam potentiam invidiose crlminabatur, cum 

25 dlceret senatum non quod sentlret, sed quod ego vellem 
decernere. Quae quidem si potentia est appellanda 
potius quam aut propter magna in rem publicam merita 
mediocris in bonis causls auctoritas, aut propter hos 
officiosos labores meos non nulla apud bonos gratia, 

30 appelletur ita sane, dum modo ea nos utamur pro salute 
bonorum contra amentiam perditorum. 

Hanc vero quaestionem, etsl non est inlqua, num- 



152 PRO MILONE 

quam tamen senatus constituendam putavit Erant 
enim leges, erant quaestiones vel de caede vel de vT, 
nee tantum maerorem ac luctum senatul mors P. ClodI 
adferebat ut nova quaestio constitueretur. Cuius enim 

5 de illo incesto stupro iudicium decernendl senatul po- 
testas esset erepta, de eius interitu quis potest credere 
senatum iudicium novum constituendum putasse? Cur 
igitur incendium curiae, oppugnationem aedium M. 
LepidI, caedem hanc ipsam contra rem publicam se- 

10 natus factam esse decrevit? Quia nulla vis umquam 
est in libera civitate suscepta inter clvls non contra 
rem publicam. Non enim est ilia defensio contra vim 
umquam optanda, sed non numquam est necessaria. 
Nisi vero aut ille dies quo Ti. Gracchus est caesus, aut 

15 ille quo Gaius, aut quo arma Saturnml oppressa sunt, 
etiam si e re publica oppressa sunt, rem publicam tamen 
non vulnerarunt. 

VI. Itaque ego ipse decrevl, cum caedem in Appia 
factam esse constaret, non eum qui se defendisset con- 

20 tra rem publicam fecisse, sed, cum inesset in re vis et 
Insidiae, crimen iudicio reservavl, rem notavl. Quod si 
per furiosum ilium tribunum senatul quod sentiebat 
perficere licuisset, novam quaestionem nullam habere- 
mus. Decernebat enim ut veteribus legibus, tantum 

25 modo extra ordinem, quaereretur. Dlvlsa sententia est, 
postulante nescio quo; nihil enim necesse est omnium 
me flagitia prSferre. Sic reliqua auctoritas senatus 
empta intercessione sublata est. 

At enim Cn. Pompeius rogatione sua et de re et 

30 de causa iudicavit, tulit enim de caede quae in Appia. 
via facta esset, in qua. P. Clodius occlsus esset. Quid 
ergo tulit ? nempe ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaeren- 



PRO MI LONE 153 

dum est ? Factumne sit ? at constat A quo ? at paret. 
Vldit igitur, etiam in confessione fact!, iuris tamen 
defensionem suscipl posse. Quod nisi vidisset posse 
absolvi eum qui fateretur, cum videret nos faterl, 

5 neque quaerl umquam iussisset, nee vobis tarn hanc 
salutarem in iudicando litteram quam illam trlstem 
dedisset. Mihi vero Cn. Pompeius non modo nihil 
gravius contra Milonem iudicasse, sed etiam statuisse 
videtur quid vos in iudicando spectare oporteret. Nam 

10 qui non poenam confession!, sed defensionem dedit, is 
causam interitus quaerendam, non interitum putavit. 
lam illud ipse dicet profecto, quod sua sponte fecit, 
Publione Clodio tribuendum putarit an temporl. 

vii. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propu- 

15 gnator, atque illis quidem temporibus paene patronus, 
avunculus huius iudicis nostrl, fortissiml virl, M. Cato- 
nis, tribunus plebis M. Drusus occlsus est. Nihil de 
eius morte populus consultus, nulla quaesti5 decreta a 
senatu est. Quantum luctum in hac urbe fuisse a no- 

20 strls patribus accepimus, cum P. Africano domi suae 
quiescent! ilia nocturna vis esset inlata ? Quis turn 
non gemuit? Quis non arsit dolore, quern iramor- 
talem, si fieri posset, omnes esse cuperent, eius ne 
necessariam quidem exspectatam esse mortem ? Num 

25 igitur ulla quaestio de African! morte lata est ? Certe 
nulla. Quid ita ? Quia non alio facinore clarl homines, 
alio obscur! necantur. Intersit inter vltae dignitatem 
summorum atque Infimorum; mors quidem inlata per 
scelus Isdem et poems teneatur et legibus. Nisi forte 

30 magis erit parriclda, si qui consularem patrem quam si 
quis humilem necarit, aut e5 mors atrocior erit P. Clod!, 
quod is in monumentis maiorum suorum sit interfectus, 



154 PRO MILONE 

hoc enim ab istis saepe dicitur ; proinde quasi Appius 
ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, 
sed ubi impune sul posterl latrocinarentur ! 

Itaque in eadem ista. Appia via cum ornatissimum 

5 equitem R5manum P. Clodius M. Papirium occidisset, 
non fuit illud facinus puniendum, homo enim nobilis 
in suls monumentis equitem Romanum occlderat ; nunc 
eiusdem Appiae nomen quantas tragoedias excitat ! 
Quae cruentata antea. caede honestl atque innocentis 

10 viri silebatur, eadem nunc crebr5 usurpatur, postea 
quam latronis et parricldae sanguine imbuta est. 

Sed quid ego ilia commemoro ? Comprehensus est 
in templo Castoris servus P. ClodI, quern ille ad Cn. 
Pompeium interficiendum conlocarat ; extorta est el con- 

15 fitenti slca de manibus ; caruit foro postea Pompeius, 
caruit senatu, caruit publico; ianua se ac parietibus, 
non iiire legum iudiciorumque texit. Num quae rogatio 
lata, num quae nova quaestio decreta est ? AtquI si res, 
si vir, si tempus ullum dlgnum fuit, certe haec in ilia 

20 causa, summa omnia fuerunt. Insidiator erat in foro 
conlocatus, atque in vestibul5 ipso senatus ; el viro 
autem mors para.ba.tur, cuius in vita nltebatur salus 
clvitatis; eo porro rel publicae tempore, quo, si unus 
ille occidisset, non haec solum clvitas, sed gentes omnes 

25 concidissent. Nisi vero quia perfecta res non est, non 
fuit poenienda; proinde quasi exitus rerum, non homi- 
num c5nsilia legibus vindicentur. Minus dolendum fuit 
re non perfecta, sed poeniendum certe nihilo minus. 
Quotiens ego ipse, iiidices, ex P. ClodI tells et ex cruen- 

30 tls eius manibus effugi ! ex quibus si me non vel mea vel 
rel publicae fortuna servasset, quis tandem de interitu 
meo quaestionem tulisset ? 



PRO MILONE 155 

viii. Sed stultl sumus qui Drusum, qui Africanum, 
Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre aude- 
araus. Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia ; P. Clodi mortem aequo 
animo ferre nemo potest. Luget senatus, maeret 
5 equester ordo, tota civitas confecta senio est, squa- 
lent municipia, adflictantur coloniae, agrl denique ipsl 
tarn beneficum, tarn salutarem, tarn mansuetum clvem 
desiderant. Non fuit ea causa, iudices, profecto, non 
fuit, cur sibi censeret Pompeius quaestionem ferendam ; 

10 sed homo sapiens atque alta et dlvlna quadam mente 
praeditus multa vldit ; fuisse ilium sibi inimlcum, famili- 
arem Milonem. In communl omnium laetitia, si etiam 
ipse gauderet, timuit ne videretur mfirmior fides recon- 
ciliatae gratiae ; multa etiam alia vldit, sed illud maxime, 

15 quamvls atrociter ipse tulisset, vos tamen fortiter iudi- 
caturos. Itaque delegit ex florentissimis ordinibus ipsa 
lumina ; neque vero, quod non nulll dictitant, secrevit 
in iudicibus legendls amic5s meos. Neque enim h5c 
c5gitavit vir iustissimus, neque in bonis virls legendls 

20 id adsequi potuisset, etiam si cuplsset. Non enim mea 
gratia familiaritatibus continetur, quae late patere non 
possunt, propterea quod consuetudines vlctus non pos- 
sunt esse cum multis ; sed, si quid possumus, ex eo 
possumus, quod res publica n5s coniunxit cum bonis ; 

25 ex quibus ille cum optimos vir5s legeret, idque maxime 
ad fidem suam pertinere arbitraretur, non potuit legere 
non studiosos mel. 

Quod verd te, L. DomitI, huic quaestionl praeesse 
maxime voluit, nihil quaeslvit aliud nisi iustitiam, gravi- 

30 tatem, hiimanitatem, fidem. Tulit ut consularem ne- 
cesse esset, credo, quod prlncipum munus esse ducebat 
resistere et levitatl multitudinis et perditorum temeritatl. 



156 PRO MILONE 

Ex consularibus te creavit potissimum, dederas enim 
quam contemneres popularls Insanias iam ab adule- 
scentia documenta maxima. 

ix. Quam ob rem, iudices, ut aliquando ad causam 
s crlmenque veniamus, si neque omnis confessio fact! 
est inusitata, neque de causa nostra quicquam aliter ac 
nos vellemus a senatu iudicatum est, et lator ipse legis, 
cum esset controversia nulla fact!, iuris tamen discepta- 
tionem esse voluit, et el lectl iudices isque praepositus 

10 est quaestionl, qui haec iuste sapienterque disceptet, 
reliquum est, iudices, ut nihil iam quaerere aliud de- 
beatis, nisi uter utrl Insidias fecerit. Quod quo facilius 
argumentis perspicere possltis, rem gestam vobls dum 
breviter expon5, quaeso, dlligenter attendite. 

15 P. Clodius cum statuisset omnl scelere in praetura 
vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse comitia 
anno superiore ut non multos mensls praeturam gerere 
posset, qui non honoris gradum spectaret, ut ceterl, sed 
et L. Paulum conlegam effugere vellet, singularl virtute 

20 clvem, et annum integrum ad dllacerandam rem publi- 
cam quaereret, subito rellquit annum suum, seseque in 
annum proximum transtulit, non, ut fit, religione aliqua, 
sed ut haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad praeturam geren- 
dam, hoc est, ad evertendam rem publicam, plenum 

25 annum atque integrum. 

Occurrebat el mancam ac debilem praeturam futuram 
suam c5nsule Milone ; eum porro surarao consensu 
popull RomanI consulem fieri videbat. Contulit se ad 
eius competitores, sed ita, totam ut petitiSnem ipse solus 

30 etiam invltls illls gubernaret, tota ut comitia suls, ut 
dictitabat, umerls sustineret. Convocabat tribus, se 
interponebat, Colllnam novam dllectu perditissimorum 



PRO MI LONE 157 

clvium conscrlbebat Quanto ille plura miscebat, tanto 
hie magis in dies convalescebat. Ubi vldit homo ad 
omne facinus paratissimus fortissimum virum, inimlcissi- 
mum suum, certissimum consulem, idque intellexit non 
5 solum sermonibus, sed etiam suffrages popull Roman! 
saepe esse declaratum, palam agere coepit, et aperte 
dicere occldendum Milonem. Servos agrestls et bar- 
baros, quibus silvas publicas depopulates erat Etruriam- 
que vexarat, ex Appennlno deduxerat, quos videbatis. 
io Res erat minime obsciira. Etenim palam dictitabat 
consulatum MilonI eripi n5n posse, vltam posse. Slgni- 
ficavit hoc saepe in senatu, dixit in contione. Qum 
etiam M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerentl ex eo qua 
spe fureret Milone vivo, respondit trlduo ilium aut sum- 
is mum quadrlduo esse periturum, quam vocem eius ad 
hunc M. Catonem statim Favonius detulit. 

x. Interim cum sclret Clodius, neque enim erat diffi- 
cile scire, iter sollemne, legitimum, necessarium ante 
diem xm. Kalendas Februarias MilonI esse Lanuvium 
20 ad flaminem prodendum, quod erat dictator Lanuvl Milo, 
Roma subito ipse profectus prldie est, ut ante suum 
fundum, quod re intellectum est, MilonI insidias conlo- 
caret. Atque ita profectus est ut contionem turbu- 
lentam, in qua eius furor deslderatus est, quae illo ipso 
25 die habita est, relinqueret ; quam, nisi oblre facinoris 
locum tempusque voluisset, numquam rellquisset. Milo 
autem cum in senatu fuisset eo die, quoad senatus est 
dlmissus, domum venit ; calceos et vestimenta mutavit ; 
paulisper, dum se uxor, ut fit, comparat, commoratus 
30 est ; dein profectus id temporis cum iam Clodius, si qui- 
dem ed die Romam venturus erat, redlre potuisset. 
Ob viam fit el Clodius, expedltus, in equo, nulla raeda, 



158 PRO MILONE 

nullls impediments, nullis Graecls comitibus, ut solebat, 
sine uxore, quod numquam fere ; cum hie Insidiator, qui 
iter illud ad caedem faciendam apparasset, cum uxore 
veheretur in raeda, paenulatus, magn5 et impedlto et 
5 muliebrl ac delicato ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. 
Fit obviam Clodio ante fundum eius hora fere unde- 
cima, aut non multo secus. Statim complures cum tells 
in hunc faciunt de loco superiore impetum ; adversl 
raedarium occldunt. Cum autem hie de raeda reiecta 

10 paenula desiluisset, seque acrl animo defenderet, illl qui 
erant cum Clodi5, gladils eductls, partim recurrere ad 
raedam, ut a tergo Milonem adorlrentur ; partim, quod 
hunc iam interfectum putarent, caedere incipiunt eius 
servos, qui post erant ; ex quibus qui animo fidell in 

15 dominum et praesentl f uerunt, partim occlsl sunt, partim, 
cum ad raedam pugnarl viderent, domino succurrere 
prohiberentur, Milonem occlsum et ex ipso Clodio 
audlrent et re vera putarent, fecerunt id servl Milonis, 
dlcam enim aperte, non derlvandl crlminis causa, sed 

20 ut factum est, nee imperante nee sciente nee prae- 
sente domino, quod suos quisque servos in tall re facere 
voluisset. 

xi. Haec, slcutl exposul, ita gesta sunt, indices. Insi- 
diator superatus est, vi vlcta vis, vel potius oppressa 

25 virtute audacia est. Nihil dlco quid res publica con- 
secuta sit, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes bonl ; nihil 
sane id prosit MilonI, qui hoc fat5 natus est, ut ne se 
quidem servare potuerit, quln una rem publicam v5sque 
sen^aret. Si id iure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo quod 

30 defendam. Sin hoc et ratio doctls, et necessitas barbarls, 
et m5s gentibus, et ferls etiam beluls natura ipsa prae- 
scrlpsit, ut omnem semper vim, quacumque ope possent, 



PRO MILONE 159 

a corpore, a capite, a vita sua propulsarent, n5n potestis 
h5c facinus improbum iudicare, quln simul iudicetis 
omnibus, qui in latrones inciderint, aut illorum tells aut 
vestrls sententils esse pereundum. 

5 Quod si ita putasset, certe optabilius MilonI fuit dare 
iugulum P. Clodio, non semel ab illo neque turn prlmum 
petltum, quam iugularl a vobls, quia se non iugulandum 
ill! tradidisset. Sin hoc nemo vestrum ita sentit, non 
illud iam in iudicium venit, occlsusne sit, quod fatemur, 

10 sed hire an iniuria, quod multls in causls saepe quaesl- 
tum est. Insidias factas esse constat, et id est quod 
senatus contra rem publicam factum iudicavit ; ab utro 
factae sint incertum est. De hoc igitur latum est ut 
quaereretur. Ita et senatus rem, non hominem notavit, 

15 et Pompeius de iure, non de facto quaestionem tulit. 
Num quid igitur aliud in iudicium venit, nisi uter 
utrl Insidias f ecerit ? Profect5 nihil ; si hie illl, ut ne sit 
imptine, si ille huic, ut scelere solvamur. 

xii. Quonam igitur pacto probarl potest Insidias MilonI 

20 fecisse Clodium ? Satis est in ilia quidem tarn audacl, 
tarn nefaria belua, docere magnam el causam, magnam 
spem in Milonis morte propositam, magnas utilitates 
fuisse. Itaque illud Cassianum ' cui bono fuerit ' in his 
personls valeat, etsl bonl nullo emolumento impelluntur 

25 in fraudem, improbl saepe parvo. AtquI Milone inter- 
fect5 Cl5dius haec adsequebatur, non modo ut praetor 
esset non e5 consule quo sceleris nihil facere posset ; 
sed etiam ut els consulibus praetor esset, quibus si non 
adiuvantibus at conlventibus certe, speraret posse se 

30 eludere in illls suls cogitatls furoribus ; cuius illl conatus, 
ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent reprimere, si possent, 
cum tantum beneficium el se debere arbitrarentur, et, si 



l60 PRO MILONE 

vellent, fortasse vix possent frangere hominis scelera- 
tissiml conroboratam iam vetustate audaciam. 

An vero, iudices, vos soli Ignoratis ? Vos hospites in 
hac urbe versaminl ? Vestrae peregrlnantur aures, neque 

5 in hoc pervagato dvitatis sermone versantur, quas ille 
leges, si leges nominandae sunt ac non faces urbis, 
pestes rel publicae, fuerit impositurus nobis omnibus 
atque inusturus? Exhibe, quaeso, Sexte ClodI, exhibe 
librarium illud legum vestrarum, quod te aiunt eripuisse 

10 e dom5 et ex medils armls turbaque nocturna. tamquam 
Palladium sustulisse, ut praeclarum videlicet miinus 
atque Instrumentum tribiinatus ad aliquem, si nactus 
esses, qui tuo arbitrio tribunatum gereret, deferre posses. 
Atque per ... an huius ille legis quam Clodius a se 

15 inventam gloriatur, mentionem facere ausus esset vivo 
Milone, non dlcam consule ? De nostrum enim omnium 
— non audeo totum dlcere. Videte quid ea vitl lex 
habitura fuerit, cuius perlculosa etiam reprehensio est. 
Et aspexit me illls quidem oculls, quibus turn solebat 

20 cum omnibus omnia minabatur. Movet me quippe 
lumen curiae ! 

xiii. Quid ? tu me tibi Iratum, Sexte, putas, cuius 
inimlcissimum multo crudelius etiam poenltus es quam 
erat humanitatis meae postulare ? Tu P. ClodI cruentum 

25 cadaver eiecistl domo ; tu in publicum abiecistl; tu 
spoliatum imaginibus, exsequils, pompa, laudatione, In- 
fellcissimls llgnls semiustilatum, nocturnls canibus dllani- 
andum rellquistl. Qua re, etsl nefarie fecistl, tamen 
quoniam in meo inimlco crildelitatem exprompsistl tuam, 

30 laudare non possum, IrascI certe non debeo. 

Audlstis, iudices, quantum ClodI interfuerit occldl 
Milonem ; convertite animos nunc vicissim ad Milonem. 



PRO MILONE l6l 

Quid Milonis intererat interna Clodium ? Quid erat 
cur Milo, non dlcam admitteret, sed optaret ? Obstabat 
in spe consulatus MilonI Clodius. At eo repugnante 
flebat, immo vero eo flebat magis, nee me suffragatore 
5 meliore utebatur quam Clodio. Valebat apud vos, 
iudices, Milonis erga me remque publicam meritorum 
memoria; valebant preces et lacrimae nostrae, quibus 
ego turn vos mirifice mover! sentiebam ; sed plus multo 
valebat perlculorum impendentium timor. 

10 Quis enim erat clvium qui sibi solutam P. Clodi prae- 
turam sine maximo rerum novarum metu proponeret? 
Solutam autem fore videbatis, nisi esset is consul, qui 
earn auderet possetque constringere. Eum Milonem 
unum esse cum sentlret universus populus Romanus, 

15' quis dubitaret suffragio suo se metu, perlculo rem publi- 
cam llberare ? At nunc, Clodio remoto, usitatls iam 
rebus enitendum est MilonT ut tueatur dignitatem suam ; 
singularis ilia et huic unl concessa gloria, quae cotldie 
augebatur frangendls furoribus Clodianls, iam Clodi 

20 morte cecidit. Vos adeptl estis ne quern clvem metu- 
eretis; hie exercitationem virtutis, suffragationem con- 
sulates, fontem perennem gloriae suae perdidit. Itaque 
Milonis consulatus, qui vlvd Clodio labefactarl non 
poterat, mortuo denique temptarl coeptus est. Non 

25 modo igitur nihil prodest, sed obest etiam Clodi mors 
Milonl. 

At valuit odium, fecit Iratus, fecit inimlcus, fuit ultor 
iniuriae, poenltor dol5ris sul. Quid ? si haec, non dlco 
maiora, fuerunt in Clodio quam in Milone, sed in illo 

30 maxima, nulla in hoc, quid vultis amplius ? Quid enim 
odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac materiem suae gloriae, 
praeter hoc civile odium, quo omnls improbos odimus ? 

H. & G. CIC. — II 



I 62 PRO MILONE 

Ille erat ut odisset, prlmum defensorem salutis meae, 
deinde vexatorem furoris, domitorem armorum suorum, 
postremo etiam accusatorem suum ; reus enim Milonis 
lege Plotia fuit Clodius, quoad vlxit. Quo tandem 
5 anim5 hoc tyrannum ilium tulisse creditis, quantum 
odium illlus, et in homine iniusto quam etiam iustum 
f uisse ? 

xiv. Reliquum est ut iam ilium natura ipslus consue- 
tudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem coarguat. 

10 Nihil per vim umquam Clodius, omnia per vim Milo. 
Quid ? ego, iudices, cum maerentibus vobls urbe cess!, 
iudiciumne timui ? non servos, non arma, non vim ? 
Quae fuisset igitur iusta causa restituendl mel, nisi 
fuisset iniusta eiciendl? Diem mihi, credo, dixerat, 

15 multam inrogarat, actionem perduellionis intenderat, et 
mihi videlicet in causa aut mala aut mea, non et prae- 
clarissima et vestra, iudicium timendum fuit. Servorum 
et egentium civium et facinorosorum armis meos clvis, 
mels consiliis perlcullsque servatos, pro me obici nolul. 

20 Vidi enim, vldl hunc ipsum Q. Hortensium, lumen et 
ornamentum re! publicae, paene interfici serv5rum manu, 
cum mihi adesset ; qua in turba C. Vibienus senator, vir 
optimus, cum hoc cum esset una, ita est mulcatus ut 
vitam amlserit. Itaque quando illlus postea slca ilia, 

25 quam a CatilTna acceperat, conquievit ? Haec intentata 
nobis est ; huic ego vos obici pro me non sum passus ; 
haec Insidiata Pompeio est ; haec istam Appiam, monu- 
mentum sui nominis, nece PapIrT cruentavit ; haec ea- 
dem longo intervallo conversa rursus est in me ; nuper 

30 quidem, ut scltis, me ad regiam paene c5nfecit. 

Quid simile Milonis ? cuius vis omnis haec semperl 
fuit, ne P. Cl5dius, cum in iudicium detrahl non posset, 



PRO MILONE 163 

vl oppressam dvitatem teneret. Quern si interficere 
voluisset, quantae quotiens occasiones, quam praeclarae 
f uerunt ! Potuitne, cum domum ac deos penatls suos 
illo oppugnante defenderet, iure se ulclscl? Potuitne, 

5 clvi egregio et viro fortissimo, P. Sestio, conlega suo, 
vulnerato ? Potuitne, Q. Fabricio, viro optimo, cum de 
reditu meo legem ferret, pulso, crudelissima in foro 
caede facta ? Potuitne, L. Caecill, iustissiml fortissi- 
mlque praetoris, oppiignata domo ? Potuitne illo die, 

10 cum est lata lex de me ; cum totlus Italiae concursus, 
quern mea salus concitarat, fact! illlus gloriam libens 
agnovisset, ut, etiam si id Milo fecisset, ciincta civitas 
earn laudem pro sua vindicaret ? 

xv. At quod erat tempus ! Clarissimus et fortissi- 

15 mus consul, inimlcus Clodio, ultor sceleris illlus, pro- 
pugnator senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis, patronus 
public! consensus, restitiitor salutis meae ; septem prae- 
tores, octo tribiini plebel, illlus adversaril, defensores 
mei; Cn. Pompeius, auctor et dux mel reditus, illlus 

20 hostis, cuius sententiam senatus omnis de salute mea 
gravissimam et ornatissimam seciitus est, qui populum 
Romanum est cohortatus, qui cum de me decretum 
Capuae fecisset, ipse cunctae Italiae cupientl et eius 
fidem implorantl slgnum dedit, ut ad me restituendum 

25 Romam concurrerent ; omnium denique in ilium odia 

clvium ardebant deslderio mei, quern qui turn interemis- 

set, non de impiinitate eius, sed de praemils cogitaretur. 

Tamen se Milo continuit, et P. Clodium in indicium 

bis, ad vim numquam vocavit. Quid ? prlvato Milone 

30 et reo ad populum accusante P. Clodio, cum in Cn. Pom 
peium pro Milone dlcentem impetus factus est, quae 
turn non modo occasio, sed etiam causa illlus oppri- 



164 PRO MILONE 

mendl fuit ! Nuper vero cum M. Antonius summam 
spem salutis bonis omnibus attulisset, gravissimamque 
adulescens nobilissimus rei publicae partem fortissime 
suscepisset, atque illam beluam, iudici laqueos declman- 
5 tern, iam inretitam teneret, qui locus, quod tempus illud, 
dl immortales, fuit ! cum se ille fugiens in scalarum tene- 
brls abdidisset, magnum Miloni fuit conficere illam pe- 
stem nulla sua invidia, M. vero Ant5nl maxima gloria ? 
Quid ? comiths in campo quotiens potestas fuit, cum ille 

10 in saepta ruisset, gladios destringend5s, lapides iaciendos 
curavisset, dein subito, vultu Milonis perterritus, fugeret 
ad Tiberim, vos et omnes bonl vota faceretis ut Miloni 
uti virtute sua liberet ! 

xvi. Quern igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, nunc 

15 voluit cum aliquorum querella ? quern hire, quern loco, 
quern tempore, quern impune non est ausus, hunc iniu- 
ria, inlquo loco, alien5 tempore, perlculo capitis, non 
dubitavit occldere ? praesertim, iudices, cum honoris 
amplissiml contentio et dies comitiorum subesset, quo 

20 quidem tempore, scio enim quam timida sit ambitio, 
quantaque et quam sollicita sit cupiditas consulatus, 
omnia, non modo quae reprehend! palam, sed etiam 
obscure quae cogitan possunt timemus, rumorem, fabu- 
lam flctam, levem perhorrescimus, ora omnium atque 

25 oculos intuemur. Nihil est enim tarn molle, tarn tene- 
rum, tarn aut fragile aut flexibile, quam voluntas erga 
nos sensusaue clvium, qui non modo improbitati Ira- 
scuntur candidatorum, sed etiam in recte factls saepe 
fastldiunt. 

30 Hunc igitur diem camp! speratum atque exoptatum 
sibi pr5ponens Milo, cruentls manibus scelus et facinus 
prae se ferens et confitens, ad ilia augusta centuriarum 



PRO MI LONE 165 

auspicia veniebat ? Quam hoc non credibile in hoc ! 
quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum, cum se ille inter- 
fecto Milone regnaturum putaret ! Quid ? quod caput 
est audaciae, iudices, quis Ignorat maximam inlecebram 

5 esse peccandl impiinitatis spem ? In utro igitur haec 
f uit ? in Milone, qui etiam nunc reus est factl aut prae- 
clari aut certe necessaril, an in Clodio, qui ita iudicia 
poenamque contempserat ut eum nihil delectaret quod 
aut per naturam fas esset, aut per leges liceret ? 

10 Sed quid ego argumentor? Quid pliira disputo? 
Te, Q. Petlll, appello, optimum et fortissimum clvem ; 
te, M. Cato, testor, quos mihi dlvlna quaedam sors 
dedit iudices. Vos ex M. Favoni5 audlstis Clodium 
sibi dlxisse, et audlstis vivo Clodio, periturum Milonem 

15 triduo. Post diem tertium gesta res est quam dlxerat. 
Cum ille non dubitarit aperlre quid cogitaret, vos pote- 
stis dubitare quid f ecerit ? xvn. Quern ad modum igitur 
eum dies non fefellit ? Dixl equidem modo. Dicta- 
tons Lanuvlnl stata sacrificia nosse negotl nihil erat. 

20 Vidit necesse esse MilonI proficiscl Lanuvium illo ipso 
quo est prof ectus die. Itaque antevertit. At quo die ? 
Quo, ut ante dixl, fuit Insanissima contio ab ipslus mer- 
cenarid tribiino plebis concitata ; quern diem ille, quam 
contionem, quos clamores, nisi ad cogitatum facinus 

25 approperaret, numquam rellquisset. Ergo illl ne causa 
quidem itineris, etiam causa manendi; MilonI manendi 
nulla, exeundl non causa solum, sed etiam necessitas 
fuit. 

Quid, si, ut ille sclvit Milonem fore eo die in via, sic 

30 Clodium Milo ne suspicarl quidem potuit ? Prlmum 
quaero qui id scire potuerit quod vos Idem in Clodio 
quaerere non potestis ? Ut enim neminem alium nisi 



1 66 PRO MILONE 

T. Patinam, familiarissimum suum, rogasset, scire potuit 
illo ipso die Lanuvl a dictatore Milone prodl flaminem 
necesse esse. Sed erant permultl alii, ex quibus id 
facillime scire posset. Milo de Clodi reditu unde 
5 quaeslvit ? Quaesierit sane, videte quid vobls largiar, 
servum etiam, ut Q. Arrius, meus amicus, dixit, cor- 
ruperit. Legite testimonia testium vestrorum. Dixit 
C. Causinius Schola, Interamnas, familiarissimus et 
Idem comes Clodi, — cuius iam prldem testimonio Clo- 

10 dius eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Romae, — P. Clo- 
dium illo die in Albano mansiirum fuisse ; sed subito 
el esse niintiatum Cyrum architectum esse mortuum, 
itaque repente R5mam constituisse proficlscl. Dixit 
hoc comes item P. Clodi, C. Clodius. 

is xvm. Videte, iudices, quantae res his testim5niis 
sint confectae. Primum certe llberatur Milo non eo 
consilio profectus esse, ut Insidiaretur in via Clodio, 
quippe, si ille obvius el futurus omnlno non erat. 
Deinde, n5n enim video cur non meum quoque agam 

20 negotium, scltis, iudices, fuisse qui in hac rogatione 
suadenda dlcerent Milonis manu caedem esse factam, 
consilio vero maioris alicuius. Me videlicet latronem 
ac slcarium abiectl homines et perditl descrlbebant. 
Iacent suls testibus qui Clodium negant eo die Romam, 

25 nisi de Cyro audlsset, fuisse rediturum. Respiravl, 
llberatus sum ; n5n vereor ne, quod ne suspicarl quidem 
potuerim, videar id cogitasse. 

Nunc persequar cetera. Nam occurrit illud : ' Igitur 
ne Clodius quidem de Insidils cogitavit, quoniam fuit 

30 in Albano mansurus.' Si quidem exiturus ad caedem 
e villa non fuisset. Video enim ilium, qui dlcatur de 
Cyrl morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, sed Milonem 



PRO MILONE 167 

appropinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntiaret, quern 
Clodius Roma proficiscens rellquerat morientem ? Una 
ful, testamentum simul obslgnavl cum Clodio ; testa- 
mentum autem palam fecerat, et ilium heredem et me 

5 scrlpserat. Quem prldie hora tertia animam efflantem 
rellquisset, eum mortuum postridie hora decima denique 
el nuntiabatur ? 

xix. Age, sit ita factum. Quae causa cur Romam 
properaret ? Cur in noctem se coniceret ? Ecquid 

10 adferebat f estlnationis, quod heres erat ? Primum, erat 

nihil cur properato opus esset ; deinde, si quid esset, 

quid tandem erat quod ea nocte consequT posset, amit- 

teret autem si postridie Romam mane venisset ? Atque 

" ut illl nocturnus ad urbem adventus vltandus potius 

15 quam expetendus fuit, sic Miloni, cum Insidiator esset, 
si ilium ad urbem nocte accessurum sciebat, subslden- 
dum atque exspectandum fuit. Nemo el neganti non 
credidisset, quem esse oranes salvum etiam confitentem 
volunt. Sustinuisset hoc crimen primum ipse ille latro- 

20 num occultator et receptor locus, cum neque muta soli- 
tudo indicasset neque caeca nox ostendisset Milonem ; 
deinde ibi multl ab illo violati, spoliatl, bonis expulsT, 
mult! haec etiam timentes in susplcionem caderent, tota 
denique rea citaretur Etruria. Atque illo die certe 

25 Aricia rediens devertit Clodius ad Albanum. Quod ut 
sclret Milo ilium Ariciae fuisse, suspican tamen debuit 
eum, etiam si Romam illo die revertl vellet, ad vlllam 
suam, quae viam tangeret, deversurum. Cur neque 
ante occurrit, ne ille in villa resideret, nee eo in loco 

30 subsedit, quo ille noctuventiirus esset? 

Video adhuc constare, iudices, omnia : Mildnl etiam 
utile fuisse Clodium vivere, illl ad ea quae concupierat 



1 68 PRO MILONE 

optatissimum interitum Milonis ; odium f uisse illlus in 
hunc acerbissimum, nullum huius in ilium ; consuetudi- 
nem illlus perpetuam in vl Inferenda, huius tantum 
in repellenda; mortem ab illo denuntiatam MilonI et 

5 praedicatam palam, nihil umquam auditum ex Milone ; 
profectionis huius diem ill! notum, reditus illlus huic 
Ignotum fuisse ; huius iter necessarium, illlus etiam 
potius alienum ; hunc prae se tulisse illo die Roma 
exiturum, ilium eo die se dissimulasse rediturum ; hunc 

10 nullius re! mutasse consilium, ilium causam mutandl con- 
sill fmxisse ; huic, si Insidiaretur, noctem prope urbem 
exspectandam, illl, etiam si hunc non timeret, tamen 
accessum ad urbem nocturnum fuisse metuendum. 
xx. Videamus nunc, id quod caput est, locus ad 

15 Insidias ille ipse, ubi congressl sunt, utrl tandem fuerit 
aptior. Id vero, iudices, etiam dubitandum et diutius 
cogitandum est? Ante fundum ClodI, quo in fundo 
propter Tnsanas illas substructiones facile hominum 
mllle versabantur valentium, edito adversari atque ex- 

20 celso loco, superiorem se fore putarat Milo, et ob earn 
rem eum locum ad pugnam potissimum elegerat ? an 
in eo loco est potius exspectatus ab eo qui ipslus 
loci spe facere impetum cogitarat ? Res loquitur ipsa, 
iudices, quae semper valet plurimum. Si haec non 

25 gesta audlretis, sed plcta videretis, tamen appareret 
uter esset Insidiator, uter nihil cogitaret mall, cum 
alter veheretur in raeda paenulatus, una sederet uxor. 
Quid horum non impedltissimum, vestltus an vehi- 
culum an comes ? Quid minus promptum ad pugnam, 

30 cum paenula inretitus, raeda impedltus, uxore paene 
constrictus esset? Videte nunc ilium, prlmum egre- 
dientem e villa, subito; Cur? vesperl; Quid necesse 



PRO MILONE 169 

est ? tarde ; Qui convenit, praesertim id temporis ? 
Devertit in villam Pompel. Pompeium ut videret? 
Sciebat in AlsiensI esse. Villam ut perspiceret ? Mlli- 
ens in ea fuerat. Quid ergo erat ? Morae et tergi- 

s versationes; dum hie venlret, locum relinquere noluit. 

xxi. Age nunc, iter expedltl latronis cum Milonis im- 

pedlmentls comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore, 

turn sine ea ; numquam nisi in raeda, turn in equ5 ; 

comites GraeculT, quocumque Ibat, etiam cum in castra 

10 Etriisca properabat, turn nugarum in comitatu nihil. 
Mil5, qui numquam, turn casti pueros symphoniacos 
uxoris ducebat et ancillarum greges. Ille, qui semper 
secum scorta, semper exoletos, semper lupas diiceret, 
turn neminem, nisi ut virum a viro lectum esse dlceres. 

15 Cur igitur vlctus est ? Quia non semper viator a latrone, 
non numquam etiam latro a viatore occlditur ; quia, 
quamquam paratus in imparatos Clodius, tamen mulier 
inciderat in viros. 

Nee vero sic erat umquam non paratus Milo contra 

20 ilium ut non satis fere esset paratus. Semper et 
quantum interesset P. Clodl se perlre, et quanto ill! 
odi5 esset, et quantum ille auderet cogitabat. Quam 
ob rem vltam suam, quam maximls praemils propositam 
et paene addictam sciebat, numquam in perlculum sine 

25 praesidio et sine custodia proiciebat. Adde casus, adde 
incertos exitus pugnarum Martemque communem, qui 
saepe spoliantem iam et exsultantem evertit et perculit ab 
abiecto ; adde Inscltiam pransl, potl, oscitantis ducis, qUI 
cum a tergo hostem interclusum rellquisset, nihil de eius 

30 extremis comitibus cogitavit, in quos incensos Ira vltam- 
que dominl desperantls cum incidisset, haesit in els poenls, 
quas ab e5 servl fideles pro dominl vita expetiverunt. 



170 PRO MILONE 

Cur igitur eos manu mlsit ? Metuebat scilicet ne indi- 
caretur, ne dolorem perferre non possent, ne tormentis 
cogerentur occisum esse a servls Milonis in Appia via 
P. Clodium confiterl. Quid opus est tortore ? Quid 
5 quaeris ? Occlderitne ? Occidit. lure an iniuria ? 
Nihil ad tortorem, fact! enim in eculeo quaestio est, iu- 
ris in iudicio. 

xxii. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum est, inda- 
gamus hie ; quod tormentis invenlre vis, id fatemur. 

10 Manu vero cur miserit, si id potius quaeris quam cur 
parum amplls adfecerit praemils, nescls inimlcl factum 
reprehendere. Dixit enim hie Idem, qui omnia semper 
constanter et fortiter, M. Cato, et dixit in turbulenta 
c5ntione, quae tamen huius auctoritate placata est, non 

15 llbertate solum, sed etiam omnibus praemils dignissimos 
fuisse, qui dominl caput defendissent. Quod enim prae- 
mium satis magnum est tarn benevolls, tarn bonis, tarn 
fidelibus servls, propter quos vlvit ? EtsI id quidem non 
tantl est, quam quod propter eosdem non sanguine et 

20 vulneribus suls crudelissiml inimlcl mentem oculosque 
satiavit. Quos nisi manu mlsisset, tormentis etiam 
dedendi fuerunt conservatores dominl, ultores sceleris, 
defensores necis. Hie vero nihil habet in his ma- 
lls quod minus moleste ferat, quam, etiam si quid 

25 ipsi accidat, esse tamen illls meritum praemium per- 
solutum. 

Sed quaestiones urgent Mil5nem, quae sunt habitae 
nunc in atrio Llbertatis. Quibusnam de servls? Rogas? 
De P. Clodl. Quis eos postulavit ? Appius. Quis pro- 

30 duxit? Appius. Unde? Ab Appio. Dl bonl ! quid 
potest agl severius ? De servls nulla lege quaestio est 
in dominum nisi de incestu, ut fuit in Clodium. Proxime 



PRO MILONE 171 

deos accessit Clodius, propius quam turn cum ad ipsos 
penetrarat, cuius de morte tamquam de caerimonils 
violatls quaeritur. Sed tamen maiores nostrl in domi- 
num de serv5 quaerl noluerunt, non quln posset verum 
5 invenirl, sed quia videbatur indlgnum esse et domini 
morte ipsa trlstius. In reum de servo accusatoris cum 
quaeritur, verum invenirl potest ? Age vero, quae erat 
aut qualis quaestio ? ' Heus tu, Rufio,' verb! causa, 
1 cave sis mentiaris. Clodius Insidias fecit MilonI ? ' 

10 'Fecit:' 'Certa crux.' ' Nullas fecit:' ' Sperata llber- 
tas.' Quid hac quaestione certius ? Subito abrepti in 
quaestionem, tamen separantur a ceteris et in areas coni- 
ciuntur, ne quis cum els conloqui possit. Hi centum 
dies penes accusatorem cum fuissent, ab eo ipso accusa- 

15 tore product! sunt. Quid hac quaestione did potest 
integrius, quid incorruptius ? 

xxiii. Quod si nondum satis cernitis, cum res ipsa tot 
tarn clarls argumentls slgnlsque luceat, pura mente atque 
integra Milonem, niillo scelere imbutum, null5 metu 

20 perterritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum Romam re- 
vertisse, recordaminl, per deos immortalls ! quae fuerit 
celeritas reditus eius, qui ingressus in forum ardente 
curia, quae magnitudo animl, qui vultus, quae oratio. 
Neque vero se populo s5lum, sed etiam senatul commisit ; 

25 neque senatul modo, sed etiam publicls praesidils et 
armls ; neque his tantum, verum etiam eius potestatl, 
cui senatus totam rem publicam, omnem Italiae pubem, 
cuncta popull RomanI arma commlserat ; cui numquam 
se hie profecto tradidisset, nisi causae suae conflderet, 

30 praesertim omnia audientl, magna metuentl, multa suspi- 
cantl, non nulla credentl. Magna vis est conscientiae, 
iudices, et magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant 



172 PRO MI LONE 

qui nihil commlserint, et poenam semper ante oculos 
versari putent qui peccarint. 

Neque vero sine ratione certa causa Milonis semper a 
senatu probata est. Videbant enim sapientissimi homi- 

5 nes factl rationem, praesentiam animl, defensionis con- 
stantiam. An vero oblitl estis, iudices, recent! illo nuntio 
necis Clodianae, non modo inimicorum Milonis sermones 
et oplniones, sed non nullorum etiam imperltorum ? 
Negabant eum Romam esse rediturum. Sive enim illud 

10 animo irato ac percito fecisset, ut incensus odio truclda- 
ret inimlcum, arbitrabantur eum tantl mortem P. ClodI 
putasse ut aequ5 animo patria careret, cum sanguine 
inimlci explesset odium suum ; sive etiam illius morte 
patriam liberare voluisset, non dubitaturum fortem vi- 

15 rum quln, cum suo perlculo salutem populo Romano 
attulisset, cederet aequo animo legibus, secum auferret 
gloriam sempiternam, nobis haec fruenda relinqueret, 
quae ipse servasset. Mult! etiam Catillnam atque ilia 
portenta loquebantur : ' Erumpet, occupabit aliquem lo- 

20 cum, bellum patriae faciet.' Miseros interdum civis 
optime de re publica meritos, in quibus homines non 
modo res praeclarissimas obllvlscuntur, sed etiam nefa- 
rias suspicantur ! Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt, quae certe 
vera exstitissent, si Mil5 admlsisset aliquid quod non 

25 posset honeste vereque defendere. 

xxiv. Quid ? quae postea sunt in eum congesta, quae 
quemvls etiam mediocrium delictorum conscientia percu- 
lissent, ut sustinuit, dl immortales ! Sustinuit ? Immo 
vero ut contempsit ac pro nihilo putavit, quae neque 

30 maximo animo nocens neque innocens nisi fortissimus 
vir neglegere potuisset ! Scutorum, gladiorum, freno- 
rum, pilorumque etiam multitudo deprehendl posse indi- 



PRO MILONE 173 

cabatur ; nullum in urbe vicum, nullum angiportum esse 
dlcebant, in quo Miloni conducta non esset domus ; arma 
in villam Ocriculanam devecta Tiber!, domus in clivo 
Capitolino scutis referta, plena omnia malleolorum ad 

5 urbis incendia comparatorum. Haec non delata solum, 
sed paene credita, nee ante repudiata sunt quam quaeslta. 
Laudabam equidem incredibilem diligentiam Cn. Pom- 
pel, sed dfcam ut sentio, iudices. Nimis multa audlre 
coguntur, neque aliter facere possunt, el quibus tota 

10 commissa est res publica. Quln etiam fuit audiendus 
popa Licinius nescio qui de Circo Maximo, servos Milo- 
nis, apud se ebri5s factos, sibi confessos esse de in- 
terficiendo Pompeio coniurasse, dein postea. se gladio 
percussum esse ab uno de illls, ne indicaret. Pompeio 

15 in hortos nuntiavit; arcessor in prlmls; de amicorum 
sententia rem defert ad senatum. Non poteram in illlus 
mel patriaeque custodis tanta susplcione non metu exani- 
mari; sed mlrabar tamen credl popae, c5nfessionem 
servorum audiri, vulnus in latere, quod acu punctum 

20 videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari. Verum, ut intel- 
lego, cavebat magis Pompeius quam timebat, non ea 
solum quae timenda erant, sed omnia, ne vos aliquid 
timeretis. Oppugnata domus C. Caesaris, clarissimi et 
fortissimi virl, per multas noctis horas nuntiabatur. 

25 Nem5 audierat tarn celebrl loco, nemo senserat ; tamen 
audiebatur. Non poteram Cn. Pompeium, praestantis- 
sima virtute virum, timidum suspicarl ; diligentiam, tota 
re publica suscepta, nimiam nullam putabam. Fre- 
quentissim5 senatu nuper in Capit5lio senator inventus 

30 est qui Milonem cum telo esse diceret. Nudavit se in 
sanctissimo templo, quoniam vita talis et civis et virl 
fidem non faciebat, ut eo tacente res ipsa loqueretur. 



174 PR MILONE 

xxv. Omnia falsa atque Insidiose f Icta comperta sunt. 
Cum tamen, si metuitur etiam nunc Milo, non iam hoc 
Clodianum crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. Pompel, te 
enim iam appello, et ea voce ut me exaudlre possis, 

5 tuas, tuas, inquam, susplciones perhorrescimus ; si Mi- 
lonem times, si nunc de tua vita nefarie aut nunc cogi- 
tare aut molltum aliquando aliquid putas, si Italiae 
dllectus, ut non nulll conqulsltores tul dictitarunt, si haec 
arma, si Capitolinae cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si 

10 dllecta iuventus quae tuum corpus domumque custodit 
contra Milonis impetum armata est, atque ilia omnia in 
hunc unura Instituta, parata, intenta sunt, magna in 
hoc certe vis et incredibilis animus, et non unlus virl 
vires atque opes iudicantur, si quidem in hunc unura 

15 et praestantissimus dux electus et tota res publica 
armata est. 

Sed quis non intellegit omnls tibi rel publicae partis 
aegras et labantls, ut eas his armls sanares et conflrma- 
res, esse commissas ? Quod si locus MilonI datus esset, 

20 probasset profecto tibi ipsl neminem umquam homi- 
nem hominl cariorem fuisse quam te sibi ; nullum se 
umquam perlculum pro tua dlgnitate f ugisse ; cum ipsa 
ilia taeterrima peste se saepissime pro tua gloria con- 
tendisse ; tribunatum suum ad salutem meam, quae tibi 

25 carissima fuisset, consilils tuls gubernatum ; se a te 
postea defensum in perlculo capitis, adiutum in petltione 
praeturae ; duos se habere semper amlcissimos sperasse, 
te tuo beneficio, me suo. Quae si non probaret, si tibi 
ita penitus inhaesisset ista susplcio nullo ut ev r elll modo 

30 posset, si denique Italia a dllectu, urbs ab armls sine 
Milonis clade numquam esset conquietura, ne ille haud 
dubitans cessisset patria, is qui ita natus est et ita 



PRO MILONE 175 

consuevit; te, Magne, tamen antestaretur, quod nunc 
etiam facit. 

xxvi. Vide quam sit varia vltae commutabilisque 
ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae Infi- 

5 delitates in amlcls, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, 
quantae in perlculls fugae proximorum, quantae timi- 
ditates. Erit, erit illud profecto tempus, et inlucescet 
aliquando ille dies, cum tu, salutaribus, ut spero, rebus 
tuls, sed fortasse motu aliqu5 communium temporum, 

10 qui quam crebr5 accidat expert! scire debemus, et 
amlcissiml benevolentiam et gravissiml hominis fidem 
et unlus post homines natos fortissiml virl magnitu- 
dinem animl deslderes. Quamquam quis hoc credat, 
Cn. Pompeium, iuris public!, mods maiorum, re! deni- 

15 que publicae perltissimum, cum senatus el commlserit 
ut videret ne quid res publica detriment! caperet, quo 
uno versiculo satis armat! semper consules fuerunt, 
etiam nullls armls datls, hunc exercitu, hunc dilectu 
dat5, iudicium exspectaturum fuisse in eius consiliis 

20 vindicandls, qui vl iudicia ipsa tolleret? Satis iudica- 
tum est a Pompeio, satis, falso ista conferrl in Milonem, 
qui legem tulit, qua, ut ego sentio, Milonem absolvl 
a vobls oporteret, ut omnes confitentur, liceret. Quod 
vero in illo loco atque illls publicorum praesidiorum 

25 copils circumfusus sedet, satis declarat se non terrorem 
Inferre vobls, quid enim minus illo dlgnum quam cogere 
ut vos eum condemnetis, in quern animadvertere ipse 
et more maiorum et su5 hire posset ? sed praesidi5 esse, 
ut intellegatis contra hesternam illam contionem licere 

30 vobls quod sentiatis llbere iudicare. 

xxvii. Nee vero me, indices, Clodianum crimen 
movet, nee tarn sum demens tamque vestrl sensus 



176 PRO MILONE 

Ignarus atque expers, ut nesciam quid de morte Clod! 
sentiatis. De qua, si iam nollem ita dlluere crimen, ut 
dilul, tamen impune MilonI palam clamare ac mentlrl 
gloriose liceret : ' Occldl, occldl, non Sp. Maelium, qui 

5 ann5na levanda iactiirlsque rel familiaris, quia nimis 
amplectl plebem videbatur, in susplcionem incidit regnl 
appetendl; non Ti. Gracchum, qui conlegae magi- 
stratum per seditionem abrogavit, quorum interfectores 
impleverunt orbem terrarum nominis sul gloria ; sed 

10 eum, auderet enim dlcere, cum patriam perlculo suo 
llberasset, cuius nefandum adulterium in pulvlnaribus 
sanctissimls nobilissimae feminae comprehenderunt ; 
eum cuius supplici5 senatus sollemnls religiones ex- 
piandas saepe censuit ; eum quem cum sorore germana 

15 nefarium stuprum fecisse L. Lucullus iuratus se quae- 
stionibus habitls dixit comperisse ; eum qui clvem quem 
senatus, quem populus Romanus, quem omnes gentes 
urbis ac vltae clvium conservatorem iudicarant, servo- 
rum armls exterminavit ; eum qui regna dedit, ademit, 

20 orbem terrarum quibuscum voluit partltus est ; eum qui, 
plurimls caedibus in foro factls, singularl virtute et 
gloria clvem domum vl et armls compulit ; eum cui 
nihil umquam nefas fuit, nee in facinore nee in libldine ; 
eum qui aedem Nympharum incendit, ut memoriam 

25 publicam recensi5nis tabulls publicls impressam exstin- 
gueret ; eum denique, cui iam nulla lex erat, nullum 
civile ius, null! possessionum termini ; qui non calumnia 
lltium, non iniustls vindicils ac sacramentls alienos fun- 
dos, sed castrls, exercitu, slgnls Inf erendls petebat ; qui 

30 non solum Etruscos, eos enim penitus contempserat, 
sed hunc P. Varium, fortissimum atque optimum clvem, 
iudicem nostrum, pellere possessionibus armls castrlsque 



PRO MILONE 177 

conatus est; qui cum architectls et decempedls villas 
multorum hortosque peragrabat; qui Ianiculo et Alpi- 
bus spem possessionum terminarat suarum ; qui, cum 
ab equite Romano splendido et fortl, M. Paconio, non 

5 impetrasset ut sibi Insulam in lacu Prllio venderet, 
repente lintribus in earn Insulam materiem, calcem, 
caementa, arma convexit, dominoque trans rlpam In- 
spectante, non dubitavit exstruere aedificium in alieno ; 
qui huic T. Furfanio, cui viro, dl immortales ! quid enim 

10 ego de muliercula Scantia, quid de adulescente P. Apl- 
nio dlcam ? quorum utrlque mortem est minitatus, nisi 
sibi hortorum possessione cessissent, sed ausum esse 
Furfanio dlcere, si sibi pecuniam, quantam poposcerat, 

. non dedisset, mortuum se in domum eius inlaturum, qua 

15 invidia huic esset tall vir5 conflagrandum ; qui Appium 
fratrem, hominem mihi coniunctum fldissima gratia, 
absentem de possessione fundi deiecit; qui parietem 
sic per vestibulum sororis Instituit ducere, sic agere 
fundamenta, ut sororem non modo vestibulo prlvaret, 

20 sed omnl aditu et limine.' 

xxviii. Quamquam haec quidem iam tolerabilia vide- 
bantur, etsl aequabiliter in rem publicam, in prlvatos, in 
longinqu5s, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos inruebat; 
sed nescio quo modo iam usu obduruerat et percalluerat 

25 clvitatis incredibilis patientia. Quae vero aderant iam 
et impendebant, quonam mod5 ea aut depellere potuisse- 
tis aut ferre? Imperium ille si nactus esset, omitto 
socios, exteras nationes, reges, tetrarchas, vota enim 
faceretis ut in eos se potius immitteret quam in vestras 

30 possessidnes, vestra tecta, vestras pecunias, pecunias 
dlco ? a llberls, me dlus fidius, et a coniugibus vestrls num- 
quam ille effrenatas suas libidines cohibuisset. FingI 
H. & G. cic— 12 



178 PRO MILONE 

haec putatis, quae patent, quae nota sunt omnibus, quae 
tenentur ; servorum exercitus ilium in urbe conscrlptu- 
rum fuisse, per quos totam rem publicam resque pri- 
vates omnium possideret ? 
5 Quam ob rem si cruentum gladium tenens clamaret 
T. Annius, 'Adeste, quaeso, atque audlte, elves; P. 
Clodium interfeel ; eius furores, quos nullls iam legibus, 
nullls iudicils frenare poteramus, hoc ferro et hac dex- 
tera a cervicibus vestrls reppull, per me ut unum ius, 

10 aequitas, leges, llbertas, pudor, pudlcitia in civitate 
maneret ! ' esset vero timendum quonam modo id ferret 
clvitas ? Nunc enim quis est qui non probet, qui non 
laudet, qui non unum post hominum memoriam T. 
Annium plurimum rei publicae profuisse, maxima lae- 

15 titia populum Romanum, cunctam Italiam, nationes 
omnis adfecisse et dlcat et sentiat? Non queo Vetera 
ilia popull R5manl gaudia quanta f uerint iudicare ; mul- 
tas tamen iam summorum imperatorum clarissimas vic- 
torias aetas nostra vldit, quarum nulla neque tarn diu- 

20 turnam attulit laetitiam nee tantam. Mandate hoc 
memoriae, iudices. Spero multa vos llberosque vestros 
in re publica bona esse vlsuros ; in els singulis ita semper 
exlstimabitis, vivo P. Clodio nihil eorum vos vlsuros 
fuisse. In spem maximam, et, quern ad modum confldo, 

25 verissimam sumus adductl, hunc ipsum annum, hoc ipso 
summo viro consule, compressa hominum licentia, cupidi- 
tatibus fractls, legibus et iudicils c5nstitutls, salutarem 
clvitatl fore. Num quis est igitur tarn demens qui hoc 
P. Cl5dio vivo contingere potuisse arbitretur ? Quid, ea 

30 quae tenetis, prlvata atque vestra, dominante homine furi- 

oso quod ius perpetuae possessionis habere potuissent ? 

xxix. N5n timeo, iudices, ne odio inimlcitiarum me- 



PRO MILONE 179 

arum Inflammatus libentius haec in ilium evomere videar 
quam verius. Etenim si praecipuum esse debebat, 
tamen ita communis erat omnium ille hostis ut in com- 
muni odio paene aequaliter versaretur odium meum. 

5 Non potest did satis, ne cogitarl quidem, quantum in 
illo sceleris, quantum exit! fuerit. Quln sic attendite, 
indices. Nempe haec est quaestio de interitu P. Clodl. 
Fingite animls, llberae sunt enim nostrae cogitationes, 
et quae volunt sic intuentur ut ea cernimus quae vide- 

10 mus, fingite igitur cogitatione imaginem huius condicionis 
meae, si possim efncere ut Milonem absolvatis, sed ita, 
si P. Clodius revlxerit. Quid vultu extimuistis ? quonam 
modd ille v5s vlvus adficeret, quos mortuus inanl cogita- 
tione percussit ? Quid ! si ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea 

15 virtute ac fortuna est ut ea potuerit semper quae nemo 
praeter ilium, si is, inquam, potuisset aut quaestionem 
de morte P. Clodl ferre aut ipsum ab Inferls excitare, 
utrum putatis potius facturum fuisse ? Etiam si propter 
amlcitiam vellet ilium ab Inferls evocare, propter rem 

20 publicam non fecisset. Eius igitur mortis sedetis ulto- 
res, cuius vltam si putetis per vos restitul posse, nolltis ; 
et de eius nece lata quaestio est, qui si lege eadem revl- 
vlscere posset, lata lex numquam esset. Huius ergo 
interfector si esset, in confitendo ab elsne poenam time- 

25 ret quos llberavisset ? 

Graecl homines de5rum honores tribuunt els virls qui 
tyrannos necaverunt. Quae ego vldl Athenls ! quae 
alils in urbibus Graeciae ! quas res dlvlnas talibus Insti- 
tutas virls ! quos cantus, quae carmina ! Prope ad im- 

30 mortalitatis et religi5nem et memoriam consecrantur. 
Vos tanti conservat5rem popull, tantl sceleris ultorem 
non modo honoribus nullls adficietis, sed etiam ad sup- 




i8o 



PRO MILONE l8l 

plicium rap! patieminl? Confiteretur, confiteretur, in- 
quam, si fecisset, et magno animo et libenter fecisse se 
llbertatis omnium causa, quod esset el non confitendum 
modo, verum etiam praedicandum. 

5 xxx. Etenim si id non negat ex quo nihil petit nisi 
ut Ignoscatur, dubitaret id faterl ex quo etiam praemia 
laudis essent petenda, nisi vero gratius putat esse vobls 
sul se capitis quam vestrl defensorem fuisse, cum prae- 
sertim in ea confessione, si gratl esse velletis, honores 

10 adsequeretur amplissimos. Si factum vobls non proba- 
retur — quamquam qui poterat salus sua cuiquam non 
probarl? — sed tamen si minus fortissiml virl virtus clvi- 
bus grata cecidisset, magno animo constantlque cederet 
ex ingrata clvitate. Nam quid esset ingratius quam 

15 laetarl ceteros, lugere eum solum propter quern ceterl 
laetarentur ? Quamquam hoc animo semper omnes 
fuimus in patriae proditoribus opprimendls ut, quoniam 
nostra futura esset gloria, perlculum quoque et invidiam 
nostram putaremus. Nam quae mihi ipsl tribuenda laus 

20 esset, cum tantum in consulate meo pro vobls ac llberls 
vestrls ausus essem, si id quod conabar sine maximls 
dlmicationibus mels me esse ausurum arbitrarer ? Quae 
mulier sceleratum ac perniciosum clvem interficere non 
auderet, si perlculum non timeret ? Propositi invidia, 

25 morte, poena, qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, 
is vir vere putandus est. Popull gratl est praemils 
adficere bene meritos de re publica clvls ; virl fortis ne 
supplicils quidem mover! ut fortiter fecisse paeniteat. 
Quam ob rem uteretur eadem c5nfessione T. Annius 

30 qua Ahala, qua Naslca, qua Oplmius, qua Marius, qua 
nosmet ipsl; et, si grata res publica esset, laetaretur; si 
ingrata, tamen in gravl f ortuna conscientia sua nlteretur. 



1 82 PRO MILONE 

Sed huius beneficl gratiam, iudices, fortuna popull 
RomanI et vestra felicitas et di immortales sibi deberl 
putant. Nee vero quisquam aliter arbitrarl potest, nisi 
qui nullam vim esse ducit numenve dlvlnum ; quern 

5 neque imperl nostrl magnitudo neque sol ille nee caell 
slgnorumque motus nee vicissitudines rerum atque ordi- 
nes movent, neque, id quod maximum est, maiorum 
sapientia, qui sacra, qui caerimonias, qui auspicia et ipsl 
sanctissime coluerunt et nobis suls posterls prodiderunt. 

10 xxxi. Est, est profecto ilia vis ; neque in his corpori- 
bus atque in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam quod 
vigeat et sentiat, et non inest in hoc tanto naturae tarn 
praeclaro motu. Nisi forte idcirco non putant, quia 
non apparet nee cernitur ; proinde quasi nostram ipsam 

15 mentem qua sapimus, qua providemus, qua haec ipsa 
agimus ac dlcimus, videre aut plane qualis aut ubi sit 
sentlre posslmus. Ea vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe in- 
credibills huic urbl felicitates atque opes attulit, illam 
perniciem exstlnxit ac sustulit ; cui prlmum mentem in- 

20 iecit, ut vl inritare ferroque lacessere fortissimum virum 
auderet, vincereturque ab eo, quern si vlcisset habiturus 
esset impunitatem et licentiam sempiternam. 

Non est humano consilio, ne mediocrl quidem, iudices, 
deorum immortalium cura, res ilia perfecta. Religiones 

25 me hercule ipsae, quae illam beluam cadere vlderunt, 
commosse se videntur, et ius in illo suum retinuisse. 
Vos enim iam, AlbanI tumuli atque lucl, vos, inquam, 
imploro atque obtestor ; vosque, Albanorum obrutae 
arae, sacrorum popull R5manl sociae et aequales, quas 

30 ille praeceps amentia, caesls prostratlsque sanctissimls 
lucls, substructionum Insanls molibus oppresserat. 
Vestrae turn arae, vestrae religiones viguerunt; vestra 



PRO MILONE 183 

vis valuit, quam ille omni scelere polluerat. Tuque ex 
tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte Iuppiter, cuius ille 
lacus, nemora flnlsque saepe omni nefario stupro et 
scelere macularat, aliquando ad eum poeniendum oculos 

s aperuistl. Vobls illae, vobls vestro in conspectu serae, 
sed iustae tamen et debitae poenae solutae sunt. 

Nisi forte hoc etiam casu factum esse dlcemus, ut 
ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae deae, quod est in fundo 
T. SergI Galll, in prlmls honest! et 5rnatl adulescentis, 

10 ante ipsam, inquam, Bonam deam, cum proelium com- 
mlsisset, prlmum illud vulnus acciperet, quo taeterrimam 
mortem obiret, ut n5n absolutus iudicio illo nefario vide- 
retur, sed ad hanc inslgnem poenam reservatus. 

xxxii. Nee vero non eadem Ira deorum hanc eius 

15 satellitibus iniecit amentiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine 
cantu atque ludls, sine exsequils, sine lamentls, sine 
laudationibus, sine funere, oblitus cruore et luto, spolia- 
tus illlus supremi diel celebritate, cui cedere inimlcl 
etiam solent, ambureretur abiectus. Non fuisse credo 

20 fas clarissimorum virorum formas ill! taeterrimo parri- 
cidae aliquid decoris adferre, neque ull5 in loco potius 
mortem eius lacerarl quam in quo vita esset damnata. 

Dura, me dlus fidius, mihi iam Fortuna popull Ro- 
manl et criidelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium in 

25 hanc rem piiblicam Insultare pateretur. Polluerat stu- 
pro sanctissimas religiones, senatus gravissima decreta 
perfregerat, pecunia se a iudicibus palam redemerat, 
vexarat in tribunatu senatum, omnium ordinum con- 
sensu pro salute rel publicae gesta rescide'rat, me patria 

30 expulerat, bona dlripuerat, domum incenderat, llberos, 
coniugem meam vexarat, Cn. Pompeio nefarium bellum 
indlxerat, magistratuum prlvatorumque caedls effecerat, 



1 84 PRO MILONE 

domum mel f ratris incenderat, vastarat Etruriam, multos 
sedibus ac fortunls eiecerat. Instabat, urgebat. Capere 
eius amentiam clvitas, Italia, provinciae, regna non pote- 
rant. Incidebantur iam doml leges, quae nos servls no- 

5 strls addlcerent. Nihil erat cuiusquam, quod quidem ille 
adamasset, quod non hoc anno suum fore putaret. Ob- 
stabat eius cogitationibus nem5 praeter Milonem. Ilium 
ipsum, qui obstare poterat, novo reditu in gratiam quasi 
devinctum arbitrabatur ; Caesaris potentiam suam esse 

10 dlcebat; bonorum animos in meo casu contempserat ; 
Milo unus urgebat. 

xxxiii. Hie di immortales, ut supra dlxi, mentem ill! 
perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret Insidias. 
Aliter perlre pestis ilia non potuit ; numquam ilium res 

15 publica suo iure esset ulta. Senatus, credo, praeto- 
rem eum circumscrlpsisset. Ne cum solebat quidem id 
facere, in prlvato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. An 
consules in praetore coercendo fortes fuissent? Prl- 
mum Milone occlso habuisset suos consules. Deinde 

20 quis in eo praetore consul fortis esset, per quern tri- 
bunum virtutem consularem crudelissime vexatam esse 
meminisset? Oppressisset omnia, possideret, teneret; 
lege nova quae est inventa apud eum cum reliquls 
legibus Clodianls servos nostros llbertos suos f ecisset ; 

25 postremo, nisi eum di immortales in earn mentem impu- 
lissent, ut hom5 effeminatus fortissimum virum conaretur 
occidere, hodie rem publicam nullam haberetis. 

An ille praetor, ille vero consul, si modo haec templa 
atque ipsa moenia stare eo vivo tarn diu et consulatum 

30 eius exspectare potuissent, ille denique vlvus mall nihil 
fecisset, qui mortuus, un5 ex suls satellitibus duce, 
curiam incenderit ? Quo quid miserius, quid acerbius, 



PRO MI LONE 185 

quid luctuosius vidimus, templum sanctitatis, amplitu- 
dinis, mentis, consill publicl, caput urbis, aram sociorum, 
portum omnium gentium, sedem ab universo populo 
concessam unl ordinl, Inflammarl, exscindl, funestarl, 
5 neque id fieri a multitudine imperita, quamquam esset 
miserum id ipsum, sed ab uno ? Qui cum tantum ausus 
sit ustor pro mortuo, quid slgnifer pro vivo non esset 
ausus ? In curiam potissimum abiecit, ut earn mortuus 
incenderet, quam vlvus everterat. 

10 Et sunt qui de via Appia querantur, taceant de curia 
et qui ab eo splrante forum putent potuisse defendl, 
cuius non restiterit cadaverl curia ! Excitate, excitate 
ipsum, si potestis, a mortuls. Frangetis impetum vlvl, 
cuius vix sustinetis furias Insepultl ? Nisi vero sustinu- 

15 istis eos qui cum facibus ad curiam cucurrerunt, cum 
falcibus ad Castoris, cum gladils toto foro volitarunt. 
Caedl vldistis populum Romanum, c5ntionem gladils 
disturbarl, cum audlretur silentio M. Caelius, tribunus 
plebis, vir et in re piiblica fortissimus, et in suscepta 

20 causa flrmissimus, et bonorum voluntatl et auctoritatl 
senatus deditus, et in hac Milonis slve invidia slve 
fortiina singularl, dlvlna et incredibill fide. 

xxxiv. Sed iam satis multa de causa ; extra causam 
etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat nisi ut orem 

25 obtesterque vos, iudices, ut earn misericordiam tribuatis 
fortissimo viro quam ipse non implorat, ego etiam re- 
pugnante hoc et imploro et exposed ? Nollte, si in 
nostro omnium netu nullam lacrimam aspexistis Milonis, 
si vultum semper eundem, si vocem, si orationem stabi- 

30 lem ac non mutatam videtis, hoc minus el parcere ; haud 
scio an multo sit etiam adiuvandus magis. Etenim si 
in gladiatorils pugnls et Infiml generis hominum condi- 



1 86 PRO MILONE 

cione atque fortuna timidos atque supplices et ut vivere 
liceat obsecrantls etiam odisse solemus, fortls atque 
animosos et se acriter ipsos mortl offerentis servare 
cupimus, eorumque nos magis miseret qui nostram 
s misericordiam non requlrunt quam qui illam efflagi- 
tant, quanto hoc magis in fortissimis civibus facere 
debemus ? 

Me quidem, indices, exanimant et interimunt hae 
voces Milonis, quas audio adsidue et quibus intersum 

10 cotldie. 'Valeant,' inquit, 'valeant elves mei; sint in- 
columes, sint florentes, sint beat!; stet haec urbs prae- 
clara mihique patria carissima, quoquo modo erit merita 
de me. Tranquilla re publica mei elves, quoniam mihi 
cum illis non licet, sine me ipsl, sed propter me tamen 

15 perfruantur. Ego cedam atque ablbo; si mihi bona 
re publica frul non licuerit, at carebo mala, et quam 
prlmum tetigero bene moratam et llberam clvitatem, in 
ea conquiescam.' 

1 frustra,' inquit, ' mihi susceptl lab5res ! O spes 

20 fallaces et cogitationes inanes meae ! Ego cum tribunus 
plebis re publica oppressa me senatui dedissem, quern 
exstinctum acceperani, equitibus Romanis, quorum vires 
erant debiles, bonis virls, qui omnem auct5ritatem Clo- 
dianls armls abiecerant, mihi umquam bonorum prae- 

25 sidium defuturum putarem ? Ego cum te,' mecum enim 
saepissime loquitur, ' patriae reddidissem, mihi putarem 
in patria non futurum locum ? Ubi nunc senatus est, 
quern secutl sumus ? ubi equites RomanI illl,' inquit, 
i tul ? ubi studia municipiorum ? ubi Italiae voces ? ubi 

30 denique tua ilia, M. TullI, quae plurimls fuit auxilio, vox 
atque defensio ? mihine ea soli, qui pro te totiens mortl 
me obtull, nihil potest opitularl ? ' 



PRO MILONE 187 

xxxv. Nec vero haec, iudices, ut ego nunc, flens, 
sed hoc eodem loquitur vultu qu5 videtis. Negat enim, 
negat ingratis clvibus fecisse se quae f ecerit ; timidls et 
omnia circumspicientibus perlcula non negat. Plebem 

5 et Infimam multitudinem, quae P. Clodio duce fortOnls 
vestrls imminebat, earn, quo tutior esset vestra vita, se 
fecisse commemorat ut non modo virtute flecteret, sed 
etiam tribus suls patrimonii delemret ; nec timet ne, 
cum plebem muneribus placarit, vos non conciliarit 

10 meritls in rem publicam singularibus. Senatus erga se 
benevolentiam temporibus his ipsls saepe esse perspec- 
tam, vestras vero et vestrorum ordinum occursationes, 
studia, sermones, quemcumque cursum fortuna dederit, 
se secum ablaturum esse dlcit. 

15 Meminit etiam sibi vocem praeconis modo defuisse, 
quam minime desiderarit ; popull vero cunctls suffragils, 
quod unum cupierit, se consulem declaratum ; nunc 
denique, si haec contra se sint futura, sibi facinoris su- 
spicionem, non fact! crimen obstare. Addit haec, quae 

20 certe vera sunt ; f ortls et sapientis viros non tarn prae- 
mia sequl solere recte factorum quam ipsa recte facta ; 
se nihil in vita nisi praeclarissime fecisse, si quidem 
nihil sit praestabilius viro quam perlculls patriam llbe- 
rare ; beatos esse quibus ea res honor! fuerit a suls clvi- 

25 bus, nec tamen eos miser5s qui benefici5 clvis suos 
vicerint; sed tamen ex omnibus praemils virtutis, si 
esset habenda ratio praemiorum, amplissimum esse 
praemium gloriam ; esse hanc unam quae brevitatem 
vltae posteritatis memoria consolaretur ; quae efficeret 

30 ut absentes adessemus, mortul vlveremus ; hanc denique 
esse, cuius gradibus etiam in caelum homines viderentur 
ascendere. 



1 88 PRO MILONE 

1 De me,' inquit, ' semper populus Romanus, semper 
omnes gentes loquentur, nulla umquam obmutescet 
vetustas. QuTn hoc tempore ipso, cum omnes a mels 
inimlcls faces invidiae meae subiciantur, tamen omnI 

s in hominum coetu gratils agendls et gratulationibus 
habendls et omni sermon e celebramur.' Omitto Etru- 
riae festos et actos et Institutos dies. Centesima lux 
est haec ab interitu P. Clod! et, oplnor, altera. Qua 
fines imperi popull Roman! sunt, ea non solum fama 

io iam de illo, sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Quam ob 
rem ' Ubi corpus hoc sit non,' inquit, ' labor o, quoniam 
omnibus in terrls et iam versatur et semper habitabit 
nominis mel gloria.' 

xxxvi. Haec tu mecum saepe his absentibus, sed 

15 Isdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo : ' Te quidem, 
cum isto animo es, satis laudare non possum, sed, quo 
est ista magis dlvlna virtus, eo maiore a te dolore 
divellor. Nee vero, si mihi eriperis, reliqua est ilia 
tamen ad consolandum querella, ut els IrascI possim, 

20 a quibus tantum volnus accepero. Non enim inimlcl 
mel te mihi eripient, sed amicissimi; non male ali- 
quando de me merit!, sed semper optime. Nullum 
umquam, iudices, mihi tantum dolorem inuretis — ets! 
quis potest esse tantus ? — sed ne hunc quidem ipsum, 

25 ut obl!v!scar quant! me semper feceritis. Quae si vos 
cepit obl!vio, aut si in me aliquid offendistis, cur non 
id meo capite potius luitur quam Milonis ? Praeclare 
enim vlxero, si quid mihi accident prius quam hoc 
tantum mall vldero. 

30 Nunc me una c5nsolatio sustentat, quod tibi, T. Ann!, 
nullum a me amoris, nullum studi, nullum pietatis 
officium defuit. Ego inimlcitias potentium pro te appe- 



PRO MILONE 189 

tlvi; ego meum saepe corpus et vltam obiecl armls 
inimlcorum tuorum ; ego me plurimls pro te supplicem 
abiecl; bona, fortunas meas ac llberorum meorum in 
communionem tuorum temporum contull ; hoc denique 

5 ipso die, si quae vis est parata, si quae dlmicatio capitis 
futura, deposco. Quid iam restat ? Quid habed quod 
faciam pro tuls in me meritls, nisi ut earn fortunam, 
quaecumque erit tua, ducam meam ? Non recuso, non 
abnuo; vosque obsecro, indices, ut vestra beneficia, 

10 quae in me contulistis, aut in huius salute augeatis, 
aut in eiusdem exitio occasura esse videatis. 

xxxvii. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. Est quo- 
dam incredibill r5bore animl. Exsilium ibi esse putat, 
ubi virtutl non sit locus; mortem naturae flnem esse, 

15 non poenam. Sed hie ea mente qua natus est. Quid 
vos, iudices ? quo tandem animo eritis ? Memoriam 
Milonis retinebitis, ipsum eicietis ? Et erit dignior 
locus in terrls ullus qui hanc virtiitem excipiat, quam 
hie qui procreavit? Vos, vos appello, fortissiml virl, 

20 qui multum pro re publica sanguinem effudistis; vos 
in virl et in clvis invlctl appello perlculo, centuriones, 
vosque mllites; vobls non modo Inspectantibus, sed 
etiam armatls et huic iudicio praesidentibus, haec tanta 
virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, exterminabitur, proicietur ? 

25 O me miserum ! O me Inf elicem ! Revocare tu me 
in patriam, Milo, potuistl per hos ; ego te in patria per 
eosdem retinere non poter5? Quid respondebo llberls 
meis, qui te parentem alterum putant? Quid tibi, 
Qulnte frater, qui nunc abes, consort! mecum tempo- 

30 rum illorum? Mene n5n potuisse Milonis salutem 
tuerl per eosdem per quos nostram ille servasset ? 
At in qua causa n5n potuisse ? Quodnam ego concepl 



ICjO PRO MILONE 

tantum scelus, aut quod in me tantum facinus admlsl, 
iudices, cum ilia indicia communis exit! indagavl, pate- 
fecl, protull, exstlnxi? Omnes in me meosque redun- 
dant ex fonte illo dolores. Quid me reducem esse 

5 voluistis ? An ut Inspectante me expellerentur el per 
quos essem restitutus ? Nollte, obsecro vos, acerbiorem 
mihi pat! reditum esse, quam fuerit ille ipse discessus. 
Nam qui possum putare me restitutum esse, si distrahar 
ab his per quos restitutus sum ? 

io xxxviii. Utinam dl immortales fecissent, pace tua, 
patria, dlxerim, metuo enim ne scelerate dlcam in te 
quod pro Milone dlcam pie, utinam P. Clodius non 
modo vlveret, sed etiam praetor, consul, dictator esset, 
potius quam hoc spectaculum viderem ! O dl immor- 

15 tales ! fortem et a vobls, iudices, conservandum virum ! 
' Minime, minime,' inquit. ' Immo vero poenas ille 
debitas luerit ; nos subeamus, si ita necesse est, non 
debitas.' Hlcine vir, patriae natus, iisquam nisi in 
patria morietur, aut, si forte, pro patria ? Huius vos 

20 animl monumenta retinebitis, corporis in Italia nullum 
sepulcrum esse patieminl? Hunc sua quisquam sen- 
tentia ex hac urbe expellet, quern omnes urbes expul- 
sum a vobls ad se vocabunt ? O terram illam beatam, 
quae hunc virum exceperit ; hanc ingratam, si eiecerit ; 

25 miseram, si amlserit ! 

Sed finis sit, neque enim prae lacrimls iam loqul 
possum, et hie se lacrimls defendl vetat. Vos oro 
obtestorque, iudices, ut in sententils ferendls quod 
sentietis id audeatis. Vestram virtutem, iustitiam, 

30 fidem, mihi credite, is maxime probabit, qui in iudi- 
cibus legendls optimum et sapientissimum et fortissi- 
mum quemque elegit. 



Pro M. Marcello O ratio 

DIUTURNI silentl, patres conscrlptl, quo eram his 
temporibus usus, non timore aliquo, sed partim 
dolore, partim verecundia, flnem hodiernus dies attulit, 
Idemque initium quae vellem quaeque sentlrem meo 

5 prlstino more dicendl. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, 
tarn inusitatam inauditamque clementiam, tantum in 
summa potestate rerum omnium modum, tarn denique 
incredibilem sapientiam ac paene dlvlnam, tacitus prae- 
terire nullo modo possum. M. enim Marcello vobls, 

10 patres conscript!, relque publicae reddito, non illius 
. solum, sed etiam meam vocem et auctoritatem et vobls 
et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam puto. Dole- 
bam enim, patres conscrlptl, et vehementer angebar, 
virum talem, cum in eadem causa in qua ego fuisset, 

is non in eadem esse fortuna ; nee mihi persuadere pote- 
ram, nee fas esse ducebam, versari me in nostro vetere 
curriculo, illo aemulo atque imitatore studiorum ac labo- 
rum meorum, quasi quodam socio a me et comite, dis- 
tracto. 

20 Ergo et mihi meae prlstinae vitae consuetudinem, C. 
Caesar, interclusam aperuisti, et his omnibus ad bene 
de omnl re publica sperandum quasi signum aliquod 
sustulistT. Intellectum est enim mihi quidem in multis, 
et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante in omnibus, cum 

25 M. Marcellum senatui relque publicae concessisti, com- 

191 



192 PRO MARCELLO 

memoratls praesertim offensionibus, te auctoritatem huius 
ordinis dlgnitatemque rei publicae tuis vel doloribus vel 
susplcionibus anteferre. Ille quidem fructum omnis ante 
actae vltae hodierno die maximum cepit, cum summo 

5 consensu senatus, turn iudicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. 
Ex qu5 profecto intellegis quanta in dato beneficio sit 
laus, cum in accepto sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortu- 
natus ille, cuius ex salute non minor paene ad omnis 
quam ad ipsum ventura sit laetitia pervenerit. Quod 

10 quidem el merito atque optimo iure contigit. Quis enim 

est ill5 aut nobilitate aut probitate aut optimarum artium 

studio aut innocentia aut ullo laudis genere praestantior ? 

11. Nulllus tantum Humeri est ingenl, nulllus dlcendl 

aut scrlbendl tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam 

15 exornare, sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. 
Tamen adflrmo, et hoc pace dicam tua, nullam in his 
esse laudem ampliorem quam earn quam hodierno die 
consecutus es. Sole5 saepe ante oculos ponere, idque 
libenter crebris usurpare sermonibus, omnis nostrorum 

20 imperatorum, omnis exterarum gentium potentissimo- 
rumque populorum, omnis clarissimorum regum res 
gestas, cum tuis nee contentionum magnitudine nee 
numero proeliorum nee varietate regionum nee celeritate 
conficiendl nee dissimilitudine bellorum posse conferrl; 

25 nee vero disiunctissimas terras citius passibus cuiusquam 
potuisse peragrarl quam tuis, non dicam cursibus, sed 
vlctorils lustratae sunt. 

Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear ut ea vix 
cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, amens sim ; 

30 sed tamen sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas laudes solent 
quldam extenuare verbis, easque detrahere ducibus, 
communicare cum multls, ne propriae sint imperatorum. 



PRO MARCELLO 1 93 

Et certe in armls mllitum virtus, locorum opportunitas, 
auxilia sociorum, classes, commeatus multum iuvant ; 
maximam vero partem quasi suo iure Fortuna sibi vin- 
dicat, et quicquid prospere gestum est, id paene omne 
5 ducit suum. 

At vero huius gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante 
adeptus, socium habes neminem ; totum % hoc, quantum- 
cumque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, 
tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, 

10 nihil cohors, nihil turma decerpit; quln etiam ilia ipsa 
rerum humanarum domina, Fortuna, in istius societatem 
gloriae se non offert ; tibi cedit ; tuam esse totam et 
propriam fatetur. Numquam enim temeritas cum sapi- 
entia commiscetur, neque ad consilium casus admittitur. 

15 in. Domuisti gentls immanitate barbaras, multitudine 
innumerabilis, locls Inflnltas, oranl copiarum genere 
abundantls; sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et naturam et 
condicionem ut vine! possent habebant. Nulla est enim 
tanta vis quae non ferro et viribus debilitarl franglque 

20 possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam cohibere, vlctoriam 
temperare, adversarium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute prae- 
stantem non modo extollere iacentem, sed etiam amplifi- 
care eius prlstinam dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego 
eum cum summls virls comparo, sed simillimum deo 

25 iudico. 

Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur 
illae quidem non solum nostrls, sed paene omnium gen- 
tium litterls atque Unguis, nee ulla umquam aetas de 
tills laudibus conticescet. Sed tamen eius modi res 

30 nescio quo modo etiam cum leguntur, obstrepl clamore 
mllitum videntur et tubarum son5. At vero cum aliquid 
clementer, mansuete, iuste, moderate, sapienter factum, 

H. & G. CIC. — 13 



194 PR MARCELLO 

in Iracundia praesertim, quae est inimlca consilio, et in 
victoria, quae natura Insolens et superba est, audlmus 
aiit legimus, quo studio incendimur, non modo in gestis 
rebus, sed etiam in fictls, ut eos saepe quos numquam 

5 vidimus dlligamus ! Te vero, quern praesentem intue- 
mur, cuius mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quic- 
quid belli fortuna reliquum rel publicae fecerit, id esse 
salvum veils, quibus laudibus efferemus? quibus studils 
prosequemur ? qua benevolentia complectemur ? Pari- 

10 etes, me dlus ndius, ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi 
gratias agere gestiunt, quod brevl tempore futura sit 
ilia auctoritas in his maiorum suorum et suls sedibus. 

iv. Equidem cum C. Marcelll, virl optiml et com- 
memorabill pietate praeditl, lacrimas modo voblscum 

15 viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus memoria 
obfudit, quibus tu etiam mortuls, M. Marcello conservato, 
dignitatem suam reddidistl, nobilissimamque familiam 
iam ad paucos redactam paene ab interitu vindicastl. 
Hunc tu igitur diem tills maximls et innumerabilibus 

20 gratulationibus iure antepones. Haec enim res unlus 
est propria C. Caesaris ; ceterae duce te gestae magnae 
illae quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque ' comitatu. 
Huius autem rel tu Idem es et dux et comes, quae 
quidem tanta est ut tropaels et monumentis tuls adla- 

25 tura flnem sit aetas, nihil est enim opere et manu fac- 
tum, quod non aliquand5 conficiat et consiimat vetustas, 
at haec tua iustitia et lenitas animl florescet cotldie 
magis, ita ut quantum tuls operibus diuturnitas detrahet, 
tantum adferat laudibus. 

30 Et ceteros quidem omnls vlctores bellorum clvllium 
iam ante aequitate et misericordia vlceras ; hodierno 
vero die te ipsum vlcistl. Vereor ut hoc, quod dlcam, 



PRO MARCELLO 1 95 

perinde intellegl possit audltum atque ipse cogitans sen- 
tio; ipsam vlctoriam vlcisse videris, cum ea quae ilia 
erat adepta vlctls remlsistl. Nam cum ipslus vlctoriae 
condicione omnes victl occidissemus, clementiae tuae 
5 iudicio conservati sumus. Recte igitur unus invlctus es, 
a quo etiam ipslus vlctoriae conditio vlsque devicta est. 

v. Atque hoc C. Caesaris iudicium, patres conscript!, 
quam late pateat attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad ilia 
arma fato sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero fune- 

10 stoque compulsl, etsl aliqua culpa tenemur erroris human!, 
scelere certe hberat! sumus. Nam cum M. Marcellum 
deprecantibus vob!s re! publicae conservavit, me et mihi 
et item re! publicae, nullo deprecante, reliquos amplissi- 
mos viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quorum et 

,15 frequentiam et dignitatem hoc ipso in consessu videtis. 
Non ille hostls induxit in curiam, sed iudicavit a ple- 
rlsque Ignoratione potius et falso atque inan! metu quam 
cupiditate aut crudelitate bellum esse susceptum. 

Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum 

20 putavl, semperque dolul non modo pacem, sed etiam 
orationem clvium pacem flagitantium repudiarl. Neque 
enim ego ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum arma clvllia ; 
semperque mea consilia pacis et togae socia, non belli 
atque armorum fuerunt. Hominem sum secutus prlvato 

25 consilio, non publico; tantumque apud me gratl animl 
fidelis memoria valuit ut nulla n5n modo cupiditate, sed 
ne spe quidem, prudens et sciens tamquam ad interitum 
ruerem voluntarium. Quod quidem meum consilium 
minime obscurum fuit. Nam et in hoc ordine integra 

30 re multa de pace dixl, et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum 
capitis mel perlculo sens!. Ex quo nemo iam erit tarn 
iniustus exlstimator rerum qui dubitet quae Caesaris de 



196 PRO MARCELLO 

bello voluntas fuerit, cum pacis auctores conservandos 
statim censuerit, ceteris fuerit Iratior. Atque id minus 
mlrum fortasse turn, cum esset incertus exitus et anceps 
f ortuna belli ; qui vero victor pacis auctores dlligit, is pro- 

5 fecto declarat se maluisse non dlmicare quam vincere. 

vi. Atque huius quidem rel M. Marcello sum testis. 

Nostrl enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam in 

bello congruebant. Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum 

dolore vldl, cum Insolentiam certorum hominum turn 

10 etiam ipslus vlctoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! Quo 
gratior tua llberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, 
debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed 
vlctoriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam vlctoriam proe- 
liorum exitu terminatam ; gladium vagina vacuum in 

15 urbe non vidimus. Quos amisimus clvls, eos Martis vis 
perculit, non Ira vlct5riae ; ut dubitare debeat nemo 
quln multos, si fieri posset, C. Caesar ab Inferls exci- 
taret, quoniam ex eadem acie conservat quos potest. 
Alterius vero partis nihil amplius dlcam quam, id quod 

20 omnes verebamur, nimis Iracundam futuram fuisse vlc- 
toriam. Quldam enim non modo armatls, sed interdum 
etiam otiosls minabantur; nee quid quisque sensisset, 
sed ubi f uisset cogitandum esse dlcebant ; ut mihi qui- 
dem videantur dl immortales, etiam si poenas a populo 

25 Romano ob aliquod delictum expetlverunt, qui civile 
bellum tantum et tarn luctuosum excitaverunt, vel pla- 
catl iam vel satiatl aliquando, omnem spem salutis ad 
clementiam vlctoris et sapientiam contulisse. 

Qua re gaude tuo isto tarn excellentl bono, et fruere 

30 cum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et moribus tuls ; 
ex quo quidem maximus est fructus iucunditasque sapi- 
entl. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsl persaepe virtutl, 



PRO MARCELLO 1 97 

tamen plerumque fellcitatl tuae gratulabere; de nobis, 
quos in re publica tecum simul esse voluistl, quotiens 
cogitabis, totiens de maximis tuls beneficiis, totiens de 
incredibill llberalitate, totiens de singular! sapientia tua 

5 cogitabis; quae non modo summa bona, sed nlmlrum 
audebd vel sola dlcere. Tantus est enim splendor in 
laude vera, tanta in magnitudine animl et consili dlgni- 
tas, ut haec a virtute donata, cetera a fortuna commo- 
data esse videantur. Noli igitur in conservandls bonis 

10 viris defatlgarl, non cupiditate praesertim aliqua. aut 
pravitate lapsls, sed oplnione offici stulta fortasse, certe 
non improba, et specie quadam rei publicae; non enim 
tua ulla culpa est si te aliqul timuerunt, contraque summa 
laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 

.15 vii. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam et atrocis- 
simam susplcionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsl magis quam 
cum omnibus clvibus turn maxim e nobis, qui a te con- 
servatl sumus, providenda est; quam etsl spero falsam 
esse, tamen numquam extenuabo verbis. Tua enim 

20 cautio nostra cautio est, ut si in alterutro peccandum 
sit, malim viderl nimis timidus quam parum prudens. 
Sed quisnam est iste tarn demens ? De tulsne ? — 
tametsl qui magis sunt tul quam quibus tu salutem 
Insperantibus reddidistl? — an ex hoc numero, qui una 

25 tecum fuerunt ? Non est credibilis tantus in ullo furor 
ut quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, huius vltam 
non anteponat suae. An si nihil tul cogitant sceleris, 
cavendum est ne quid inimicl ? Qui ? omnes enim, 
qui fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia vltam amlserunt, aut 

30 tua misericordia retinuerunt, ut aut nulll supersint de 
inimlcls, aut qui fuerunt sint amlcissiml. 

Sed tamen cum in animls hominum tantae latebrae 



198 PRO MARCELLO 

sint et tantl recessus, augeamus sane susplcionem tuam, 
simul enim augebimus dlligentiam. Nam quis est om- 
nium tarn Ignarus rerum, tarn rudis in re publica, tarn 
nihil umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogi- 

5 tans, qui non intellegat tua salute continerl suam, et ex 
unlus tua vita pendere omnium ? Equidem de te dies 
noctisque, ut debeo, cogitans, casus dumt'axat humanos 
et incert5s eventus valetudinis et naturae communis fra- 
gilitatem extimesco ; doleoque, cum res publica immor- 

10 talis esse debeat, earn in unlus mortalis anima consistere. 

Si vero ad human5s casus incertosque motiis valetudinis 

sceleris etiam accedit Insidiarumque consensio, quern 

deum, si cupiat, posse opitulari rel publicae credamus ? 

viii. Omnia sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, unl, quae 

15 iacere sentls, belli ipsliis impetu, quod necesse fuit, per- 
culsa atque prostrata; constituenda iudicia, revocanda 
fides, comprimendae libldines, propaganda suboles ; om- 
nia, quae dllapsa iam diffluxerunt, sevens legibus vin- 
cienda sunt. Non fuit recusandum in tanto clvlll bello, 

20 tant5 animorum ard5re et armorum, quln quassata res 
publica, qulcumque belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet 
et ornamenta dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae ; 
multaque uterque dux faceret armatus, quae Idem toga- 
tus fieri prohibuisset. Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia 

25 belli volnera sananda sunt, quibus praeter te nemo 
mederl potest. 

Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam 
vocem invltus audlvi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vlxl vel 
gloriae.' Satis, si ita vis* fortasse naturae, add5 etiam, 

30 si placet, gloriae ; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe 
parum. Qua re omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum homi- 
num in contemnenda morte prudentiam ; noli nostro 



PRO MARCELLO 1 99 

perlculo esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad aurls meas, 
te idem istud nimis crebro dlcere, tibi satis te vlxisse. 
Credo ; sed turn id audlrem, si tibi soli vlveres, aut si 
tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem clvium 

5 cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae complexae 
sunt; tantum abes a perfecti5ne maximorum operum 
ut fundamenta nondum quae cogitas ieceris. Hie tu 
modum vltae tuae non salute rel publicae, sed aequi- 
tate animl deflnies ? Quid, si istud ne gloriae tuae qui- 

10 dem satis est ? cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvls sis 
sapiens, non negabis. Parumne igitur, inquies, magna 
relinquemus? Immo vero alils quamvls multls satis, 
tibi unl parum. Quicquid est enim, quamvls amplum 
sit, id est parum turn, cum est aliquid amplius. Quod 

js si rerum tuarum immortalium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futu- 
rus fuit, ut devlctls adversariis rem publicam in eo statu 
relinqueres in quo nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua dlvlna 
virtus admlrationis plus sit habitura quam gl5riae, si 
quidem gloria est inlustris ac pervagata magnorum vel 

20 in suos vel in patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama 
meritorum. 

ix. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est ; hie restat actus, 
in hoc elaborandum est ut rem publicam c5nstituas, 
eaque tu in prlmls summa tranquillitate et otio perfru- 

25 are ; turn te, si voles, cum et patriae quod debes solveris, 
et naturam ipsam expleveris satietate vlvendl, satis diu 
vlxisse dicito. Quid est enim omnlno hoc ipsum diu, in 
quo est aliquid extremum? quod cum venit, omnis vo- 
luptas praeterita pro nihilo est quia postea nulla est 

30 futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam his 
angustiis, quas natura nobis ad vlvendum dedit, con- 
tentus fuit ; semper immortalitatis amore flagravit. 



200 PRO MARCELLO 

Nee vero haec tua vita ducenda est, quae corpore et 
splritu continetur. Ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae 
vigebit memoria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas 
alet, quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tu 
5 Inservias, huic te ostentes oportet, quae quidem quae 
miretur iam prldem multa habet; nunc etiam quae 
laudet exspectat. Obstupescent posterl certe imperia, 
provincias, Rhenum, Oceanum, Nllum, pugnas innume- 
rabills, incredibills victorias, monumenta, munera, tri- 

10 umphos audientes et legentes tuos. 

Sed nisi haec urbs stabillta tuis c5nsilils et institutis 
erit, vagabitur modo tuum nomen longe atque late; 
sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit. Erit 
inter eos etiam qui nascentur, sicut inter nos f uit, magna 

15 dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res' tuas gestas 
efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requlrent, idque vel maxi- 
mum, nisi belli clvllis incendium salute patriae restinxe- 
ris, ut illud fatl fuisse videatur, h5c consill. Servl igitur 
els etiam iudicibus, qui multls post saeculls de te iudi- 

20 cabunt, et quidem haud scio an incorruptius quam nos. 
Nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate et rursus sine odio 
et sine invidia iudicabunt. Id autem etiam si turn ad 
te, ut quldam falso putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe 
pertinet esse te talem ut tuas laudes obscuratura nulla 

25 umquam sit obllvio. 

x. Dlversae voluntates clvium fuerunt, distractaeque 
sententiae. Non enim consilils solum et studils, sed 
armls etiam et castrls dissidebamus. Erat enim obscu- 
ritas quaedam ; erat certamen inter clarissimos duces ; 

30 multl dubitabant quid optimum esset, multl quid sibi 
expedlret, multl quid deceret, non nulll etiam quid lice- 
ret. Perfuncta res publica est hoc misero fatallque 



PRO MARCELLO 201 

bello; vlcit is qui non fortuna Inflammaret odium suum, 
sed bonitate lenlret ; neque omnis quibus Iratus esset, 
eosdem exsilio aut morte dlgnos iudicaret. Arma ab 
alils posita, ab alils erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniu- 
s stusque clvis, qui, armorum perlculd llberatus, animum 
tamen retinet armatum, ut etiam ille melior sit qui 
in acie cecidit, qui in causa animam profudit. Quae 
enim pertinacia quibusdam, eadem alils constantia viderl 
potest. 

10 Sed iam omnis fracta dissensi5 est armls, exstlncta 
aequitate vlctoris; restat ut omnes unum velint, qui 
modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam 
sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo, et in ista sententia 
qua cum antea turn hodie vel maxime usus es manente, 

15 salvl esse non possumus. Qua re omnes te, qui haec 
salva esse volumus, et hortamur et obsecramus ut vltae 
tuae et salutl consulas ; omnesque tibi, ut pr5 alils etiam 
loquar quod de me ipse sentio, quoniam subesse aliquid 
putas quod cavendum sit, non modo excubias et custodies, 

20 sed etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum 
pollicemur. 

xi. Sed, ut unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur oratio, 
maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, maiores 
etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex 

25 omnium precibus et lacrimls sentlre potuistl ; sed quia 
non est omnibus stantibus necesse dlcere, a me certe 
did volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo, et quod fieri 
decet, M. Marcello a te huic ordinl populoque Romano 
et rel publicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam laetarl 

30 omnis non de unlus solum, sed de communl omnium 
salute sentio. 

Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea 



202 



PRO MARCELLO 



erga ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Mar- 
cello, optimo et amantissimo fratrl, praeter eum qui- 
dem cederem neminl, cum id sollicitudine, cura, labore 
tarn diu praestiterim quam diu est de illlus salute du- 

5 bitatum, certe hoc tempore, magnis curls, molestiis, 
doloribus llberatus, praestare debeo. Itaque, C. Cae- 
sar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus me rebus a te non 
conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in 
me iinum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri iam posse 

10 non arbitrabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus acces- 
serit. 




Caesar 
(Conservatori Museum, Rome) 



Pro Q. Ligario Oratio 

NOVUM crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem non 
audltum propinquus meus ad te Q. Tubero de- 
tulit, Q. Ligarium in Africa fuisse ; idque C. Pansa, 
praestantl vir ingenio, fretus fortasse familiaritate ea 

5 quae est el tecum, ausus est confiterl. Itaque quo me 
vertam nescio. Paratus enim veneram, cum tu id neque 
per te sclres neque audire aliunde potuisses, ut Igno- 
ratione tua ad hominis miser! salutem abuterer. Sed 
quoniam dlligentia. inimlci investigatum est quod late- 

10 bat, confitendum est, opinor, praesertim cum meus 
necessarius Pansa fecerit ut id integrum iam non 
esset ; omissaque controversia, omnis oratio ad miseri- 
cordiam tuam c5nferenda est, qua pluriml sunt con- 
servatl, cum a te non llberationem culpae, sed erratl 

is veniam impetravissent. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod 
est accusaton maxime optandum, confitentem reum ; 
sed tamen hoc confitentem, se in ea parte fuisse qua. 
te, qua virum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. Ita- 
que prius de vestro delicto confiteaminl necesse est 

20 quam LJgarl ullam culpam reprehendatis. 

Q. enim Ligarius, cum esset nulla belli susplcio, 
legatus in Africam cum C. Considio profectus est. 
Qua. in legatione et clvibus et socils ita se probavit ut 
decedens Considius pr5vincia satis facere hominibus 

25 n5n posset, si quemquam alium provinciae praefecis- 

203 



204 PR0 LIGARIO 

set. Itaque Ligarius, cum diu recusans nihil profe- 
cisset, provinciam accepit invltus ; cui sic praef uit in 
pace ut et civibus et sociis gratissima esset eius in- 
tegritas ac fides. Bellum subito exarsit, . quod qui 
5 erant in Africa ante audierunt gerl quam pararl. Quo 
audlto, partim cupiditate inconslderata, partim caeco 
quodam timore, prlmo salutis, post etiam studi sul, 
quaerebant aliquem ducem, cum Ligarius, domum spec- 
tans, ad suos redire cupiens, nul]o se implicarl negotio 

10 passus est. Interim P. Attius Varus, qui praetor Afri- 
cam obtinuerat, Uticam venit. Ad eum statim con- 
cursum est. Atque ille non mediocrl cupiditate adripuit 
imperium, si illud imperium esse potuit, quod ad pri- 
vatum clamore multitudinis imperltae, niillo publico 

15 consili5, deferebatur. Itaque Ligarius, qui omne tale 
neg5tium cuperet effugere, paulum adventu Varl con- 
quievit. 

11. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omnl culpa vacat. 
Dom5 est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum, sed ne 

20 ad minimam quidem susplcionem belli; legatus in pace 
profectus est; in provincia pacatissima ita se gessit ut 
el pacem esse expedlret. Profectio certe animum tuum 
non debet off endere ; num igitur remansio? Multo 
minus. Nam profectio voluntatem habuit non turpem, 

25 remansi5 necessitatem etiam honestam. Ergo haec 
duo tempora carent crlmine, unum cum est legatus 
profectus, alterum, cum efHagitatus a provincia prae- 
positus Africae est. Tertium tempus est quod post 
adventum Varl in Africa restitit, quod si est crlmino- 

30 sum, necessitatis crimen est, non voluntatis. An ille, 
si potuisset ullo modo evadere, Uticae quam Romae, 
cum P. AttiS quam cum concordissimls fratribus, cum 



PRO LIGARIO 205 

alienls esse quam cum suls maluisset ? Cum ipsa lega- 
tio plena deslderl ac sollicitudinis fuisset propter incre- 
dibilem quendam fratrum am5rem, hie aequo animo esse 
potuit, belli dlscidio distractus a fratribus ? 
5 Nullum igitur habes, Caesar, adhuc in Q. Ligari5 
signum alienae a te voluntatis. Cuius ego causam ani- 
madverte, quaes5, qua fide defendam ; prodo meam. 
O clementiam admirabilem atque omnium laude, prae- 
dicatione, litteris, monumentlsque decorandam, cum M. 
10 Cicero apud te defendit alium in ea voluntate non fuisse, 
in qua se ipsum confitetur fuisse, nee tuas tacitas cogita- 
tiones extimescit, nee quid tibi de ali5 audienti de se 
ipso occurrat reformidat ! 

in. Vide quam non ref ormidem ; vide quanta lux libe- 
rs ralitatis et sapientiae tuae mihi apud te dlcentl oboriatur. 
Quantum potero, voce contendam ut populus Romanus 
exaudiat. Suscepto bello, Caesar, gesto etiam ex parte 
magna, nulla vl coactus, iudicid ac voluntate, ad ea arma 
profectus sum quae erant sumpta contra te. Apud 
20 quern igitur hoc dlc5 ? Nempe apud eum, qui cum hoc 
sclret, tamen me, ante quam vldit, rel publicae reddidit ; 
qui ad me ex Aegypto litteras mlsit, ut essem Idem qui 
fuissem ; qui cum ipse imperator in t5to imperio popull 
RomanI unus esset, esse me alterum passus est ; a qu5, 
25 hoc ipso C. Pansa mihi hunc nuntium perferente, con- 
cessos f ascls laureatos tenul, quoad tenendos putavl ; 
qui mihi turn denique se salutem putavit reddere, si earn 
nullls spoliatam ornamentls dedisset. Vide, quaeso, 
Tubero, ut qui de meo facto non dubitem de Ligarl 
30 non audeam confiterl. Atque haec propterea de me 
dlxl, ut mihi Tubero, cum de se eadem dlcerem, Ign5- 
sceret ; cuius ego industriae gl5riaeque faveo, vel prop- 



206 PRO LIGARIO 

ter propinquam cognationem, vel quod eius ingenio 
studilsque delector, vel quod laudem adulescentis pro- 
pinqul exlstim5 etiam ad meum aliquem fructum re- 
dundare. 

s Sed hoc quaer5: Quis putat esse crimen fuisse in 
Africa ? Nempe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse 
voluit, et prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe 
contra ipsum Caesarem est congressus armatus. Quid 
enim tuus ille, Tubero, destrictus in acie Pharsalica 

10 gladius agebat ? Cuius latus ille mucro petebat ? Qui 
sensus erat armorum tuorum ? quae tua mens, ocull, 
manias, ardor animi ? quid cupiebas ? quid optabas ? 
Nimis urgeo ; commoveri videtur adulescens ; ad me 
revertar ; Tsdem in armls ful. 

15 iv. Quid autem aliud egimus, Tubero, nisi ut quod 
hie potest nos possemus ? Quorum igitur impunitas, 
Caesar, tuae clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad 
crudelitatem te acuit oratio. Atque in hac causa non 
nihil equidem, Tubero, etiam tuam, sed multo magis 

20 patris tul prudentiam desldero, quod homo, cum ingenio 
turn etiam doctrlna excellens, genus hoc causae quod 
esset non viderit. Nam si vidisset, quovls profectd quam 
isto modo a te agl maluisset. 

Arguis fatentem. Non est satis ; acciisas eum qui 

25 causam habet aut, ut ego died, meliorem quam tu, aut, 
ut tu vis, parem. Haec admlrabilia, sed prodigi simile 
est quod dlcam. Non habet earn vim ista accusatio ut 
Q. Ligarius condemnet-ur, sed ut necetur. Hoc egit civis 
Romanus ante te nemo. Extern! istl mores usque ad 

30 sanguinem incitarl solent odio, aut levium Graecorum, 
aut immanium barbarorum. Nam quid agis aliud ? 
Romae ne sit ? ut domo careat ? ne cum optimls fratri- 



PRO LIGARIO 207 

bus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho avunculo, ne cum eius fllio 
consobrmo suo, ne noblscum vlvat ? ne sit in patria ? 
Num est ? num potest magis carere his omnibus quam 
caret ? Italia prohibetur, exsulat. Non tu ergo eum 

5 patria privare, qua caret, sed vita vis. At istud ne apud 
eum quidem dictatorem, qui omnls quos oderat morte 
multabat, quisquam egit ist5 modo. Ipse iubebat occldl 
nulld postulante ; praemils etiam invltabat ; quae tamen 
crudelitas ab hoc eodem aliquot annls post, quern tu 

10 nunc crudelem esse vis, vindicata est. 

v. ' Ego vero istud non postulo,' inquies. Ita me 
hercule exlstim5, Tubero. Novl enim te, novl patrem, 
novl domum nomenque vestrum ; studia generis ac 
familiae vestrae virtutis, humanitatis, doctrlnae, pluri- 

r5 marum artium atque optimarum, nota mihi sunt. Ita- 
que certo scio vos non petere sanguinem, sed parum 
attenditis. Res enim eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua 
adhuc Q. Ligarius est, non videaminl esse contentl. 
Quae est igitur alia praeter mortem ? Si enim est in 

20 exsilio, slcutl est, quid amplius postulatis ? An, ne 
Ignoscatur ? Hoc vero multo acerbius mult5que est 
durius. Quod nos petimus precibus, lacrimls, strati ad 
pedes, non tarn nostrae causae fidentes quam huius 
humanitatl, id ne impetremus oppugnabis, et in nostrum 

25 fletum inrumpes, et nos iacentls ad pedes supplicum 
voce prohibebis ? Si, cum hoc doml f aceremus, quod et 
fecimus et, ut spero, non frustra. fecimus, tu repente 
inruisses et clamare coepisses.: ' C. Caesar, cave Igno- 
scas, cave te fratrum pro fratris salute obsecrantium mise- 

30 reat,' n5nne omnem humanitatem exuisses ? Quanto hoc 
durius, quod nos doml petimus, id te in foro oppugnare, 
et in tall miseria multorum perfugium misericordiae 



^™ 



208 PRO LIGARIO 

tollere ! Dlcam plane, Caesar, quod sentio. Si in tanta 
tua fortuna lenitas tanta non esset, quam tu per te, per 
te inquam, obtines, intellego quid loquar, acerbissimo 
luctu redundaret ista victoria. Quam multl enim essent 

s de vlctoribus qui te crudelem esse vellent, cum etiam de 
vlctls reperiantur ! Quam multl qui, cum a te Ignosci 
neminl vellent, impedirent clementiam tuam, cum etiam 
hi, quibus ipse IgnovistI, nolint te esse in alios miseri- 
cordem ! 

10 Quod si probare Caesarl possemus in Africa Ligarium 
omnIn5 non fuisse, si honesto et misericordl mendacio 
salutl clvl calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen hominis non 
esset, in tanto discrlmine et perlculo clvis, refellere et 
redarguere nostrum mendacium, et, si esset alicuius, 

15 eius certe non esset, qui in eadem causa et fortuna 
fuisset. Sed tamen aliud est errare Caesarem nolle, 
aliud nolle misererl. Tunc diceres, ' Caesar, cave cre- 
das ; fuit in Africa, tulit arma contra te.' Nunc quid 
dlcis? 'Cave Ign5scas.' Haec nee hominis nee ad 

20 hominem vox est; qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, 

suam citius abiciet humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam. 

vi. Ac primus aditus et postulatio Tuberonis haec, ut 

oplnor, fuit, velle se de Q. Ligarl scelere dlcere. Non 

dubito quln admlratus sis, vel quod de nullo alio, vel 

25 quod is qui in eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam novl 
sceleris adferret. Scelus tu illud vocas, Tubero ? Cur ? 
isto enim n5mine ilia adhuc causa caruit. Alii errorem 
appellant, alii tim5rem ; qui durius, spem, cupiditatem, 
odium, pertinaciam ; qui gravissime, temeritatem ; scelus 

30 praeter te adhuc nemo. Ac mihi quidem, si proprium 
et verum nomen nostrl mall quaeritur, fatalis quaedam 
calamitas incidisse videtur, et improvidas hominum men- 



PRO LIGARIO 209 

tls occupavisse, ut nem5 mlrarl debeat humana consilia 
divlna necessitate esse superata. Liceat esse miseros ; 
quamquam hoc vlctore esse non possumus. Sed non 
loquor de nobis ; de illls loquor qui occiderunt. Fue- 

s rint cupidT, fuerint IratI, fuerint pertinaces ; sceleris vero 
crlmine, furoris, parricldl liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, 
liceat multis alils carere. Quando h5c quisquam ex te, 
Caesar, audlvit ? Aut tua* quid aliud arma voluerunt, 
nisi a te contumeliam propulsare ? Quid egit tuus in- 

10 vlctus exercitus, nisi ut suum ius tueretur et dignitatem 

tuam ? Quid, tu, cum pacem esse cupiebas, idne agebas, 

ut tibi cum sceleratis an ut cum bonis clvibus convenlret ? 

Mihi vero, Caesar, tua in me maxima merita tanta 

certe non viderentur, si me ut sceleratum a te conser- 

15 vatum putarem. Quo modo autem tu de re publica 
bene meritus esses, cum tot sceleratos incoluml digni- 
tate esse voluisses ? Secessionem til illam existimavisti, 
Caesar, initio, non bellum ; neque hostile odium, sed 
civile discidium, utrlsque cupientibus rem piiblicam sal- 

20 vam, sed partim consilils, partim studils a communi 
utilitate aberrantibus. Principum dlgnitas erat paene 
par, n5n par fortasse eorum qui sequebantur; causa 
turn dubia, quod erat aliquid in utraque parte quod 
probarl posset ; nunc melior ea iudicanda est, quam 

25 etiam dl adiuverunt. Cognita vero dementia tua, quis 
non earn vlctoriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo nisi 
armatus ? 

vii. Sed, ut omittam communem causam, veniamus ad 
nostram, utrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse, Tubero, 

30 Ligarium ex Africa exlre an v5s in Africam non venire ? 
1 Poteramusne,' inquies, ' cum senatus censuisset ? ' Si 
me consulis, niill5 modo. Sed tamen Ligarium senatus 

H. & G. CIC. — 14 



210 PRO LIGARIO 

Idem legaverat. Atque ille eo tempore paruit, cum 
parere senator! necesse erat; vos tunc paruistis, cum 
paruit nemo qui noluit. Reprehendo igitur ? Minime 
ver5. Neque enim licuit aliter vestro generl, nominl, 
s familiae, discipllnae. Sed h5c non concedo, ut, quibus 
rebus glorieminl in vobls, easdem in alils reprehendatis. 
Tuberonis sors coniecta est ex senatus consulto, cum 
ipse non adesset, morbo etiam impedlretur. Statuerat 
excusare. 

10 Haec ego n5vl propter omnls necessitudines quae 
mihi sunt cum L. Tuberone ; doml una erudltl, mllitiae 
contubernales, post adflnes, in omnl denique vita fami- 
liares, magnum etiam vinculum, quod Isdem studils sem- 
per usl sumus. Scio igitur Tuberonem doml manere 

15 voluisse, sed ita quldam agebat, ita rel publicae sanctis- 
simum nomen opponebat, ut, etiam si aliter sentlret, 
verborum tamen ipsorum pondus sustinere non posset. 
Cessit auct5ritatl amplissiml virl, vel potius paruit. Una 
est profectus cum els quorum erat una causa ; tardius 

20 iter fecit ; itaque in Africam venit iam occupatam. Hinc 
in Ligarium crimen oritur, vel Ira potius. Nam si cri- 
men est ilium voluisse, non minus magnum est vos 
Africam, arcem omnium provinciarum, natam ad bellum 
contra hanc urbem gerundum, obtinere voluisse, quam 

25 aliquem se maluisse. Atque is tamen aliquis Ligarius 
non f uit. Varus imperium se habere dlcebat ; fascls 
certe habebat. Sed quoqu5 modo se illud habet, haec 
querella, Tubero, vestra, quid valet ? ' ReceptI in pro- 
vinciam non sumus.' Quid, si essetis ? Caesarlne eam| 

30 traditurl fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi ? 

viii. Vide quid licentiae, Caesar, nobis tua llberalitaj 
det, vel potius audaciae. Si respondent Tubero, Afri- 



PRO LIGARIO 211 

cam, quo senatus eum sorsque mlserat, tibi patrem suum 
traditiirum fuisse, non dubitabo apud ipsum te, cuius id 
eum facere interfuit, gravissimls verbis eius consilium 
reprehendere. Non enim, si tibi ea res grata fuisset, 
5 esset etiam probata. 

Sed iam hoc totum omitto, non tarn ne offendam tuas 
patientissimas aurls quam ne Tubero quod numquam 
cogitavit factiirus fuisse videatur. Veniebatis igitur in 
Africam, provinciam unam ex omnibus huic vlctoriae 
10 maxime mfestam, in qua erat rex potentissimus, iniml- 
cus huic causae, aliena voluntas, conventus firm! atque 
magnl. Quaero, quid facturl fuistis ? Quamquam quid 
facturl fueritis dubitem, cum videam quid f eceritis ? 
Prohibit! estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere, et pro- 
is hibiti sumraa iniuria. Quo modo id tulistis ? Acceptae 
iniuriae querellam ad quern detulistis ? Nempe ad eum, 
cuius auctoritatem secutl in societatem belli veneratis. 
Quod si Caesaris causa in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum 
profecto exclusl provincia venissetis. Venistis ad Pom- 
20 peium. Quae est erg5 apud Caesarem querella, cum 
eum accuseds, a quo queraminl prohibitos esse vos con- 
tra Caesarem gerere bellum ? Atque in hoc quidem vel 
cum mendacio, si vultis, glorieminl per me licet, vos pro- 
vinciam fuisse Caesar! tradituros. Etiam si a Varo et 
25 a quibusdam alils prohibitl estis, ego tamen confiteor 
culpam esse Ligarl, qui vos tantae laudis occasione 
prlvaverit. 

ix. Sed vide, quaeso, Caesar, constantiam ornatissim! 

virl, quam ego, quamvls ipse probarem, ut probo, tamen 

30 non commemorarem, nisi a te cognovissem in prlmls 

earn virtiitem solere laudarl. Quae fuit igitur umquam 

in ullo homine tanta constantia ? Constantiam dlco? 



212 PRO LIGARIO 

Nescio an melius patientiam possim dlcere. Quotus 
enim istud quisque fecisset, ut, a. quibus partibus in dis- 
sensione clvlll non esset receptus, esset etiam cum cru- 
delitate reiectus, ad eos ipsos redlret ? Magnl cuiusdam 
s animl atque eius virl est, quern de suscepta causa propo- 
sitaque sententia nulla contumelia, nulla vis, nullum 
perlculum possit depellere. 

Ut enim cetera paria TuberonI cum Varo fuissent, 
honos, nobilitas, splendor, ingenium, quae nequaquam 

10 fuerunt, hoc certe praecipuum Tuberonis, quod iusto 
cum imperio ex senatus consults in provinciam suam 
venerat. Hinc prohibitus non ad Caesarem, ne Iratus, 
non domum, ne iners, non in aliquam regionem, ne con- 
demnare causam illam quam secutus erat videretur ; in 

is Macedoniam ad Cn. Pompel castra venit, in earn ipsam 
causam a qua. erat reiectus iniuria. Quid ? cum ista 
res nihil commovisset eius animum ad quern veneratis, 
languidiore, credo, studio in causa f uistis ; tantum modo 
in praesidiis eratis, animl ver5 a. causa abhorrebant. 

20 Pacis equidem semper auctor ful, sed turn sero, erat 
enim amentis, cum aciem videres, pacem cogitare. Om- 
nes, inquam, vincere volebamus, tu certe praecipue, qui 
in eum locum veneras, ubi tibi esset pereundum nisi 
vicisses. Quamquam, ut nunc se res habet, non dubito 

25 quln hanc salutem anteponas ill! vlctoriae. 

x. Haec ego non dlcerem, Tubero, si aut vos con- 
stantiae vestrae aut Caesarem benefici sui paeniteret. 
Nunc quaero utrum vestras iniurias an rel publicae per- 
sequaminl ; si rel publicae, quid de vestra in ilia causa 

30 perseverantia. respondebitis ? si vestras, videte ne erretis, 
qui Caesarem vestrls inimlcls Iratum fore putetis, cum 
Ignoverit suls. 



PRO LIGARIO 213 

Itaque num tibi videor in causa Ligarl esse occupa- 
tus ? Num de eius fact5 dlcere ? Quicquid dixi, ad 
unam summam referrl volo vel humanitatis, vel clemen- 
tiae, vel misericordiae tuae. Causas, Caesar, egl multas 

5 equidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio honorum 
tuorum, certe numquam hoc modo : ' Ignoscite, iudices ; 
erravit, lapsus est, non putavit ; si umquam posthac ' — 
ad parentem sic agl solet ; ad iudices, ' Non fecit, non 
cogitavit; falsi testes, fictum crimen.' Die te, Caesar, 

10 de facto Ligarl iudicem esse ; quibus in praesidils f uerit 
quaere ; taceo, ne haec quidem conligo, quae f ortasse 
valerent etiam apud iudicem : ' Legatus ante bellum 
profectus, rellctus in pace, bell5 oppressus, in eo ipso 
non acerbus, iam est totus anim5 ac studio tuus.' Ad 

15 iudicem sic, sed ego apud parentem loquor : ' Erravit, 
temere fecit, paenitet ; ad clementiam tuam confugio, 
delicti veniam peto, ut Ignoscatur 5ro.' Si nemo impe- 
travit, adroganter; si pliiriml, tu Idem fer opem, qui 
spem dedistl. An sperandl Ligario causa non sit, cum 

20 mihi apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandl ? 
Quamquam nee in hac oratione spes est posita causae, 
nee in eorum studils qui a te pro Ligari5 petunt, tul 
necessaril. 

xi. Vldl enim et cognovl quid maxime spectares, cum 

25 pro alicuius salute multl laborarent; causas apud te 
rogantium grati5siores esse quam vultus ; neque te 
spectare quam tuus esset necessarius is qui te oraret, 
sed quam illlus, pro quo laboraret. Itaque tribuis tu 
quidem tuls ita multa ut mihi beatiores ill! videantur 

30 interdum qui tua llberalitate fruuntur quam tu ipse, 
qui illls tarn multa concedas. Sed video tamen apud 
te causas, ut dixi, valere plus quam preces ; ab elsque 



214 PR0 LIGARIO 

te moverl maxime, quorum iustissimum videas dold- 
rem in petendo. 

In Q. Ligario conservando multls tu quidem gratum 
facies necessariis tuls, sed hoc, quaeso, considera, quod 

5 soles. Possum fortissimos viros, Sablnos, tibi proba- 
tissimos, totumque agrum Sablnum, florem Italiae ac 
robur rei publicae, proponere. NostI optimos homines. 
Animadverte horum omnium maestitiam et dolorem ; 
huius T. BrocchI, de qu5 non dubito quid exlstimes, 

10 lacrimas, squaloremque ipsius et fill vides. Quid de 
fratribus dicam ? Noli, Caesar, putare de unlus capite 
nos agere. Aut tres tibi Ligaril retinendl in civitate 
sunt, aut tres ex civitate exterminandl, nam quodvis ex- 
silium his est optatius quam patria, quam domus, quam 

15 dl penates, uno illo exsulante. Si fraterne, si pie, si 
cum dolore faciunt, moveant te horum lacrimae, moveat 
pietas, moveat germanitas, valeat tua vox ilia, quae 
vlcit. Te enim dlcere audiebamus nos omnls adversa- 
ries putare, nisi qui noblscum essent ; te, omnls qui 

20 contra te non essent, tuos. Videsne igitur hunc splen- 
dorem omnium, hanc Brocchorum domum, hunc L. 
Marcium, C. Caesetium, L. C5rfidium, hos omnls equi- 
tes Romanos, qui adsunt veste mutata, non solum notos 
tibi, verum etiam probat5s viros, qui tecum fuerunt ? 

25 Atque his Irascebamur, hos requlrebamus, his non null! 
etiam minabamur. Conserva igitur tuls suos, ut, quern 
ad modum cetera quae dicta sunt a te, sic hoc verissi- 
mum reperiatur. 

xii. Quod si penitus perspicere posses concordiam 

30 Ligariorum, omnls fratres tecum iudicares fuisse. An 
potest quisquam dubitare quin, si Q. Ligarius in Italia 
esse potuisset, in eadem sententia fuerit futurus, in qua 



PRO LIGARIO 215 

fratres f uerunt ? Quis est qui horum consensum con- 
splrantem et paene conflatum in hac prope aequalitate 
fraterna. non noverit, qui hoc non sentiat, quidvls prius 
futurum fuisse quam ut hi fratres dlversas sententias 

5 fortunasque sequerentur ? Voluntate igitur omnes te- 
cum fuerunt ; tempestate abreptus est iinus, qui si con- 
silio id fecisset, esset eorum similis, quos tu tamen 
salvos esse voluisti. 

Sed ierit ad bellum, dissenserit non a te solum, verum 

10 etiam a f ratribus ; hi te orant tul. Equidem, cum tuls 
omnibus negotils interessem, memoria teneo qualis T. 
Ligarius quaestor urbanus fuerit erga te et dignitatem 
tuam. Sed parum est me hoc meminisse ; spero etiam 
te, qui obllvlscl nihil soles nisi iniurias, quoniam hoc est 

15 animl, quoniam etiam ingenl tul, te aliquid de hiiius 
" illo quaestorio officio, etiam de aliis quibusdam quae- 
storibus reminlscentem, recordari. Hie igitur T. Liga- 
rius, qui turn nihil egit aliud, neque enim haec dlvlnabat, 
nisi ut tul eum studiosum et bonum virum iudicares, 

20 nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit, quam huius 
admonitus officio cum utrlsque his dederis, trls fratres 
optimos et integerrimos non solum sibi ipsos, neque his 
tot talibus viris, neque nobis necessarils tuls, sed etiam 
rel publicae condonaveris. 

25 Fac igitur, quod de homine nobilissim5 et clarissimo 
fecistl niiper in curia, nunc idem in foro de optimls et 
huic omnl frequentiae probatissimls fratribus. Ut con- 
cessistl ilium senatul, sic da hunc populo, cuius volun- 
tatem carissimam semper habuistl; et, si ille dies tibi 

30 gloriosissimus, populo Roman5 gratissimus fuit, noli, 
obsecro, dubitare, C. Caesar, similem illl gloriae laudem 
quam saepissime quaerere. Nihil est tarn populare 



2l6 



PRO LIGARIO 



quam bonitas, nulla de virtutibus tills plurimls nee 
admlrabilior nee gratior misericordia est. Homines 
enim ad deos nulla re propius accedunt quam salutem 
hominibus dando. Nihil habet nee fortiina tua maius 

5 quam ut possis, nee natura melius quam ut veils, servare 
quam plurimos. Longiorem orationem causa forsitan 
postulet, tua certe natura breviorem. Qua re cum 
utilius esse arbitrer te ipsum quam me aut quemquam 
loqul tecum, fmern iam faciam ; tantum te admonebo, 

10 si ill! absent! salutem dederis, praesentibus his omnibus 
te daturum. 




Death of Caesar 
(From the painting by Rochegrosse) 



In M. AntSnium Oratio Quarta Decima 

SI, ut ex litterls quae recitatae sunt, patres conscriptl, 
sceleratissimorum hostium exercitum caesum fii- 
sumque cogn5vT, sic id quod et omnes maxime optamus, 
et ex ea victoria quae parta est consecutum arbitramur, 

s D. Brutum egressum iam Mutina. esse cognovissem, 
propter cuius perlculum ad saga Issemus, propter eius- 
dem salutem redeundum ad prlstinum vestltum sine 
ulla dubitatione censerem. Ante verd quam sit ea res, 

: quam avidissime civitas exspectat, adlata, laetitia. fruT 

10 satis est maximae praeclarissimaeque pugnae ; reditum 
ad vestltum confectae vlctoriae reservate. Confectio 
autem hiiius belli est D. BrutI salus. 

Quae autem est ista sententia, ut in hodiernum diem 
vestltus mutetur, deinde eras sagatl pr5dea.mus ? Nos 

is vero cum semel ad eum quern cupimus optamusque 
vestltum redierimus, id agamus, ut eum in perpetuum 
retineamus. Nam hoc quidem cum turpe est, turn ne 
dls quidem immortalibus gratum, ab eorum aris, ad quas 
togatl adierimus, ad saga sumenda discedere. Atque 

20 animadvert5, patres conscriptl, quosdam huic favere 
sententiae, quorum ea mens idque c5nsilium est, ut, cum 
videant gloriosissimum ilium D. Bruto futurum diem, 
qu5 die propter eius salutem redierimus, hunc el fructum 
eripere cupiant, ne memoriae posteritatlque prodatur 

25 propter unlus clvis perlculum populum Romanum ad 

217 



2l8 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

saga Isse, propter eiusdem salutem redlsse ad togas. 
Tollite hanc ; nullam tarn pravae sententiae causam 
reperietis. Vos vero, patres conscript!, conservate aucto- 
ritatem vestram, manete in sententia, tenete vestra me- 
s moria, quod saepe ostendistis, huius totlus belli in unlus 
virl fortissiml et maxim! vita positum esse discrlmen. 

ii. Ad D. Brutum liberandum legat! miss! prlncipes 
clvitatis, qui illl host! ac parricldae denuntiarent ut a 
Mutina discederet. Eiusdem D. Brut! conservandl 

10 gratia consul sortitu ad bellum profectus A. Hirtius, 
cuius imbecillitatem valetiidinis animi virtus et spes 
victoriae conflrmavit. Caesar, cum exercitu per se com- 
parato cum prlmum pestibus rem publicam liberasset, ne 
quid postea sceleris oreretur, profectus est ad eundem 

15 Brutum liberandum, vlcitque dolorem aliquem domesti- 
cum patriae caritate. 

Quid C. Pansa egit aliud dilectibus habendls, pecunia 
comparanda, senatus consultls faciendls gravissimis in 
Antonium, nobis cohortandis, populo Romano ad causam 

20 libertatis vocando, nisi ut D. Brutus liberaretur ? A quo 
populus Romanus frequens ita salutem D. BrutI una 
voce depoposcit ut earn non solum commodls suls, sed 
etiam necessitati vlctus anteferret. Quod sperare nos 
quidem debemus, patres conscript!, aut inibi esse aut 

25 iam esse confectum. Sed spe! fructum re! convenit et 
evento reservarl, ne aut deorum immortalium beneficium 
festlnatione praeripuisse, aut vim fortunae stultitia con- 
tempsisse videamur. 

Sed quoniam slgnificatio vestra satis declarat quid hac 

30 de re sentiatis, ad litteras veniam, quae sunt a consulibus 
et a propraetore missae, si pauca ante quae ad ipsas lit- 
teras pertineant dlxero. 



IN ANTONIUM XIV 219 

in. ImbutI gladil sunt, patres conscript!, legionum 
exercituumque nostrorum, vel madefactl potius duobus 
duorum consulum, tertio Caesaris proelio. Si hostium 
fuit ille sanguis, summa militum pietas ; nefarium scelus, 
5 si clvium. Quo usque igitur is, qui omnls hostls scelere 
superavit, nomine hostis carebit ? nisi mucrones etiam 
nostrorum militum tremere vultis, dubitantis utrum in 
clve an in hoste flgantur. Supplicationem decernitis ; 
hostem non appellatis. Gratae vero nostrae dls immor- 

10 talibus gratulationes erunt, gratae vlctimae, cum inter- 
fecta sit clvium multitudo ! ' De improbis ' inquit ' et 
audacibus.' Nam sic eos appellat clarissimus vir ; quae 
sunt urbanarum maledicta litium, non inustae belli inter- 
neclvl notae. Testamenta, credo, subiciunt aut eiciunt 

15 viclnos, aut adulescentulos circumscrlbunt, his enim vitils 
adfectos et talibus malos aut audacls appellare con- 
suetudo solet. 

Bellum inexpiabile infert quattuor consulibus Onus 
omnium latronum taeterrimus. Gerit Idem bellum cum 

20 senatu populdque Romano. Omnibus, quamquam ruit 
ipse suls cladibus, pestem, vastitatem, cruciatum, tor- 
menta denuntiat. Dolabellae ferum et immane facinus, 
quod nulla barbaria posset agnoscere, id suo consilio 
factum esse testatur ; quaeque esset f acturus in hac urbe, 

25 nisi eum hie ipse Iuppiter ab hoc templo atque moenibus 
reppulisset, declaravit in Parmensium calamitate, quos 
optimos viros honestissimosque homines, maxime cum 
auctoritate huius ordinis popullque R5mani dignitate 
coniunct5s, crudelissimis exemplls interemit propudium 

30 illud et portentum, L. Antonius, Inslgne odium omnium 
hominum vel, si etiam dl oderunt quos oportet, deorum. 
Refugit animus, patres conscrlptl, eaque dlcere reforml- 



220 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

dat quae L. Antonius in Parmensium llberls et coniugi- 
bus effecerit. Quas enim turpitudines Antonil libenter 
subierunt, easdem per vim laetantur alils se intulisse. 
Sed vis calamitosa est, quam illls intulerunt; libido 
5 flagitiosa, qua Antoniorum oblita est vita. Est igitur 
quisquam, qui hostls appellare non audeat, quorum 
scelere crudelitatem Karthaginiensium vlctam esse fate- 
atur ? 

iv. Qua enim in urbe tarn immanis Hannibal capta 

10 quam in Parma surrepta Ant5nius ? Nisi forte huius 
coloniae et ceterarum, in quas eodem est animo, non est 
hostis putandus. Si vero coloniarum et municipiorum 
sine ulla dubitatione hostis est, quid tandem huius 
censetis urbis, quam ille ad explendas egestates latrocinl 

is sul concuplvit, quam iam perltus metator et callidus 
decempeda sua Saxa dlvlserat ? RecordaminI, per deos 
immortalls, patres conscrlptl, quid hoc biduo timuerimus 
a domesticls hostibus, rumoribus improbissimls dissi- 
patls. Quis llberos, quis coniugem aspicere poterat sine 

20 fletu ? quis domum ? quis tecta ? quis larem f amiliarem ? 
Aut foedissimam mortem omnes aut miserabilem fugam 
cogitabant. Haec a quibus timebantur, eos hostis appel- 
lare dubitamus ? Gravius si quis attulerit nomen, liben- 
ter adsentiar ; hoc volgarl contentus vix sum, leviore 

25 non utar. 

Itaque cum supplicationes iustissimas ex els litterls 
quae recitatae sunt decernere debeamus, Servlliusque 
decreverit, augebo omnlno numerum dierum, praesertim 
cum non unl sed tribus ducibus sint decernendae. Sed 

30 hoc prlmum f aciam, ut imperatores appellem eos, quorum 
virtute, consilio, felicitate, maximls perlculls servitutis 
atque interitus llberatl sumus. Etenim cui vlgintl his 



IN ANTONIUM XIV 221 

annis supplicatio decreta est, ut non imperator appella- 
retur, aut minimis rebus gestls aut plerumque nullls ? 
Quam ob rem aut supplicatio ab eo qui ante dixit decer- 
nenda non fuit, aut usitatus hon5s pervulgatusque tribu- 

5 endus els, quibus etiam novi singularesque debentur. 

v. An si quis Hispanorum aut Gallorum aut Threcum 

mllle aut duo mllia occldisset, eum hac consuetudine 

quae increbuit imperatorem appellaret senatus ; tot legi- 

onibus caesls, tanta multitudine hostium interfecta — 

10 hostium dlco ? ita inquam, hostium, quamvls hoc istl 
hostes domesticl nolint — clarissimls ducibus supplicati- 
onum hondrem tribuemus, imperatorium nomen adime- 
mus ? Quantd enim honore, laetitia, gratulatione in hoc 
templum ingredl debent ill! ipsl huius urbis llberatores, 

15 cum hesterno die propter eorum res gestas me ovantem 
et prope triumphantem populus Romanus in Capitolium 
domo tulerit, domum inde reduxerit ? Is enim demum 
est, mea. quidem sententia, iustus triumphus ac verus, 
cum bene de re publica. meritls testimonium a. consensu 

20 clvitatis datur. Nam slve in communl gaudio popull 
RomanI unl gratulabantur, magnum iudicium ; slve unl 
gratias agebant, eo maius ; slve utrumque, nihil magni- 
ficentius cogitarl potest. 

'Tii igitur ipse de te?' dlxerit quispiam. Equidem 

25 invltus, sed iniuriae dolor facit me praeter consuetudi- 
nem gloriosum. Nonne satis est ab hominibus virtutis 
Ignarls gratiam bene merentibus non ref errl ? Etiam in 
eos qui omnls suas curas in rel publicae salute deflgunt, 
impietatis crlmine invidia quaeretur? Scltis enim per 

30 hos dies creberrimum fuisse sermonem, me Parllibus, 
qui dies hodie est, cum fascibus descensurum. In ali- 
quem credo hoc gladiatorem aut latronem aut Catillnam 



222 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

esse conlatum, n5n in eum qui ne quid tale in re publica 
fieri posset effecerit. An ut ego, qui Catilmam haec 
molientem sustulerim, everterim, adfllxerim, ipse exsi- 
sterem repente Catillna ? Quibus auspicils istos f ascis 

5 augur acciperem ? quatenus haberem ? cui traderem ? 
Quemquamne fuisse tarn sceleratum qui hoc fingeret, 
tam f uriosum qui crederet ? Unde igitur ista susplcio, 
vel potius unde iste sermo ? 

vi. Cum, ut scltis, hoc triduo vel quadrlduo trlstis a 

10 Mutina fama manaret, InflatI laetitia atque Insolentia 
impil elves unum se in locum, ad illam curiam furils 
potius suis quam rel publicae Infelicem congregabant. 
Ibi cum consilia inlrent de caede nostra, partlrenturque 
inter se qui Capitolium, qui rostra, qui urbis portas 

15 occuparent, ad me concursum futurum clvitatis puta- 
bant. Quod ut cum invidia mea fieret, et cum vltae 
etiam perlculo, famam istam fascium dissipaverunt ; 
fascls ipsl ad me delaturl fuerunt. Quod cum esset 
quasi mea voluntate factum, turn in me impetus con- 

20 ductorum hominum quasi in tyrannum parabatur ; ex 
quo caedes esset vestrum omnium consecuta. Quae res 
patefecit, patres conscript!, sed suo tempore totlus huius 
sceleris fons aperietur. 

Itaque P. Apuleius, tribunus plebis, meorum omnium 

25 consiliorum perlculorumque iam inde a consulatu me5 
testis, conscius, adiutor, dolorem ferre non potuit dolo- 
ris mel. Contionem habuit maximam, populo Romano 
unum atque idem sentiente. In qua contione cum me 
pro summa nostra coniiinctione et familiaritate llberare 

30 susplcione fascium vellet, una voce cuncta contio decla- 
ravit nihil esse a me umquam de re publica nisi optime 
cogitatum. Post hanc habitam contionem duabus tri- 



IN ANTONIUM XIV 223 

busve horls, optatissimi nuntii et litterae venerunt ; ut 
Idem dies non modo inlquissima me invidia liberarit, sed 
etiam celeberrima popull RomanI gratulatione auxerit. 
Haec interposui, patres conscript!, non tarn ut pro 

5 me dicerem, male enim mecum ageretur, si parum v5bls 
essem sine defensione purgatus, quam ut quosdam nimis 
ieiuno animo et angusto monerem, id quod semper ipse 
fecissem, ut! excellentium clvium virtutem imitatione 
dlgnam, non invidia putarent. Magnus est in re pu- 

10 blica campus, ut sapienter dlcere Crassus solebat, multls 
apertus cursus ad laudem. 

vii. Utinam quidem ill! prlncipes vlverent, qui me 
post meum consulatum, cum els ipse cederem, prin- 
cipem non invltl videbant ! Hoc ver5 tempore, in tanta 

15 inopia constantium et fortium consularium, quo me dolore 
adficl creditis, cum alios male sentlre, alios nihil omnlnd 
curare videam, alios parum constanter in suscepta causa 
permanere, sententiamque suam non semper utilitate rei 
publicae, sed turn spe turn timore moderarl? Quod si 

20 quis de contentione prlncipatus laborat, quae nulla esse 
debet, stultissime facit, si vitils cum virtute contendit, 
ut enim cursu cursus, sic in viris fortibus virtus virtute 
superatur. Tu, si ego de re publica optime sentiam, ut 
me vincas, ipse pessime senties ? Aut, si ad me bonorum 

25 concursum fieri videbis, ad te improbos invitabis ? Nol- 
lem, primum rei publicae causa, deinde etiam dignitatis 
tuae. Sed si prlncipatus ageretur, quern numquam expe- 
tlvl, quid tandem mihi esset optatius ? Ego enim malls 
sententils vincI non possum, bonis forsitan possim et 

30 libenter. 

Haec populum Romanum videre, animadvertere, iudi- 
care quldam moleste ferunt. Poteratne fieri ut non 



224 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

proinde homines de quoque, ut quisque mereretur, 
iudicarent? Ut enim de universo senatu populus Ro- 
manus verissime iudicat, nullls rel publicae temporibus 
hunc ordinem flrmiorem aut fortiorem fuisse, sic de 
s uno quoque nostrum et maxime, qui hoc loco senten- 
tias dlcimus, sclscitantur omnes, avent audlre quid 
quisque senserit; ita de quoque, ut quemque meritum 
arbitrantur, exlstimant. Memoria tenent me ante diem 
xiii. Kalendas Ianuarias principem revocandae liber- 
ie, tatis fuisse ; me ex Kalendis Ianuarils ad hanc horam 
invigilasse rel publicae ; meam domum measque auris 
dies noctlsque omnium praeceptls monitlsque patuisse ; 
meis litteris, mels nuntils, mels cohortationibus omnis 
qui ublque essent ad patriae praesidium excitatos ; mels 
is sententils a Kalendis Ianuarils numquam legatos ad 
Antonium; semper ilium hostem, semper hoc bellum, 
ut ego, qui omnl tempore verae pacis auctor fuissem, 
huic essem nominl pestiferae pacis inimlcus. Has in 
sententias meas si c5nsules discessionem facere voluis- 
20 sent, omnibus istls latronibus auctoritate ipsa senatus 
iam prldem de manibus arma cecidissent. 

viii. Sed quod turn non licuit, patres conscript!, id 
h5c tempore non solum licet, verum etiam necesse est, 
eos qui re sunt hostes, verbis notarl, sententils nostrls 
25 hostls iudicarl. Antea cum hostem ac bellum nominas- 
sem, semel et saepius sententiam meam de numero 
sententiarum sustulerunt, quod in hac causa iam fieri 
non potest. Ex litteris enim C. Pansae A. HirtI con- 
sulum, C. Caesaris pr5 praetore, de honore dls imraor- 
30 talibus habendo sententias dlcimus. Supplicationem 
modo qui decrevit, Idem imprudens hostls iudicavit, 
numquam enim in clvlll bello supplicatio decreta est. 



IN ANTONIUM XIV 225 

Decretam dico ? ne victoris quidem litteris postulata 
est. Civile bellum consul Sulla gessit ; legionibus in 
urbem adductls, quos voluit expulit ; quos potuit occl- 
dit; supplicationis mentio nulla. Grave bellum Octavi- 
anum insecutum est ; supplicatio nulla victorl. Cinnae 
vlctoriam imperator ultus est Sulla ; nulla supplicatio 




The Young Augustus 
(Vatican Museum, Rome) 

decreta a senatu. Ad te ipsum, P. Servill, num misit 
ullas conlega litteras de ilia calamitosissima pugna 
Pharsalia ? Num te de supplicatione voluit referre ? 
10 Profecto noluit. At misit postea de Alexandria, de 
Pharnace. Pharsaliae vero pugnae ne triumphum qui- 
dem egit. Eos enim clvis pugna ilia sustulerat, quibus 
h. & g. cic. — 15 



226 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

non modo vlvls, sed etiam vlctoribus, incolumis et florens 
clvitas esse posset. Quod idem contigerat superioribus 
bellls dvllibus. Nam mihi consull supplicatio nullls 
armls siimptTs, non ob caedem hostium, sed ob con- 
5 servationem clvium, novo et inaudlto genere decreta 
est. Quam ob rem aut supplicatio re publica pulcher- 
rime gesta postulantibus nostrls imperatoribus dene- 
ganda est, quod praeter A. Gablnium contigit nemini; 
aut, supplicatione decernenda, hostls eos de quibus 

10 decernitis iudicetis necesse est. 

ix. Quod ergo ille re, id ego etiam verbo, cum 
imperatores eos appello ; hoc ipso nomine et eos qui 
iam devicti sunt, et e5s qui supersunt, hostls iudico. 
Quo modo enim potius Pansam appellem, etsi habet 

15 honoris nomen amplissiml ? Quo Hirtium ? Est ille 
quidem consul, sed alterum n5men benefici popull 
RomanI est, alterum virtutis atque victoriae. Quid, 
Caesarem, deorum benefici5 re! publicae procreatum, 
dubitemne appellare imperatorem ? qui primus AntonI 

20 immanem et foedam crudelitatem non solum a iugulls 
nostrls, sed etiam a membris et vlsceribus avertit. 
Unlus autem diel quot et quantae virtutes, di immor- 
tales, f uerunt ! Prlnceps enim omnium Pansa proell 
f aciendi et cum Antonio confllgendl fuit ; dlgnus im- 

25 perator legione Martia, digna legio imperatore. Cuius 
si acerrimum impetum cohibere Pansa potuisset, uno 
proelio confecta res esset. Sed cum llbertatis avida 
legio erfrenatius in aciem hostium inrupisset, ipseque in 
prlmis Pansa pugnaret, duobus perlculosls vulneribus 

30 acceptls, sublatus e proelio, rel publicae vltam reser- 
vavit. Ego vero hunc non solum imperatorem sed 
etiam clarissimum imperatorem iudico, qui, cum aut 



IN ANTONIUM XIV 22 7 

morte aut victoria se satis facturum rel publicae spo- 
pondisset, alterum fecit, alterius dl immortales omen 
avertant ! 

x. Quid dlcam de Hirti5 ? qui, re audita, e castrls 

5 duas legiones eduxit incredibil! studio atque virtiite ; 
quartam illam, quae rellcto Antdnio se olim cum Martia 
legione coniunxit, et septimam, quae, constituta ex vete- 
ranls, docuit hoc proelio mllitibus els qui Caesaris bene- 
ficia servassent, senatus popullque Roman! carum nomen 

io esse. His viginti cohortibus, niillo equitatu, Hirtius ipse 

aquilam quartae legionis cum Inferret, qua nulllus pul- 

chriorem speciem imperatoris accepimus, cum tribus 

Anton! legionibus equitatuque confl!xit, host!sque ne- 

^farios, huic Iovis Optim! Maxim! cetensque deorum 

is immortalium templ!s, urbis tectls, l!bertat! popul! Ro- 
man!, nostrae v!tae sanguinlque imminentls prostravit, 
. fudit, occldit, ut cum admodum pauc!s, nocte tectus, 
metu perterritus, prmceps latronum duxque fugerit. 
O solem ipsum beatissimum, qu!, ante quam se abderet, 

20 stratis cadaveribus parric!darum, cum paucls fugientem 
vidit Antonium ! 

An vero quisquam dubitabit appellare Caesarem im- 
peratorem ? Aetas eius certe ab hac sententia neminem 
deterrebit, quando quidem virtute superavit aetatem. 

25 Ac mihi semper eo maiora beneficia C. Caesaris v!sa 
sunt, quo minus erant ab aetate ilia postulanda. Cui 
cum imperium dabamus, eodem tempore etiam spem 
eius nominis deferebamus, quod cum esset consecutus, 
auctoritatem nostr! decret! rebus gest!s su!s comprobavit. 

30 H!c ergo adulescens maxim! animi, ut verissime scrlbit 
Hirtius, castra multarum legionum pauc!s cohortibus 
tutatus est, secundumque proelium fecit. Ita trium 



228 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

imperatorum virtute, consilid, felicitate uno die locls 
pluribus res publica est conservata. 

xi. Decerno igitur eorum trium nomine qulnquaginta 
dierum supplicationes ; causas, ut honorificentissimls 

5 verbis consequl potuero, complectar ipsa sententia. 

Est autem fide! pietatisque nostrae declarare fortis- 

simls mllitibus quam memores slmus quamque gratl. 

Quam ob rem promissa nostra, atque ea quae legioni- 

bus bello confecto tribiituros n5s spopondimus, hodierno 

10 senatus consulto renovanda censeo, aequum est enim 
mllitum, talium praesertim, honorem coniungl. Atque 
utinam, patres conscriptl, civibus omnibus solvere nobis 
praemia liceret ! Quamquam nos ea quae promlsimus 
studiose cumulata reddemus. Sed id quidem restat, 

is ut spero, vlctoribus, quibus senatus fides praestabitur ; 
quam quoniam difficillimo rel publicae tempore secuti 
sunt, eos numquam oportebit consill sui paenitere. Sed 
facile est bene agere cum els a quibus etiam tacentibus 
flagitarividemur; illud admlrabilius et maius maximeque 

20 proprium senatus sapientis est, grata eorum virtutem 
memoria prosequi, qui pro patria vltam profuderunt. 

Quorum de honore utinam mihi plura in mentem 
venlrent ! Duo certe non praeterlbo, quae maxime oc- 
currunt; quorum alterum pertinet ad virorum fortissi- 

25 morum gloriam sempiternam, alterum ad leniendum 
maer5rem et luctum proximorum. 

xii. Placet igitur mihi, patres conscriptl, legionis 
Martiae mllitibus, et els qui una pugnantes occiderunt, 
monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. Magna atque 

30 incredibilia sunt in rem publicam huius merita legio- 
nis. Haec se prima latrocinio abrupit AntonI; haec 
tenuit Albam ; haec se ad Caesarem contulit ; hanc imi- 



IN ANTONIUM XIV 229 

tata quarta legio parem virtutis gloriam consecuta est. 
Quarta vlctrlx deslderat neminem ; ex Martia non nulll 
in ipsa victoria conciderunt. O fortiinata mors, quae 
naturae debita pro patria est potissimum reddita ! Vos 

5 vero patriae natos iiidico, quorum etiam nomen a Marte 
est, ut idem deus urbem hanc gentibus, vos huic urbl 
genuisse videatur. In fuga foeda mors est, in victoria 
gloriosa. Etenim Mars ipse ex acie fortissimum quem- 
que plgnerarl solet. 111! igitur impil, quos cecidistis, 

10 etiam ad inferos poenas parricldl luent ; vos vero, qui 
extremum splritum in victoria effudistis, piorum estis 
sedem et locum consecutl. Brevis a natura nobis vita 
data est, at memoria bene redditae vltae sempiterna. 
Quae si non esset longior quam haec vita, quis esset tarn 

15 amens qui maximls laborious et perlculls ad summam 
laudem gloriamque contenderet ? 

Actum igitur praeclare voblscum, fortissiml, dum vl- 
xistis, nunc vero etiam sanctissiml mllites, quod vestra vir- 
tus neque obllvione eorum qui nunc sunt, nee reticentia 

20 posterorum sepulta esse poterit, cum vobls immortale 
monumentum suls paene manibus senatus populusque 
Romanus exstruxerit. Multl saepe exercitus Punicls, 
Gallicls, Italicls bellls clarl et magnl fuerunt, nee tamen 
ullls tale genus honoris tributum est. Atque utinam 

25 maiora possemus, quando quidem a vobls maxima ac- 
cepimus ! Vos ab urbe furentem Antonium avertistis ; 
vos redire molientem reppulistis. Erit igitur exstructa 
moles opere magnified inclsaeque litterae, dlvlnae virtu- 
tis testes sempiternae; numquamque de vobls eorum, qui 

30 aut videbunt vestrum monumentum aut audient, gratis- 
simus serm5 conticescet. Ita pro mortall condicione 
vltae immortalitatem estis consecutl. 



230 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

xiii. Sed quoniam, patres conscrlptl, gloriae munus 
optimls et fortissimls clvibus monumentl honore per- 
solvitur, consolemur eorum proximos, quibus optima 
est haec quidem consolatio: parentibus, quod tanta rei 

5 publicae praesidia genuerunt ; llberis, quod habebunt 
domestica exempla virtutis ; coniugibus, quod els 
viris carebunt, quos laudare quam lugere praestabit; 
fratribus, quod in se ut corporum, sic virtutum simili- 
tudinem esse confident. Atque utinam his omnibus 

10 abstergere fletum sententils nostrls consultlsque posse- 
mus, vel aliqua talis els adhiberi publice posset oratio, 
qua deponerent maerorem atque luctum, gauderent- 
que potius, cum multa et varia impenderent hominibus 
genera mortis, id genus quod esset pulcherrimum suls 

15 obtigisse, eosque nee inhumatos esse nee desertos, 
quod tamen ipsum pro patria non miserandum putatur, 
nee dlspersls bustls humill sepultura crematos, sed 
contectos publicls operibus atque muneribus, eaque 
exstructione quae sit ad memoriam aeternitatis ara 

20 Virtutis. 

Quam ob rem maximum quidem solacium erit pro- 
pinquorum eodem monuments declararl et virtutem 
suorum, et populT Roman! pietatem, et senatus fidem, 
et crudelissiml memoriam belli; in quo nisi tanta mili- 

25 turn virtus exstitisset, parricidio M. Anton! nomen po- 
puli RomanI occidisset. Atque etiam censeo, patres 
conscnptl, quae praemia mllitibus promlsimus nos re 
publica recuperata tributuros, ea vivls vlctoribusque cu- 
mulate, cum tempus venerit, persolvenda; qui autem 

30 ex els quibus ilia promissa sunt pro patria occiderunt, 
eorum parentibus, llberis, coniugibus, fratribus eadem 
tribuenda censeo. 



IN ANTONIUM XIV 23 1 

xiv. Sed, ut aliquand5 sententia complectar, ita 
censeo : 

Cum C. Pansa consul, imperator, initium cum hostibus 
c5nfligendi fecerit, qu5 proelio legio Martia admlrabili 

5 incredibillque virtute libertatem populi Roman! defen- 
derit, quod idem legiones tlronum fecerint; ipseque 
C. Pansa consul, imperator, cum inter media hostium 
tela versaretur, vulnera acceperit ; cumque A. Hirtius 
consul, imperator, proelio audlto, re cognita, fortissimo 

10 praestantissimoque animo exercitum castrls eduxerit, 

impetumque in M. Antonium exercitumque hostium 

fecerit, eiusque copias occidione occlderit, suo exercitu 

ita incoluml ut ne unum quidem mllitem deslderarit; 

„ cumque C. Caesar pro praetore, imperator, consilio dlli- 

15 gentiaque sua castra fellciter defenderit, copiasque ho- 
stium quae ad castra accesserant profllgarit, occlderit; 
ob eas res senatum existimare et iudicare eorum trium 
imperatorum virtute, imperio, consilio, gravitate, con- 
stantia, magnitudine animl, felicitate, populum Rdma- 

20 num foedissima crudelissimaque servitute liberatum. 

Cumque rem publicam, urbem, templa deorum immor- 
talium, bona fortunasque omnium liberosque conserva- 
rint dlmicatione et perlculo vltae suae, utT ob eas res, 
bene fortiter fellciterque gestas, C. Pansa, A. Hirtius 

25 consules, imperatores, alter ambove, aut, si aberunt, 
M. Cornutus, praetor urbanus, supplicationes per dies 
qulnquaginta ad omnia pulvlnaria constituat. 

Cumque virtus legionum dlgna clarissimis impera- 
toribus exstiterit, senatum, quae sit antea pollicitus 

30 legionibus exercitibusque nostris, ea surarao studio re 
publica recuperata soluturum. Cumque legio Martia 
prmceps cum hostibus confllxerit, atque ita cum maiore 



232 IN ANTONIUM XIV 

numer5 hostium contenderit ut, cum plurinros caederent, 
caderent non null!, cumque sine ulla retractati5ne pro 
patria vltam prof uderint ; cumque simill virtiite reliqua- 
rum legionum milites pro salute et llbertate populi Ro- 

5 man! mortem oppetlverint, senatui placere ut C. Pansa, 
A. Hirtius consules, imperatores, alter ambove, si els 
videatur, els qui sanguinem pro vita, llbertate, fortunls 
populi RomanI, pro urbe, templls deorum immortalium 
profudissent, monumentum quam amplissimum locan- 

10 dum faciundumque curent ; quaestoresque urbanos ad 
earn rem pecuniam dare, attribuere, solvere iubeant, ut 
exstet ad memoriam posteritatis sempiternam scelus 
crudelissimorum hostium mllitumque dlvlna virtus ; utl- 
que, quae praemia senatus mllitibus ante constituit, ea 

15 solvantur eorum qui hoc bello pro patria occiderunt 
parentibus, llberls, coniugibus, fratribus, elsque tribuan- 
tur quae mllitibus ipsls tribul oporteret, si vlvl vlcissent, 
qui morte vlcerunt. 



EPISTULAE 
I 

(Ad Att. III. 3) 
Cicero Attico Sal. 

UTINAM ilium diem videam cum tibi agam gratias 
quod me vlvere coegistl ! Adhuc quidem valde 
me paenitet. Sed te oro ut ad me Vibonem statim 
venias, quo ego multls de causls convert! iter meum. 
S Sed eo si veneris, de toto itinere ac fuga mea consilium 
capere potero. Si id non feceris, mlrabor, sed confldo 
te esse facturum. 

II 

(Ad Att. III. 5) 

Cicero Attico Sal. 

TERENTIA tibi et saepe et maximas agit gratias. 
Id est mihi gratissimum. Ego vivo miserrimus 
10 et maximo dol5re c5nficior. Ad te quid scrlbam nescid. 
Si enim es Romae, iam me adsequl non potes ; sin es 
in via, cum eris me adsecutus, coram agemus quae erunt 
agenda. Tantum te or5 ut, quoniam me ipsum semper 
amastl, ut eodem amore sis. Ego enim Idem sum ; 
15 inimlcl mel mea mihi, non me ipsum ademerunt. Cura 
ut valeas. Data vm. Id. Apr. Thurils. 

233 



234 EPISTULAE 

III 

(Ad Fam. XIV. 4) 

Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliae et Ciceroni Suis 

EGO minus saepe do ad vos litteras quam possum, 
propterea quod cum omnia mihi tempora sunt mi- 
sera, turn vero, cum aut scrlbo ad vos aut vestras lego, 
conficior •lacrimis sic ut ferre non possim. Quod uti- 

s nam minus vltae cupidi fuissemus ! Certe nihil aut non 
multum in vita mall vldissemus. Quod si nos ad ali- 
quam alicuius commodl aliquand5 recuperandl spem 
fortuna reservavit, minus est erratum a nobis ; sin haec 
mala flxa sunt, ego vero te quam prlmum, mea vita, 

10 cupio videre et in tuo complexu emorl, quoniam neque 
dl, quos tu castissime coluistl, neque homines, quibus 
ego semper servlvl, nobis gratiam rettulerunt. 

Nos BrundisI apud M. Laenium Flaccum dies xm. 
fuimus, virum optimum, qui perlculum fortunarum et 

15 capitis sul prae mea salute neglexit neque legis impro- 
bissimae poena deductus est quo minus hospitl et 
amlcitiae ius officiumque praestaret. Huic utinam ali- 
quando gratiam referre posslmus ! habebimus quidem 
semper. Brundisio profectl sumus prld. K. Mai; per 

20 Macedoniam Cyzicum petebamus. 

O me perditum, 6 adfllctum! Quid nunc rogem te 
ut venias, mulierem aegram et corpore et animo con- 
fectam ? Non rogem ? sine te igitur sim ? Opinor, sic 
agam : si est spes nostrl reditus, earn conflrmes et rem 

25 adiuves; sin, ut ego metuo, transactum est, quoquS 
modo potes, ad me fac venias. Unum hoc sclto : si 



EPISTULAE 235 

te habebo, non mihi videbor plane perlsse. Sed quid 
Tulliola mea flet ? lam id vos videte ; mihi deest con- 
silium. Sed certe, quoquo modo se res habebit, illlus 
misellae et matrimonio et f amae serviendum est. Quid ? 

5 Cicero meus quid aget ? Iste vero sit in sinu semper 
et complexu meo. Non queo plura iam scribere ; im- 
pedit maeror. Tu quid egeris nescio ; utrum aliquid 
teneas an, quod metuo, plane sis spoliata. Plsonem, 
ut scrlbis, spero fore semper nostrum. De familia 

10 llberata nihil est quod te moveat. Prlmum tuls ita pro- 

missum est, te f acturam esse ut quisque esset meritus ; 

est autem in officio adhuc Orpheus, praeterea magno 

opere nemo ; ceterorum servorum ea causa est ut, si res 

- a nobis ablsset, llbertl nostrl essent, si obtinere potu- 

15 issent ; sin ad nos pertinerent, servlrent praeterquam 
oppido paucl. Sed haec minora sunt. 

Tu quod me hortaris ut anim5 sim magno et spem 
habeam recuperandae salutis, id velim sit eius modi 
ut recte sperare posslmus. Nunc miser quando tuas 

20 iam litteras accipiam ? quis ad me perferet ? Quas ego 
exspectassem BrundisI, si esset licitum per nautas, qui 
tempestatem praetermittere noluerunt. Quod reliquum 
est, sustenta te, mea Terentia, ut potes. Honestissime 
vlximus, fl5ruimus ; non vitium nostrum, sed virtus no- 

25 stra nos adfllxit ; peccatum est nullum, nisi quod non 
una animam cum ornamentls amlsimus. Sed, si hoc fuit 
llberls nostrls gratius, nos vlvere, cetera, quamquam fe- 
renda non sunt, feramus. Atque ego, qui te confirms, 
ipse me non possum. Clodium Philhetaerum, quod vale- 

30 tudine oculorum impediebatur, hominem fidelem, remlsl. 
Sallustius officio vincit omnes. Pescennius est perbeni- 
volus nobis, quern semper spero tul fore observantem. 



236 EPISTULAE 

Sicca dlxerat se mecum fore, sed Brundisio discessit. 
Cura, quod potes, ut valeas et sic exlstimes, me ve- 
hementius tua miseria quam mea commoverl. Mea 
Terentia, fldissima atque optima uxor, et mea carissima 
5 flliola et spes reliqua nostra, Cicero, valete. Pr. K. Mai. 
Brundisio. 

IV 

(Ad Q. Frat. I. 3) 

Marcus Quinto Fratrl Sal. 

MI frater, ml frater, mi frater, tune id veritus es, 
ne ego Iracundia aliqua adductus pueros ad te 
sine litterls mlserim aut etiam ne te videre noluerim ? 

10 Ego tibi Irascerer, tibi ego possem IrascI? Scilicet tu 
enim me adfllxisti, tul me inimlcl, tua me invidia, ac non 
ego te misere perdidi. Meus ille laudatus consulatus 
mihi te, llberos, patriam, fortunas, tibi velim ne quid 
eripuerit praeter unum me. Sed certe a te mihi omnia 

15 semper honesta et iucunda ceciderunt, a me tibi luctus 
meae calamitatis, metus tuae, desiderium, maeror, soli- 
tiido. Ego te videre noluerim ? Immo vero me a te 
viderT nolul. Non enim vldisses fratrem tuum, non 
eum quern rellqueras, non eum quern noras, non eum 

20 quern flens flentem, prosequentem proficlscens dlmi- 
seras, ne vestigium quidem eius nee simulacrum, sed 
quandam effigiem splrantis mortul. Atque utinam me 
mortuum prius vldisses aut audlsses, utinam te non 
solum vltae, sed etiam dignitatis meae superstitem 

25 rellquissem ! 

Sed testor omnes de5s me hac una voce a morte esse 
revocatum, quod omnes in mea vita partem aliquam 



EPISTULAE 237 

tuae vltae repositam esse dlcebant ; qua re peccavl 
scelerateque feci. Nam, si occidissem, mors ipsa meam 
pietatem amoremque in te facile def enderet ; nunc com- 
misT ut me vivo careres, vivo me alils indigeres, mea 
s vox in domesticis perlculls potissimum occideret, quae 
saepe alienissimls praesidio fuisset. Nam, quod ad te 
puerl sine litterls venerunt, quoniam vides non fuisse 
Iracundiam causam, certe pigritia fuit et quaedam In- 
finlta vis lacrimarum et dolorum. Haec ipsa me quo 

10 fletu putas scrlpsisse ? Eodem, quo te legere certe 

scio. An ego possum aut non cogitare aliquando de 

te aut umquam sine lacrimls cogitare ? Cum enim te 

desldero, fratrem solum deslder5 ? Ego ver5 suavitate 

-fratrem prope aequalem, obsequi5 f Ilium, consilio pa- 

15 rentem. Quid mihi sine te umquam aut tibi sine me 
iucundum fuit ? Quid, quod eodem tempore desldero 
flliam ? qua pietate, qua modestia, quo ingeni5 ! effi- 
giem oris, sermonis, animl mel. Quid fllium venustissi- 
mum mihique dulcissimum ? quern ego ferus ac ferreus 

20 e complexu dlmlsl meo, sapientiorem puerum quam 
vellem ; sentiebat enim miser iam quid ageretur. Quid 
vero tuum fllium, imaginem tuam, quern meus Cicer5 
et amabat ut fratrem et iam ut mai5rem fratrem vere- 
batur ? Quid, quod mulierem miserrimam, fidelissimam 

25 coniugem, me prosequi non sum passus ut esset quae 
reliquias communis calamitatis, communes llberos tue- 
retur ? 

Sed tamen, qu5qu5 modo potul, scrlpsl et dedl litteras 
ad te Philogono, llberto tuo, quas credo tibi postea red- 

30 ditas esse ; in quibus Idem te hortor et rogo, quod puerl 
tibi verbis mels nuntiarunt, ut Romam protinus pergas 
et properes. Prlmum enim te praesidio esse volul, si 



238 EPISTULAE 

qui essent inimicl, quorum crudelitas nondum esset no- 
stra calamitate satiata ; deinde congresses nostrl lamen- 
tationem pertimul; dlgressum vero non tulissem atque 
etiam id ipsum, quod tu scribis, metuebam, ne a me dis- 

s trahl non posses. His de causls hoc maximum malum, 
quod te non vldl, quo nihil amantissimls et coniunctissi- 
mls fratribus acerbius, miserius videtur accidere potu- 
isse, minus acerbum, minus miserum fuit, quam fuisset 
cum congressio, turn vero dlgressio nostra. 

10 Nunc, si potes, id quod ego qui tibi semper fortis 
videbar non possum, erige te et confirma, si qua sube- 
unda dlmicati5 erit. Spero, si quid mea spes habet 
auctoritatis, tibi et integritatem tuam et amorem in te 
clvitatis et aliquid etiam misericordiam nostrl praesidi 

15 latiiram ; sin eris ab isto perlculo vacuus, ages scilicet 
si quid agl posse de nobis putabis. De quo scrlbunt ad 
me quidem multl multa et se sperare demonstrant ; sed 
ego, quod sperem, non dlspicio, cum inimicl pliirimum 
valeant, amid partim deseruerint me, partim etiam pr5- 

20 diderint; qui in me5 reditu fortasse reprehensionem 
sul sceleris pertimescant. Sed ista qualia sint tu 
velim perspicias mihique declares. Ego tamen, quam 
diu tibi opus erit, si quid perlcull subeundum videbis, 
vlvam. Diutius in hac vita esse non possum. Neque 

25 enim tantum vlrium habet ulla aut prudentia aut doc- 
trlna ut tantum dolorem possit sustinere. Sci5 fuisse 
et honestius moriendl tempus et utilius ; sed non hoc 
solum, multa alia praetermlsl, quae si querl velim prae- 
terita, nihil agam nisi ut augeam dolorem tuum, in- 

30 dicem stultitiam meam. Illud quidem nee faciendum 
est nee fieri potest, me diutius, quam aut tuum tempus 
aut flrma spes postulabit, in tarn misera tamque turpi 



EPISTULAE 239 

vita commorarl lit, qui modo fratre fuerim, liberis, con- 
iuge, copils, genere ipso pecuniae beatissimus, dlgnitate, 
auctoritate, exlstimatione, gratia non inferior quam qui 
umquam fuerunt amplissiml, is nunc in hac tarn adfllcta 

5 perditaque fortuna neque me neque meos lugere diutius 
possim. 

Qua re quid ad me scripsisti de permutatione ? Quasi 
vero nunc me non tuae facultates sustineant, qua in re 
ipsa video miser et sentio quid sceleris admlserim, cum 

10 de vlsceribus tuls et fill tui satis facturus sis, quibus 

debes, ego acceptam ex aerario pecuniam tuo nomine 

frustra dissiparim. Sed tamen et M. Antonio, quantum 

tu scripseras, et Caepioni tantundem solutum est ; mihi 

-ad id, quod cogit5, hoc, quod habeo, satis est. Slve 

15 enim restituimur slve desperamus, nihil amplius opus 
est. Tu, si forte quid erit molestiae, te ad Crassum et 
ad Calidium conferas cense5. 

Quantum Hortensio credendum sit nesci5. Me summa 
simulatione amoris summaque adsiduitate cotldiana scele- 

20 ratissime Insidiosissimeque tractavit adiuncto Q. Arrio ; 
quorum ego consilils, promissis, praeceptls destitiitus in 
hanc calamitatem incidi. Sed haec occultabis ne quid 
obsint ; illud caveto, et e5 put5 per Pomponium f oven- 
dum tibi esse ipsum Hortensium ne ille versus, qui 

25 in te erat conlatus, cum aedilitatem petebas, de lege 
Aurelia, fals5 testimonio confirmetur. Nihil enim tarn 
timeo quam ne, cum intellegant homines quantum mise- 
ricordiae nobis tuae preces et tua salus adlatura sit, 
oppugnent te vehementius. Messalam tui studiosum 

30 esse arbitror ; Pompeium etiam simulatorem puto. Sed 
haec utinam ne experiare ! Quod precarer deos, nisi 
meas preces audlre deslssent. Verum tamen precor ut 



240 EPISTULAE 

his Inflnltls nostrls malls contentl sint ; in quibus non 

modo tamen nullius inest peccatl Infamia, sed omnis dolor 

est, quod optime factls poena maxima est constituta. 

Flliam meam et tuam Ciceronemque nostrum quid 

5 ego, ml frater, tibi commendem ? Quln illud maereo, 

quod tibi non minorem doldrem illorum orbitas adferet 

quam mihi. Sed te incoluml orb! non erunt. Reliqua, 

ita mihi saliis aliqua detur potestasque in patria mori- 

endl, ut me lacrimae non sinunt scrlbere ! Etiam Teren- 

10 tiam velim tueare mihique de omnibus rebus rescrlbas ; 

sis fortis, quoad rel natiira patiatur. Idibus Iunils 

Thessalonlcae. 

V 

(Ad Fam. XIV. 2) 

Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliolae et 
Ciceroni Suis 

NOLI putare me ad quemquam longiores epistulas 
scrlbere, nisi si quis ad me pliira scrlpsit, cui puto 

15 rescrlbl oportere ; nee enim habeo quod scrlbam, nee 
hoc tempore quicquam difficilius facio; ad te vero et ad 
nostram Tulliolam non queo sine plurimls lacrimis scrl- 
bere; vos enim video esse miserrimas, quas ego beatis- 
simas semper esse volul, idque praestare debul et, nisi 

20 tarn timidl fuissemus, praestitissem. Pls5nem nostrum 
merito eius amo plurimum. Eum, ut potul, per litteras 
cohortatus sum gratiasque egl, ut debul. In novls tr. 
pi. intellego spem te habere. Id erit flrmum, si Pompel 
voluntas erit ; sed Crassum tamen metuo. A te quidem 

25 omnia fieri fortissime et amantissime video nee mlror, 
sed maereo casum eius modi ut tantls tuls miserils meae 



EPISTULAE 241 

miseriae subleventur. Nam ad me P. Valerius, homo 
ofnciosus, scripsit, id quod ego maximo cum fletu legl, 
quern ad modum a Vestae ad tabulam Valeriam ducta 
esses. Hem, mea lux, meum desiderium, unde omnes 

5 opem petere solebant ! te nunc, mea Terentia, sic vexarl, 
sic iacere in lacrimls et sordibus, idque fieri mea culpa, 
qui ceteros servavl ut nos perlremus ! 

Quod de domo scrlbis, hoc est de area, ego vero turn 
denique mihi videbor restitutus, si ilia nobis erit resti- 

10 tuta. Verum haec non sunt in nostra manu ; illud doleo, 
quae impensa facienda est, in eius partem te miseram et 
despoliatam venire. Quod si conficitur negotium, omnia 
consequemur; sin eadem nos fortuna premet, etiamne 
reliquias tuas misera proicies ? Obsecro te, mea vita, 

15 quod ad sumptum attinet, sine alios, qui possunt, si 
modo volunt, sustinere et valetudinem istam Inflrmam, 
si me amas, noli vexare. Nam mihi ante ocul5s dies 
noctlsque versaris ; omnls labores te excipere video ; 
timeo ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse omnia. Qua re, 

20 ut id, quod speras et quod agis, consequamur, servl vale- 
tudinl. Ego ad quos scrlbam nescio, nisi ad eos qui 
ad me scrlbunt, aut ad eos de quibus ad me vos aliquid 
scrlbitis. Longius, quoniam ita vobls placet, non disce- 
dam ; sed velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, prae- 

25 sertim si quid est flrmius quod speremus. Valete, mea 
deslderia, valete. D. a. d. 111. Non. Oct. Thessalonlca. 

H. & G. CIC. — l6 



242 EPISTULAE 

VI 

(Ad Fam. XIV. i) 

Tullius Terentiae Suae, Tulliolae Suae, Ciceroni 
Suo S. D. 

ET litterls multorum et sermone omnium perfertur 
ad me incredibilem tuam virtutem et fortitudinem 
esse teque nee animl neque corporis laborious def atlgarl. 
Me miserum ! te ista virtiite, fide, probitate, humanitate 
5 in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse, Tulliolamque 
nostram, ex quo patre tantas voluptates capiebat, ex eo 
tantos percipere luctus ! Nam quid ego de Cicerone 
dicam ? qui cum prlmum sapere coepit, acerbissimos 
dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae si, tu ut scrlbis, 

10 fat5 facta putarem, ferrem paulo facilius ; sed omnia 
sunt mea culpa commissa, qui ab ils me amarl putabam, 
qui invidebant, eos non sequebar, qui petebant. Quod 
si nostrls consilils usl essemus, neque apud nos tantum 
valuisset sermo aut stultorum amlcorum aut improborum, 

15 beatissiml vlveremus. Nunc, quoniam sperare nos amid 
hibent, dabo operam ne mea valetudo tuo laborl desit. 
Res quanta sit, intellego, quantoque fuerit facilius ma- 
nere doml quam redlre ; sed tamen, si omnes tribunos 
plebis habemus, si Lentulum tarn studiosum quam vide- 

20 tur, si vero etiam Pompeium et Caesarem, non est 
desperandum. 

De familia quo modo placuisse scrlbis amlcls, facie- 
mus. De loco nunc quidem iam abiit pestilentia, sed, 
quam diu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, homo ofneio- 

25 sissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc retinet. Ego 






EPISTULAE 243 

volebam loco magis deserto esse in Eplro, qu5 neque 
Plso veniret nee mllites, sed adhuc Plancius me retinet ; 
sperat posse fieri ut raecum in Italiam decedat. Quern 
ego diem si vldero et si in vestrum complexum venero 

5 ac si et vos et me ipsum recuperaro, satis magnum 
mihi fructum videbor percepisse et vestrae pietatis et 
meae. 

Plsonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnis nos tantus 
est ut nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res el voluptatl 

10 sit ! gloriae quidem video fore. De Qulnto fratre nihil 
ego te accusavl, sed vos, cum praesertim tarn paucl sltis, 
volul esse quam coniunctissimos. Quibus me voluistl 
agere gratias, egi et me a te certiorem factum esse 
scrip si. 

15 Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scrlbis te vlcum vendi- 
turam, quid, obsecro te, me miserum ! quid futurum 
est ? et, si nos premet eadem f ortuna, quid puero mi- 
sero flet ? Non queo reliqua scrlbere ; tanta vis lacri- 
marum est ; neque te in eundem fletum adducam ; 

20 tantum scrlbo. Si erunt in ofiicio amid, pecunia non 
deerit; si non erunt, tu efficere tua pecunia non pote- 
ris. Per fortunas miseras nostras, vide ne puerum 
perditum perdamus ; cui si aliquid erit ne egeat, medi- 
ocrl virtute opus est et mediocrl fortuna ut cetera 

25 consequatur. Fac valeas et ad me tabellarios mit- 
tas, ut sciam quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Mihi 
omnlno iam brevis exspectatio est. Tulliolae et Cice- 
roni salutem die. Valete. D. a. d. vi. K. Decembr. 
Dyrrhachl. 

30 Dyrrhachium venl, quod et libera clvitas est et in 
me ofriciosa et proxima Italiae; sed, si offendet me 
loci celebritas, alio me conferam, ad te scrlbam. 



244 EPISTULAE 

VII 

(Ad Fam. XIV. 3) 
Tullius S. D. Terentiae Suae et Tulliae et Ciceroni 

ACCEPI ab Aristocrlto trls epistulas, quas ego la- 
crimls prope delevl; conficior enim maerore, mea 
Terentia, nee meae me miseriae magis excruciant quam 
tuae vestraeque ; ego autem hoc miserior sum quam tu, 
5 quae es miserrima, quod ipsa calamitas communis est 
utrlusque nostrum, sed culpa mea propria est. Meum 
fuit officium vel legatione vltare perlculum vel dlligentia 
et copils resistere vel cadere fortiter. Hoc miserius, 
turpius, indlgnius nobis nihil fuit. Qua re cum dolore 

io conficior turn etiam pudore ; pudet enim me uxor! meae 
optimae, suavissimls llberls virtutem et diligentiam non 
praestitisse. Nam mihi ante oculos dies noctesque versa- 
tur squalor vester et maeror et Tnflrmitas valetudinis 
tuae, spes autem salutis pertenuis ostenditur. InimicI 

15 sunt multl, invidi paene omnes ; eicere nos magnum fuit, 
excludere facile est. Sed tamen, quam diu vos eritis 
in spe, non deficiam ne omnia mea culpa cecidisse 
videantur. 

Ut tuto sim, quod laboras, id mihi nunc facillimum 

20 est, quern etiam inimicl volunt vlvere in tantls miserils 
ego tamen faciam quae praecipis. Amicls, quibus 
voluistl, eg! gratias et eas litteras Dexippo dedi meque 
de eorum officio scrips! a te certiorem esse factum. 
Plsonem nostrum mlrifico esse studio in nos et officio 

25 et ego perspicio et omnes praedicant. Dl faxint ut tall 
genero mihi praesentl tecum simul et cum llberls nostrls 



EPISTULAE 245 

frul liceat ! Nunc spes reliqua est in novis tr. pi. et in 
prlmis quidem diebus ; nam, si inveterarit, actum est. 
Ea re ad te statim Aristocrltum misl ut ad me continuo 
initia rerum et rationem totius negotl posses scribere ; 
5 etsl Dexippo quoque ita imperavl statim ut recurreret 
et ad fratrem mis! ut crebro tabellarios mitteret. Nam 
ego eo nomine sum DyrrhachI hoc tempore, ut quam 
celerrime quid agatur audiam, et sum tuto; clvitas 
enim haec semper a me defensa est. Cum inimlcl nostrl 

10 venire dlcentur, turn in Epirum Ibo. 

Quod scribis te, si velim, ad me venturam, ego vero, 
cum sciam magnam partem istlus oneris abs te sustinerl, 
te istlc esse volo. Si perficitis quod agitis, me ad vos 
venire oportet ; sin autem — sed nihil opus est reliqua 

15 scribere. Ex prlmis aut summum secundls litterls tuls 
constituere poterimus quid nobis faciendum sit; tu 
modo ad me velim omnia dlligentissime perscrlbas ; etsl 
magis iam rem quam litteras debeo exspectare. Cura ut 
valeas et ita tibi persuadeas mihi te carius nihil esse nee 

20 umquam fuisse. Vale, mea Terentia ; quam ego videre 
videor itaque debilitor lacrimls. Vale. Pr. K. Dec. 

VIII 

(Ad Fam. XIV. 5) 
Tullius S. D. Terentiae Suae 

SI tu et Tullia, lux nostra, valetis, ego et suavissimus 
Cicer5 valemus. Pr. Idus Oct. Athenas venimus, 
cum sane adversls ventls usl essemus tardeque et in- 
25 commode navigassemus. De nave exeuntibus nobis 
Acastus cum litterls praesto fuit uno et vicesimS die 



246 EPISTULAE 

sane strenue. Accepi tuas litteras, quibus intellexl te 
verer-I ne superiores mihi redditae non essent. Omnes 
sunt redditae, dlligentissimeque a te perscripta sunt 
omnia, idque mihi gratissimum fuit. Neque sum adml- 

5 ratus hanc epistulam, quam Acastus attulit, brevem 
fuisse ; iam enim me ipsum exspectas sive nos ipsos, 
quT quidem quam prlmum ad vos venire cupimus, etsl 
in quam rem publicam veniamus intellego. Cognovl 
enim ex multorum amlcorum litterls, quas attulit Acastus, 

10 ad arma rem spectare, ut mihi, cum venero, dissimulare 
non liceat quid sentiam. Sed, quoniam subeunda fortu- 
na est, eo citius dabimus operam ut veniamus, quo facilius 
de tota re dellberemus. Tu velim, quod commodo vale- 
tudinis tuae flat, quam longissime poteris, obviam nobis 

15 prodeas. 

De hereditate Preciana, quae quidem mihi magno 
dolor! est, valde enim ilium amavi, sed hoc velim cures, 
si auctio ante meum adventum flet, ut Pomponius aut, 
si is minus poterit, Camillus nostrum negotium curet; 

20 nos, cum salvi venerimus, reliqua per nos agemus ; sin 
tu iam Roma profecta eris, tamen curabis ut hoc ita 
flat. Nos, si dl adiuvabunt, circiter Idus Nov. in Ita- 
lia speramus fore. Vos, mea suavissima et optatis- 
sima Terentia, si nos amatis, curate ut valeatis. Vale. 

25 Athenls a. d. xv. K. Novemb. 



EPISTULAE 247 

IX 
(Ad Fam. XVI. 4) 

Tullius Tironi Sud S. P. D. et Cicero et Q. Frater 
et Q. F. 

VARIE sum adfectus tuls litterls, valde priore pagina 
perturbatus, paulum altera recreatus. Qua re nunc 
quidem non dubito quin, quoad plane valeas, te neque 
navigation! neque viae committas. Satis te mature vi- 

5 dero, si plane conflrmatum vldero. De medico et tu 
bene exlstimar! scrlbis, et ego sic audio ; sed plane cura- 
tiones eius non probo ; ius enim dandum tibi non fuit, 
cum KaKQGToixayos esses. Sed tamen et ad ilium scrips! 
accurate et ad Lysonem. Ad Curium vero, suavissimum 

10 hominem et summl offic! summaeque humanitatis, multa 
scrips!, in his etiam, ut, si tibi videretur, te ad se tra- 
ferret; Lyso enim noster vereor ne neglegentior sit, 
primum quia omnes Graecl, deinde quod, cum a me 
litteras accepisset, mihi nullas remlsit. Sed eum tu lau- 

15 das ; tu igitur, quid faciendum sit, iudicabis. Illud, m! 
Tiro, te rog5, sumptu ne parcas ulla in re, quod ad 
valetudinem opus sit. Scrips! ad Curium, quod dixisses, 
daret. Medico ipsl put5 aliquid dandum esse quo sit 
studi5sior. 

20 Innumerabilia tua sunt in me officia domestica, foren- 
sia, urbana, provincialia, in re prlvata, in publica, in 
studils, in litterls nostrls ; omnia vlceris, si, ut spero, te 
validum vldero. Ego puto te bellissime, si recte erit, 
cum quaestore Mesclnio decursurum. Non inhumanus 

25 est teque, ut mihi vlsus est, diligit. Et, cum valetudini 



248 EPISTULAE 

tuae dlligentissime consulueris, turn, ml Tiro, consulito 
navigation!. Nulla in re iam te festlnare volo; nihil 
laboro, nisi ut salvus sis. Sic habeto, ml Tiro, neminem 
esse, qui me amet, quln Idem te amet, et cum tua et mea 

S maxime interest te valere, turn multls est curae. Adhuc, 
dum mihi nullo loco deesse vis, numquam te confirmare 
potuistl ; nunc te nihil impedit ; omnia depone, corporl 
servl. Quantam dlligentiam in valetudinem tuam contu- 
leris, tanti me fieri a te iudicab5. Vale, ml Tiro, vale, 

10 vale et salve. Lepta tibi salutem dlcit et omnes. Vale. 
vii. Id. Nov. Leucade. 



X 

(Ad Fam. XVI. 6) 
Tullius et Cicero et Q. Q. Tironi S. P. D. 

TERTIAM ad te hanc epistulam scrlpsl eodem die 
magis InstitutI mel tenendl causa, quia nactus eram 
cui darem, quam quo haberem quod scrlberem. Igitur 

15 ilia : quantum me dlligis, tan turn adhibe in te dlli- 
gentiae ; ad tua innumerabilia in me ofncia adde hoc, 
quod mihi erit gratissimum omnium ; cum valetudinis 
rati5nem, ut sper5, habueris, habeto etiam naviga- 
tionis ; in Italiam euntibus omnibus ad me litteras da- 

20 bis, ut ego euntem Patras neminem praetermitto ; cura, 
cura te, ml Tiro. Quoniam non contigit ut simul na- 
vigares, nihil est quod festlnes nee quicquam cures, 
nisi ut valeas. Etiam atque etiam vale. vii. Idus Nov. 
Actio vesperl. 



EPISTULAE 249 

XI 

(Ad Fam. XVI. 9) 

Tullius et Cicero Tironi Suo S. P. I>. 

NOS a te, ut scls, discessimus a. d. mi. Non. Nov. 
Leucadem venimus a. d. vm. Id. Nov., a. d. vn. 
Actium. Ibi propter tempestatem a. d. vi. Id. moratl 
sumus. Inde a. d. v. Id. Corcyram bellissime navigavi- 

5 mus. Corcyrae fuimus usque ad a. d. xvi. K. Dec. 
tempestatibus retentl. A. d. xv. K. in portum Corcyrae- 
orum ad Cassiopen stadia cxx processimus. Ibi retentl 
ventis sumus usque ad a. d. vim. K. Interea, qui cupide 
profectl sunt, mult! naufragia fecerunt. Nos eo die 

10 cenati solvimus; inde austro lenissim5 caelo sereno 
nocte ilia et die postero in Italiam ad Hydruntem ludi- 
bundl pervenimus e5demque vento postridie, id erat a. d. 
vn. K. Dec., hora mi. Brundisium venimus, eodemque 
tempore simul noblscum in oppidum introiit Terentia, 

15 quae te facit pluriml. 

A. d. v. K. Dec. servus Cn. Plane! Brundisi tandem 
aliquando mihi a te exspectatissimas litteras reddidit 
datas Idibus Nov., quae me molestia valde levarunt; 
utinam omnlno liberassent ! Sed tamen Asclap5 medi- 

20 cus plane conflrmat prope diem te valentem fore. Nunc 
quid ego te horter ut omnem dlligentiam adhibeas ad 
convalescendum ? Tuam prudentiam, temperantiam, 
amorem erga me novi ; scio te omnia f acturum ut nobls- 
cum quam prlmum sis, sed tamen ita velim, ut ne quid 

25 properes. Symphoniam Lysonis vellem vltasses ne in 
quartam hebdomada incideres ; sed, quoniam pudori tuo 



250 EPISTULAE 

maluistl obsequi quam valetudim, reliqua cura. Curio 
mlsl ut medico honos haberetur, et tibi daret quod 
opus esset ; me, cui iussisset, curaturum. Equum et 
mulum BrundisI tibi rellqul. Romae vereor ne ex K. 

5 Ian. magnl tumultus sint. Nos agemus omnia modice. 
Reliquum est ut te hoc rogem et a te petam ne temere 
naviges (solent nautae festlnare quaestus sui causa), 
cautus sis, ml Tiro (mare magnum et difficile tibi restat), 
si poteris, cum Mesclnio (caute is solet navigare), si 

10 minus, cum honesto aliquo homine, cuius auctoritate 
navicularius moveatur. In hoc omnem dlligentiam si 
adhibueris teque nobis incolumem stiteris, omnia a te 
habebo. Etiam atque etiam, noster Tiro, vale. Me- 

" dico, Curio, LysonI de te scrips! diligentissime. Vale, 

is salve. 

XII 

(Ad Fam. XVI. ii) 

Tullius et Cicero, Terentia, Tullia, Q. Q. Tironi 
S. P. D. 

ETSI opportunitatem operae tuae omnibus locls de- 
sldero, tamen non tam mea quam tua causa doleo 
te non valere ; sed, quoniam in quartanam conversa vis 
est morbl, sic enim scrlbit Curius, sper5 te dlligentia 
20 adhibita. iam flrmiorem fore ; modo fac, id quod est 
humanitatis tuae, ne quid aliud cures hoc tempore, 
nisi ut quam commodissime convalesces. Non Ignoro 
quantum ex deslderio labores ; sed erunt omnia f acilia, 
si valebis. Festlnare te nolo, ne nauseae molestiam 
2 5 suscipias aeger et perlculose hieme naviges. 

Ego ad urbem accessl pr. Non. Ian. Obviam mihi 
sic est proditum ut nihil possit fieri ornatius; sed in- 



EPISTULAE 251 

cidi in ipsam flammam clvilis discordiae vel potius 
belli. Cui cum cuperem mederl et, ut arbitror, pos- 
sem, cupiditates certorum hominum, nam ex utraque 
parte sunt qui pugnare cupiant, impediments mihi 

s fuerunt. OmnIn5 et ipse Caesar, amicus noster, mina- 
cls ad senatum et acerbas litteras mlserat et erat adhuc 
impudens, qui exercitum et provinciam invito senatu 
teneret, et Curio meus ilium incitabat ; Antonius qui- 
dem noster et Q. Cassius nulla vl expulsl ad Caesarem 

10 cum Curi5ne profectl erant, posteaquam senatus con- 
sulibus, praetoribus, tribunls plebis et nobis, qui pro coss. 
sumus, negotium dederat ut curaremus ne quid res 

- publica detrlmentl caperet. Numquam maiore in perl- 
culo clvitas fuit, numquam improbl elves habuerunt 

15 paratiorem ducem. Omnlno ex hac quoque parte dili- 
gentissime comparatur. Id fit auctoritate et studio 
Pompei nostrl, qui Caesarem sero coepit timere. 

Nobis inter has turbas senatus tamen frequens fla- 
gitavit triumphum ; sed Lentulus consul, quo maius 

20 suum beneficium faceret, simul atque expedlsset, quae 
essent necessaria de re publica, dixit se relaturum. Nos 
agimus nihil cupide, eoque est nostra pluris auctoritas. 
Italiae regiones dlscrlptae sunt, quam quisque partem 
tueretur. Nos Capuam sumpsimus. 

25 Haec te scire volul. Tu etiam atque etiam cura ut 
valeas litterasque ad me mittas quotienscumque habe- 
bis cui des. Etiam atque etiam vale. D. pr. Idus Ian. 



252 EPISTULAE 

XIII 

(Ad Fam. XIV. 18) 

Tullius Terentiae Suae et Pater Suavissimae 
Filiae, Cicero Matri et Sorori S. D. P. 

CONSIDERANDUM vobis etiam atque etiam, ani- 
mae meae, diligenter puto, quid faciatis, Romaene 
sltis an mecum an aliquo tuto loco ; id non solum meum 
consilium est, sed etiam vestrum. Mihi veniunt in 
5 mentem haec, Romae vos esse tuto posse per Dola- 
bellam, eamque rem posse nobis adiumento esse, si 
quae vis aut si quae raplnae fieri coeperint. Sed rur- 
sus illud me movet, quod video omnls bonos abesse 
Roma et eos mulieres suas secum habere. Haec autem 

io regio, in qua ego sum, nostrorum est cum oppidorum, 
turn etiam praediorum ut et multum esse mecum et, 
cum abieritis, commode et in nostrls esse possltis. 
Mihi plane non satis c5nstat adhuc utrum sit melius. 
Vos videte quid aliae faciant isto loco feminae, et ne, 

15 cum velltis, exlre non liceat. Id velim diligenter etiam 
atque etiam vobiscum et cum amlcls conslderetis. Do- 
mus ut propugnacula et praesidium habeat, Philotimo 
dlcetis; et velim tabellarios Instituatis certos ut cotl- 
die aliquas a vobis litteras accipiam ; maxime autem 

20 date operam ut valeatis, si nos vultis valere. vim. K. 
Formils. 



EPISTULAE 253 

XIV 

(Ad Fam. XVI. 12) 

Tullius S. D. Tironi Suo 

QUO in discrlmine versetur salus mea et bonorum 
omnium atque universae rel publicae, ex eo scire 
potes, quod domos nostras et patriam ipsam vel dlripi- 
endam vel Innammandam rellquimus. In eum locum 

5 res deducta est ut, nisi qui deus vel casus aliquis sub- 
venerit, salvl esse nequeamus. Equidem, ut venl ad 
urbem, non destitl omnia et sentlre et dicere et facere 
quae ad concordiam pertinerent ; sed mlrus invaserat 
furor non solum improbls, sed etiam ils, qui bonl haben- 

10 tur, ut pugnare cuperent, me clamante nihil esse bello 
clvlll miserius. Itaque, cum Caesar amentia quadam 
raperetur et oblltus nominis atque honorum suorum 
Arlminum, Pisaurum, Anconam, Arretium occupavisset, 
urbem rellquimus, quam sapienter aut quam fortiter, 

15 nihil attinet disputan. Quo quidem in casu slmus 
vides. Feruntur omnlno condiciones ab illo, ut Pom- 
peius eat in Hispaniam, dllectus, qui sunt habitl, et 
praesidia nostra dlmittantur ; se ulteriorem Galliam 
Domitio, citeriorem Considi5 Noniano, his enim obti- 

20 gerunt, traditiirum ; ad consulatus petltionem se ven- 
turum, neque se iam velle absente se rationem haberl 
suam ; se praesentem trlnum nundinum petlturum. Ac- 
cepimus condiciones, sed ita, ut removeat praesidia 
ex ils locls quae occupavit, ut sine metu de his ipsls 

25 condicionibus Romae senatus haberl possit. Id ille si 
fecerit, spes est pacis, n5n honestae, leges enim impd- 



254 EPISTULAE 

nuntur, sed quidvls est melius quam sic esse ut su- 
mus. Sin autem ille suls condicionibus stare noluerit, 
bellum paratum est, eius modi tamen, quod sustinere 
ille non possit, praesertim cum a suls condicionibus 

5 ipse fugerit; tantum modo ut eum intercludamus ne 
ad urbem possit accedere, quod sperabamus fieri posse. 
Dllectus enim magnos habebamus putabamusque ilium 
metuere, si ad urbem Ire coepisset, ne Gallias amitte- 
ret, quas ambas habet inimlcissimas praeter Transpa- 

10 danos, ex Hispaniaque sex legiones et magna auxilia 
Afranio et Petreio ducibus habet a tergo. Videtur, 
si Insaniet, posse oppriml, modo ut urbe salva. Maxi- 
mam autem plagam accepit, quod, is qui summam 
auct5ritatem in illlus exercitu habebat, T. Labienus 

15 socius sceleris esse noluit Rellquit ilium et est no- 
blscum, multlque idem facturl esse dlcuntur. 

Ego adhuc orae maritimae praesum a Formils. Nul- 
lum maius negotium suscipere volul, quo plus apud 
ilium meae litterae cohortationesque ad pacem vale- 

20 rent. Sin autem erit bellum, video me castrls et certls 
legionibus praefuturum. Habeo etiam illam molestiam, 
quod Dolabella noster apud Caesarem est. 

Haec tibi nota esse volul; quae cave ne te pertur- 
bent et impediant valetudinem tuam. Ego A. VarronI, 

25 quern cum amantissimum mel cognovl turn etiam valde 
tul studiosum, dlligentissime te commendavl, ut et vale- 
tudinis tuae rationem haberet et navigationis et totum 
te susciperet ac tueretur. Quern omnia facturum con- 
fldo; recepit enim et mecum locutus est suavissime. 

30 Tu, quoniam eo tempore mecum esse non potuistl, qu5 
ego maxime operam et fidelitatem deslderavl tuam, 
cave festlnes aut committas ut aut aeger aut hieme 



EPISTULAE 



255 



naviges. Numquam sero te venisse putabo, si salvus 
veneris. Adhuc neminem vlderam qui te postea vi- 
disset quam M. Volusius, a quo tuas litteras accepl. 
Quod n5n mlrabar; neque enim meas puto ad te lit- 
s teras tanta hieme perfern. Sed da operam ut valeas 
et, si valebis, cum recte navigarl poterit, turn naviges. 
Cicero meus in Formiano erat, Terentia et Tullia Ro- 
mae. Cura ut valeas. 1111. K. Febr. Capua. 




Writing Materials 



ABBREVIATIONS 



abbr. 


= abbreviation. 


indeel 


= indeclinable. 


abl. 


= ablative. 


m. 


= masculine. 


ace. 


= accusative. 


N. 


— note. 


act. 


= active. 


n. 


= neuter. 


cf. 


= compare. 


nom. 


= nominative. 


comp. 


= comparative. 


p.p. 


= perfect participle. 


dat. 


= dative. 


pass. 


= passive. 


decl. 


= declension. 


pi. 


= plural. 


dim. 


= diminutive. 


prep. 


= preposition. 


e.g. 


= for example. 


pres. 


=■ present. 


etc. 


= and the rest. 


R. 


= remark. 


ff. 


= and what follows. 


sc. 


= supply. 


f. 


— feminine. 


sing. 


= singular. 


freq. 


— frequentative. 


subst. 


= substantive. 


gen. 


= genitive. 


sup. 


= superlative. 


i.e. 


= that is. 


voc. 


= vocative. 



NOTE 



In the Notes the references to Harkness' Grammar occur in two forms, the 
first referring to the Complete Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in brackets, 
to the Standard Latin Grammar. 

256 



NOTES 



THE FIRST CATILINARIAN ORATION 

Cicero was consul at a tempestuous period of Roman politics, when 
the popular party was recovering from the merciless persecutions of 
Sulla, and was rapidly becoming a menace to the aristocratic faction. 
Among those who sought political advancement at this time of turmoil 
and upheaval was Lucius Sergius Catilina. Most of our information 
about him is derived from more or less prejudiced sources, but there is 
general agreement in the statements that are made regarding his life 
and character. 

Catiline was born in the year 108 B.C., and belonged to an old patri- 
cian family. A winning personality, with remarkable physical and 
mental powers, fitted him for leadership ; but his moral sensibilities 
were dulled by a dissipated and debauched life. While a quaestor in 
Sulla's army he is said to have committed many violent deeds, and 
even to have caused the death of some members of his own family. 

In 68 B.C. he was praetor, and in the following year propraetor in 
Africa. He became a candidate for the consulship of 65 B.C., but was 
disqualified by a charge of maladministration in his province. With 
a band of associates he planned to murder the new consuls when they 
began their duties January 1, and seize by force what could not be 
obtained at the polls. Not being ready at the time appointed, the 
leaders postponed the attack to February 5, when the plot failed because 
the signal was given before the conspirators had assembled in sufficient 
numbers. In 64 B.C. Catiline was again a candidate for the consulship, 
but the patricians, now thoroughly aroused to the gravity of the situa- 
tion, supported Cicero, who was elected, with Gaius Antonius as his 
colleague. 

h. & g. cic. — 17 257 



258 NOTES 

A conspiracy was organized among those hopelessly in debt, the 
politically disaffected, and Sulla's disbanded troops, many of whom had 
squandered the property with which their general had rewarded them, 
and were now ready for any enterprise that promised spoil. Quintus 
Curius, one of the conspirators, revealed their plans to a woman named 
Fulvia, and she informed Cicero. The evidence, however, was not yet 
such as would justify legal proceedings against the supposed members 
of the conspiracy. On account of the disturbed condition of the city 
the consular election, usually held in July, was postponed, and when it 
was held Catiline was again defeated. 

A part of the forces of the conspiracy had been gathered at Faesulae 
in the northern part of Etruria under the leadership of Gaius Manlius, 
a centurion in Sulla's army, and October 27 was set as the time for a 
general uprising. Cicero reported these facts to the senate in a meet- 
ing held October 21, and that body adopted the extreme measure of 
giving the consuls dictatorial powers. Also an accusation was brought 
against Catiline, but before the trial occurred he had left the city. 

On the night of November 6 the conspirators in the city met at the 
house of Marcus Laeca and made their final preparations. Catiline 
declared that he would be ready to depart for Faesulae if Cicero were 
killed. Two men at once volunteered to do the deed, but the consul 
received warning and closed his house against the assassins. Novem- 
ber 8 Cicero called a meeting of the senate in the temple of Jupiter 
Stator and when Catiline appeared in his place, attacked him in the 
manner described in the first Catilinarian oration. 



SUMMARY 

Catiline's effrontery. The consuls should long ago have put him to 
death, as numerous precedents and the extraordinary powers conferred 
upon them by the decree of October 21 would fully justify them in 
doing, but this shall not be done until all are convinced that he is 
guilty. It is useless for Catiline to make any further attempts in the 
city, for all his plans are known ; the meeting at Laeca's house, and 
the plot to murder the consul. Catiline should leave the city, where 
there can be little pleasure for him since his many crimes have made 
him detested by all : the country seems to beg him to go away. His 
professed willingness to be placed in custody is no indication of inno- 



P. 45] I CATILINE 259 

cence. He would gain nothing by having his case referred to the 
senate, for all the senators show by their silence that they indorse the 
consul's words. Any appeal to Catiline's better nature would be in 
vain, and it is useless to urge him to depart, for he has already made 
his preparations to go. This attack upon his country is the natural 
fruit of such a life and character. The country arraigns the consul for 
neglect of duty: his defense is that all do not yet believe Catiline 
guilty, and it is better that all the conspirators should be gathered into 
one place outside the city, where they maybe recognized and punished. 
All the bad are urged to go with Catiline. A prayer for deliverance. 

Page 45. We learn from Sallust (Catiliua 31) that when Catiline 
entered the senate, Cicero, fearing his presence or stirred with anger, 
made an address which was brilliant and of great service to the state, and 
which he afterward wrote out and published. How far the speech was 
extemporaneous, and how much it was changed when prepared for 
public reading, it is impossible to tell. The style is appropriate to the 
circumstances under which the orator spoke ; the simple structure of 
the sentences, the rapid movement, and the colloquial contractions all 
indicate the intensity of the speaker's feelings. The power of invective 
here displayed is a characteristic of the Romans rather than of Cicero 
alone, but in this respect he undoubtedly excelled. 1. Quo usque. 
' How far. 1 tandem adds insistence to questions. It may sometimes 
be rendered by 'pray, 1 but often only by the tone of voice, patientia. 
Forthe case see ^477(421, 1); M. 253 ; A. &G. 249; G. 407; B.218, 1. 
We learn from the third oration (page 81) that Cicero's purpose was to 
frighten Catiline into leaving Rome, for he saw that the other leaders 
were inefficient, and he hoped to outwit them if deprived of Catiline's 
executive abilities. It is interesting to note how by the use of such 
words as patientia Cicero covers up the weakness of his position and 
the almost entire lack of convincing evidence against the conspirators. 

2. etiam has here its temporal force, 'still. 1 Quam diu etiam. 
'How much longer.' furor iste tuus. 'That mad rage of yours. 1 
Catiline^ furor was the state of mind in which he delighted in the 
death of his countrymen. The use of iste as a demonstrative of the 
second person is defined and strengthened by the addition of tuus. 
eludet. This word may indicate the mocking movements of a gladiator 
who successfully parries the thrusts aimed at him. 



260 NOTES [P. 45 

3. Quern ad finem. 'To what extent.' effrenata. The figure is 
plain, a very common one. audacia. This was manifested in appear- 
ing before the men whom he was plotting to murder, and who were 
assembled to provide for the security of the state against his 
schemes. 

4. Nihil. H. 416 (378, 2) ; M. 198 ; A. & G. 240, a ; G. 442, n. 2 ; 
B. 176, 3. The repetition of nihil is a rhetorical device, called An- 
aphora. See H. 666, 1 (636, III, 3) ; M. 472 ; A. & G. 344, /; G. 682 ; 
B. 350, 11, b. praesidium. Extra guards had been appointed and 
put under the direction of the lesser magistrates. Palati. One of the 
strongest positions in the city, and the one most likely to be seized 
in an uprising. 

5. vigiliae. For information in regard to the police and fire depart- 
ments of Rome consult Ancient Rome in the Light of Modern Dis- 
coveries (Lanciani). timor. These extracts from Sallust (Catilina 31) 
show that the consul's words were not without foundation : omnis tri- 
stitia invasit ; festinare, trepidare ; mulieres adflictare sese, man us 
supplicis ad caelum tender e, jniserari parvos liber os, rogitare, omnia 
pavere, superbia atque deliciis omissis sibi patriaeque diffidere. con- 
cursus. As seen in the large attendance of senators, and especially in 
the excited crowds gathered about the temple, bonorum. Those who 
had the same political opinions, the Optimates. 

6. hie locus. The temple of Jupiter Stator on the Palatine, where 
the senate had met for the sake of greater security. This is the temple 
vowed by Romulus in the battle of the Sabines, but not erected until 
296 B.C. Its site is placed by Lanciani near the Arch of Titus. The 
usual place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia. See note on curiam, 
page 59, line 10. muuitissimus. The temple was surrounded by 
armed men. 

7. horum. The senators, ora vultusque. 'The countenances 
and expressions. 1 

8. sentis. How the senators expressed their feelings is described 
on page 51, lines 21-30. constrictam, teneri. < Is held firmly bound.' 

10. proxima. The night of November 7. Cicero nowhere gives 
any definite information as to what occurred then, superiore. The 
night of November 6. For what was done at that time see page 48, 
line 10 ff. egeris. H. 649, 2 (529, I); M. 388; A. & G. 334; G. 
467; B. 300. 



P. 45] I CATILINE 26l 

11. consili. H. 440, 5 (397); M. 225; A. & G. 216; G. 369; 
B. 201. quern. Interrogative, nostrum. The genitive plural of ego. 

13. tempora, mores. H. 421 (381) ; M. 200; A. & G. 240, d ; G. 
343, 1 ; B. 183. haec. The facts referred to in lines 10 and 11. con- 
sul. Antonius was in sympathy with Catiline, but Cicero persuaded him 
to remain neutral by transferring to him the rich proconsular province 
of Macedonia, which had fallen to Cicero (Sallust, Catilina 26). 

14. Immo vero. These words do not negative the statement in 
Vivit, but indicate that it is not strong enough to cover the case. 

15. in senatum. Catiline was a senator. Why he attended this 
meeting is told by Sallust {Catilina 31) : "Finally he attended a meet- 
ing of the senate for the purpose of appearing innocent, or for the pur- 
pose of trying to clear himself in case he should be attacked by any 
one." notat et designat oculis. I.e. makes a mental note of those 
whom he would proscribe. 

16. nostrum. As in line 11. 

17. fortes viri. Ironical, rei publicae. Dative. 

18. istius. 'Of that wretch. 1 vitemus. The mode is due to in- 
direct discourse, videmur being equivalent to a verb of thinking. 

19. Ad mortem . . . oportebat. "You ought long ago to have 
been led to death by the consul's order.' It must be kept in mind that 
the English verb 'ought' has only one form, and that time relations 
have to be expressed by the tense of the accompanying infinitive, but 
the Latin oportere and debere may be used in any tense. O porter e is 
impersonal, iussu consulis. It is not clear whether the right to put 
a citizen to death was included among the extraordinary powers which 
were given the consuls in times of especial danger. Originally the 
consuls possessed powers which in later times special enactments for- 
bade them to exercise within the city. One of these laws provided 
that no Roman citizen should be put to death without the order of the 
people, and, in fact, punishment by death had become very rare at 
Rome. Whether the senatorial decree of October 21 could set aside 
this law is uncertain. Cicero's argument is not at all conclusive, and 
at least some of the precedents which he cites are not cases in point, 
the Gracchi having been slain by mob violence. In the fourth Catili- 
narian oration Cicero uses a different line of argument, which is still 
less convincing. On the other hand it seems strange that a man like 
Cicero should have knowingly violated the constitution, and it also is 



262 NOTES [P. 45 

surprising that his banishment was so long delayed, if it was a punish- 
ment of a broken law. 

20. oportebat. H. 535, 1 (469, II, 2) ; M. 306, 4; A. & G. 277, b; 
G. 234; B. 260, 4. conferri. The subject of an oportebat understood. 

21. An. In double questions its meaning is 'or.' But when the 
first member of a double question is a general expression of wonder, 
surprise, or astonishment, it is often omitted, and the force of an may 
be expressed by ' Is it not true that ? ' ' Is it not true that Publius 
Scipio . . ., and shall we, the consuls, . . . ? ' The contrasted ex- 
pressions in this sentence are worthy of attention. Quintilian refers to 
them (VIII, 4, 13) : "Catiline is compared with Gracchus, the republic 
with the whole world, a moderate change with devastation by fire and 
sword, and a private citizen with the consuls." Publius Scipio. 
This was Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, consul in 138 B.C. 
In 133 B.C., when the reelection of Tiberius Gracchus to the tribunate 
was under consideration, Scipio incited a mob of aristocrats to kill 
Gracchus. To escape the odium which this act aroused he accepted 
a mission to Asia and did not venture to return to Rome. 

22. Ti. Gracchum. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, a young man 
of high attainments and excellent character, was chosen tribmms plebis 
for the year 133 B.C. He proposed an agrarian law, which provided 
that the wealthy landowners who had appropriated large sections of the 
public lands should restore a part of their holdings. To secure the 
successful operation of this law, Gracchus sought the tribuneship again 
for the following year, and was bitterly opposed by the oligarchy. On 
the day of the election Publius Scipio Nasica headed a mob which slew 
Gracchus and three hundred of his supporters. For a sketch of Grac- 
chus and an account of this murder read Mommsen's History of Rome 
(edition of 1895), Vol. Ill, pages 317-333. 

23. privatus. Th£ Pontifex Maximus had no magisterial powers. 
25. Nam . . . quod. 'For I pass over as too remote the fact that.' 

ilia. Perhaps Cicero used the plural to indicate that other precedents 
might have been cited, but it is more likely that there was another 
quod clause, which has been lost, for the manuscripts have quodque 
Servilius, etc. 

Page 46. 1. C. Servilius Ahala. This incident occurred in 439 B.C. 
The tradition is that a wealthy plebeian named Spurius Maelius sold 
grain at a very low price during a time of famine, and was accused of 



P. 46] I CATILINE 263 

being thus liberal for the sake of making himself king. Lucius 
Quinctius Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, and Maelius was sum- 
moned before him to answer to the charge. Maelius was slow in 
obeying the summons, and was slain by Gaius Servilius Ahala, the 
dictator's master of horse, no vis rebus. Dative with studentem. 

2. Fuit, fuit. The repetition makes an emphatic contrast with the 
present, ista. 'Such. 1 

4. coercerent. H. 570 (500) ; M. 337; A. & G. 319; G. 551 ; B. 
284. 

5. senatus consultum. The one passed October 21, giving the con- 
suls dictatorial powers. A senatus consult inn was a measure adopted 
by the senate and ratified by the people ; if the measure failed to be 
ratified or was vetoed by a tribune, the bill was called a senatus aucto- 
ritas, and had no other authority than as an expression of opinion by 
the senate. The additional powers that were conferred by such a sena- 
tus consultum are defined by Sallust {Catilina 29): "These are the 
highest powers that are granted a magistrate by the senate in accord- 
ance with Roman customs, to raise an army, to carry on war, to restrain 
citizens and allies in every way, and to have supreme military and 
judicial power." 

6. vehemens et grave. ' Severe (in the measures that it authorizes) 
and weighty (in the powers that it bestows on the consuls).' Non . . . 
ordinis. * Not the advice nor the influence of this body fails the state.' 
The meaning of this passage is that the senate has given the matter 
due deliberation, and has taken all the action that it can in giving the 
consuls full power to deal with the situation ; the responsibility now 
rests entirely with the consuls. 

9. consul. His colleague, Quintus Fabius Maximus, was absent 
from the city at the time, conducting a campaign against the Gallic 
tribes in the southern part of Gallia Transalpina. Gallia Narbonensis 
was made a Roman province by him. 

10. videret. The form of this decree is given on page 30. quid. 
Indefinite, detrimenti. Cf. consili, page 45, line 11. Nox . . . in- 
terfectus est. 'Not a night passed before Gaius Gracchus was 
killed.' 

12. C. Gracchus. Gaius Sempronius Gracchus was a younger 
brother of Tiberius Gracchus and in every way a worthy successor to 
him in the leadership of the democratic party. He attempted to carry 



264 NOTES [P. 46 

out the popular reforms of his brother and initiated others, thus in- 
curring the hostility of the optimates. Early in 121 B.C. an attempt 
was made to defeat one of his projects and resulted in a riot. The 
friends of Gracchus took up a position on the Aventine, where they 
were attacked and killed by forces under the leadership of Lucius 
Opimius, the consul. Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and his two sons were 
among those put to death. Cf. Mommsen, Vol. Ill, pages 334-370. 
patre. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. He was twice consul and once 
censor, and was also a successful general. His wife was Cornelia, the 
daughter of Publius Scipio. avo. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 
Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal at Zama. For the case, see H. 473, 2 
(419, II) ; M. 246; A. & G. 251 ; G. 400; B. 224. 

14. For the year 100 B.C. Gaius Marius was a candidate for the 
consulship, Lucius Saturninus for the tribuneship, and Gaius Glaucia 
for the praetorship. They were all democratic leaders and were elected. 
Saturninus and Glaucia were candidates at the elections for the follow- 
ing year, and were accused of having secured the death of a rival 
candidate C. Memmius. The senate ordered Marius the consul to pro- 
ceed against the murderers, and in the struggle which followed Glaucia 
and Saturninus were put to death (Mommsen, Vol. Ill, pages 465-476). 

17. mors ac rei publicae poena. 'Death as the penalty of the 
state. ' Death is personified. Rei publicae is a subjective genitive. 

18. vicesimum. More exactly, the nineteenth day, by the Roman 
< inclusive ' reckoning, hebescere. What are such verbs called, how 
are they formed, and what is their meaning ? H. 365 (337) ; M. 147; 
A. & G. 167, a ; G. 191, 2 ; B. 155, 1. 

19. huiusce. The -ce is a deictic particle that intensifies the force 
of the demonstrative. The same particle is seen in hie, illic. istic, etc. 
Cf. the French -ci and -la and the English colloquial ' this here ' and 
' that there.' * 

20. tamquam in vagina reconditum. The power conferred by 
the senatus consultum of October 2 1 is spoken of as a sword which the 
senate placed in the hands of the consuls to be used in protecting the 
state. 

22. interfectum esse. The perfect infinitive where the present 
would be regular, a quite common occurrence in informal speech. Per- 
haps the fact that Catiline should have been punished long before is in 
this way emphasized, or it may be that in such cases the verbal force 



P. 47] I CATILINE 265 

is not prominent in the participle, and it is felt to be a mere adjective. 
Cf. factum esse oportuit, page 47, line 4. 

23. sed ad confirmandam. I.e. you are incorrigible. 

24. Cupio. A stronger word than volo. patres conscripti. The 
origin of this term is not clear. It means simply 'enrolled fathers.' 
Some think that it represents patres et conscripti and so is a survival 
of the time when a distinction was made between the original patrician 
members of the senate and the plebeian members who were admitted 
later. Translate by 'senators.' me esse clementem. More impres- 
sive than the more usual esse clemens. 

25. rei publicae. Genitive. 

26. me ipse. A good opportunity to note carefully the difference 
between the intensive use of the words myself, ourselves, yourself, your- 
selves, himself herself, itself, themselves, and the reflexive use of the 
same words. To the former, Latin ipse with a pronoun corresponds ; of 
the latter the Latin equivalents are the oblique forms of ego and tu for 
the first and the second person and sui for the third person : e.g. me 
condemno, 'I condemn myself (a reflexive pronoun, the act being per- 
formed by the subject upon itself) ; ipse condemno, ' I myself (i.e. I, 
rather than any one else) condemn.' inertiae nequitiaeque. H. 456 
(409, II) ; M. 228; A. & G. 220; G. 378; B. 208. Castra. That of 
Manlius. Peculiarity of this word ? 

28. This camp was at Faesulae, in the northern part of Etruria, 
near the modern city of Florence, in dies singulos. 'Each day.' 

29. castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium. Catiline. The 
inverted order in the arrangement of the two pairs of words is called 
chiasmus, or the chiastic order. 

30. atque adeo. 'And even.' 

Page 47. 2. credo is ironical and therefore equivalent to a nega- 
tive. ' If I shall order . . ., I shall have to fear, I suppose, that all 
good men will not say that I acted too late rather than that any one 
will say that I acted too cruelly.' The simple meaning is that he will 
not have to fear criticism of his severity but rather of his remissness. 
erit verendum. For the use of the passive periphrastic conjugation, 
see H. 531 (466, n.); M. 98, 2; A. & G. 113, d ; G. 251; B. 337, 7. 
mini: H. 431 (388) ; M. 207; A. & G. 232; G. 354; B. 189. boni. 
Sc. factum esse dicant. 

5. causa. The fact that all did not yet think Catiline guilty. 



266 NOTES [P. 47 

7. tui. H. 435, 4 (391, II, 4) ; M. 226, 3; A. & G. 234, d, 2; G. 
359, r. 1 ; B. 204, 3. 

8. fateatur. H. 570 (500, 1) ; M. 382, 4; A. & G. 319, 2; G. 
552, 1 ; B. 284, 2. 

9. audeat. H. 569 (503, I) ; M. 383 ; A. & G. 320, a ; G. 631, 2 ; 
B. 283. vivis. The emphasis is upon the time of the act rather than 
upon the act itself. 

11. possis. H. 568 (497); M. 328; A. & G. 317; G. 544; B. 282. 
Multorum. The position of the word draws particular attention to it. 
If it were placed after oculi et aures, the nouns modified would be more 
prominent than the modifier. 

12. fecerunt. Cf. the English use of 'do' instead of repeating a 
verb. 

14. The question is equivalent to an emphatic negative. 'For of 
course there is nothing further for you to look forward to. 1 Cicero 
urges upon Catiline the hopelessness of his cause by declaring that he 
can not hope to accomplish anything when the magistrates are so 
vigilant that they discover what was done in a private house in the 
dead of night. 

16. parietibus. 'House walls.' Moenia is used of city walls and 
murus is the general term. 

17. inlustrantur is opposed to obscurare, erumpunt to continere. 
The meeting at Laeca's house is referred to. For what was done at 
this meeting, see page 48, line 26 ff. 

18. mihi crede. 'Take my advice,' 'listen to me.' caedis. H. 454 
(406, II) ; M. 227 ; A. & G. 219 ; G. 376 ; B. 206. 

19. luce. H. 471 (417) ; M. 239 ; A. & G. 247 ; G. 398 ; B. 217. 

20. licet recognoscas. ' You may review.' It is a mistake to say 
that an tit is omitted here. The construction is paratactic, i.e. there 
are two coordinate expressions instead of one dependent upon the 
other. Recognoscas is a command, and the two words mean 'it is per- 
mitted ; review.' How Cicero secured information concerning the 
meeting is explained by Sallust ( Catilina 23) . From his narrative we 
learn that there was in the conspiracy a man named Quintus Curius, 
who had been removed from the senate because of his baseness. 
Elated by the hope that the plans of the conspirators would be success- 
ful, he began to be very boastful and to make extravagant promises. 
A woman named Fulvia learned from him the cause of his unusual 



P. 48] I CATILINE 267 

conduct, and revealed her information to others in such a way that it 
reached the authorities. 

21. Meministi. Peculiarity of this verb ? ante . . . Novembris. 
For the Roman calendar and the peculiar arrangement of the words 
ante diem with the accompanying ordinal see H. 754-756 (641-645) ; 
M. 498-506; A. & G. 376; G. Appendix; B. 371, 372. 

22. dicere. The present instead of the perfect infinitive is often 
found with memini, perhaps for the sake of greater vividness, fore. 
The future infinitive of esse. 

23. futurus esset. The active periphrastic conjugation denotes an 
intended or immediate act or state, and may serve as a definite future 
tense for the subjunctive. For the subjunctive, see H. 643 (524) ; M. 
392; A. &G. 336, 2; G. 650; B. 314, 1. 

24. satellitem atque administrum. Which is apparently the 
more contemptuous term ? See vocabulary for the force of atque. 
Num . . . res. ' I was not mistaken, was I, Catiline, in a matter . . . 
nor yet in the date, a fact which is much more astonishing ? ' 

28. idem. 'Also. 1 

29. in. The object is the entire following expression, ante . . . 
Novembris. 

30. Roma. For the use of the case without a preposition see H. 491, 
II. (428) ; M. 233, 2 ; A. & G. 258, a ; G. 391 ; B. 229, 1 . sui. For the 
case see H. 626, 3 (542, 1, n. i) ; M. 289, n. ; A. & G. 298, a ; G. 428, 
R. i;B. 339, 5. 

Page 48. 3. nostra. The possessive is used instead o£ the genitive 
plural of ego. remansissemus. * Of us who had remained,' i.e. in 
the city. For the tense see H. 644 (525) ; M. 396; A. & G. 336, B; 
G. 654; B. 318. 

4. esse. For the mode see H. 642 (523, I); M. 392; A. & G. 
336,2; G. 650; B. 314. For the tense see H. 617 (537); M. 396; 

A. & G. 336, A ; G. 653 ; B. 317. dicebas. What are the uses of this 
tense ? H. 534, 535 (468, 469) ; M. 306; A. & G. 277; G. 231-234; 

B. 260. Quid. l Again. 1 This word is often used as a transitional 
particle in passing from one point to another. Praeneste. From its 
position and strength this town would be a valuable acquisition for the 
conspirators. The Marian faction used it to advantage. 

6. meo, meis. Cicero's frequent references to himself are in strong 
contrast with Caesar's impersonal narrative, and perhaps for that very 



268 NOTES [P. 48 

reason students are inclined to criticise Cicero's egotism more than 
is just. 

7, nihil. The emphasis given this word by its position and repe- 
tition is noteworthy. 

8. non. The force of the negative is extended to the verbs videam 
and sentiam. 

10. noctem superiorem. The night of November 6. 

11. ad salutem. Sc. rei publicae. 

12. rei publicae. Objective genitive, priore nocte. The same 
as noctem superiorem, line 10. 

13. inter falcarios. ' Among the scythe-makers, 1 i.e. into the street 
occupied by the scythe-makers, non agam obscure. ' I will not dis- 
cuss the matter in a vague way. 1 in. For greater definiteness in mean- 
ing prepositions are often used with nouns that regularly are put in the 
simple accusative or ablative to denote place to which or from which. 

16. in senatu. The phrase defines hie. 

18. di. The declension of this word ? Ubinam gentium sumus. 
' Where in the world are we ?' For the case of gentium see H. 443 
(397, 4) ; M. 225, 5 ; A. & G. 216, a, 4; G. 372, 3, N. 3 ; B. 201, 3. 
qua, quam. Nearly equivalent to forms of qualis. 

21. sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio. After Cineas had visited 
Rome in the interests of Pyrrhus, he referred to the Roman senate as 
an assembly of kings. 

22. omnium. Used to modify the genitive plural of the personal 
pronoun represented by nostro. Omni, in agreement with interitu, 
would have a different meaning, de. Sc. exitio. 

23. orbis terrarum. There seems to be no difference in meaning 
between this expression and orbis terrae above, cogitent. For the 
mode cf. audeat, page 47, line 9. 

24. de re publica sententiam rogo. 'I ask them their opinions 
about public questions,' i.e. call on them to vote. The officer who 
convoked the senate stated the business, and then called on the sena- 
tors to express their opinions by a formal statement or by endorsing 
what a previous speaker had said. 

25. voce vulnero. By calling them by name. 

26. igitur has here its so-called ' resumptive force.' It indicates 
that the narrative is resumed which was broken by the digression 
beginning at line 18. 



P. 49] I CATILINE 269 

27. statuisti . . . placeret. ' You decided to what place it seemed 
best that each one should go.' 

28. placeret. For the mode cf. egerts, page 45, line 10. Romae. H. 
78, 4 (48, 4) ; M. 242 ; A. & G. 258, c, 2 ; G. 41 1 ; B. 232. relinqueres, 
educeres. Verbs of adjective clauses denoting purpose. 

29. confirmasti. For confirmavisti. 

30. dixisti . . . viverem. ' You said that you were even yet 
delayed a little because I lived. 1 tibi. Dative of possessor. 

31. etiam nunc. For etiam turn, the words of the direct statement 
being retained in the indirect form, morae. For the case cf. detri- 
ment!, page 46, line 10. 

32. equites Roraani. Sallust's account varies only slightly from 
this. He says that Catiline made many attempts at Rome, formed 
plots against the consuls, made preparations for conflagrations, seized 
suitable places by armed men, went about armed, urged others to do 
the same, and was always urging them to be on the alert and ready. 
He rushed about night and day without rest, and yet was not exhausted 
by toil or lack of sleep. Finally, when none of his many plans suc- 
ceeded, he called the members of the conspiracy together again at the 
house of Marcus Laeca, and there, complaining of their cowardice, he 
informed them that he had sent Manlius ahead to the throng which 
he had gathered together, and also that he had sent others to suitable 
places to begin the fighting. He said that he wished to join the army 
soon, if he could first destroy the consul, for Cicero was hindering very 
much the execution of his plans. While the rest were terrified and 
drawing back, Gaius Cornelius, a knight, and Lucius Vargunteius, a 
senator, arranged to go with armed men a little later that night as if 
to call upon Cicero and stab him while off his guard at his own home. 
When Curius found out how great danger threatened the consul, he 
quickly informed Cicero through Fulvia of the plot which was in prepa- 
ration. And so the conspirators were refused admittance, and had 
attempted so great a crime in vain. 

Page 49. 1. lectulo. For the formation of the word see H. 340 
(321); M. 159; A. & G. 164, a; G. 181, 12; B. 148, 1. Diminutives 
denote things that are small, and also express affection, pity, or contempt. 
They are very common in colloquial Latin, and often have a shade of 
meaning that it is very difficult to translate. The use of the diminutive 
here suggests the privacy and the security of the home. 



270 NOTES [P. 49 

4. maioribus. I.e. than he had employed before. 

5. salutatum. H. 633 (546) ; M. 301 ; A. & G. 302 ; G. 435 ; B. 
340. Romans of rank and position received very early calls from their 
dependents and supporters, cum . . . praedixeram. ' Since those 
very ones came who I had told many eminent men before would come 
to me at that time. 1 id temporis. Equivalent to eo tempore. 

8. perge quo coepisti. ' Go on as you have started/ 

11. desiderant. For the tense see H. 533 (467, III, 2) ; M. 305,6; 
A. & G. 276, a\ G. 230; B. 259, 4. Educ. What other verbs have 
shortened forms in the same situation? H. 241 (238); M. 100, 6; 
A. & G. 128, c\ G. 130, 5; B. 116, 3. 

12. quam plurimos. 'As many as possible. 1 

13. me atque te. The pronoun of the first person regularly precedes 
that of the second person, intersit. H. 587 (513, I); M. 376; A. 
&G. 314; G. 573; B. 310. 

15. Magna habenda est gratia. 'Great gratitude should be felt 
toward. . . . , The meaning of gratias agere is to express gratitude in 
words and of gratiam referre to. express gratitude in deeds. 

16. huic. I.e. in whose temple we are assembled. Statori. An 
epithet supposed to have been given to Jupiter because of his miraculous 
intervention when the troops of Romulus were beginning to flee in the 
battle with the Sabines. Cf. Livy I, 12 : " Ut Hostius cecidit, confcstim 
Romana inclinatur acies fusaque est ad veterem portam Palatii. 
Romulus et ipse turba fugientium actus anna ad caelum toll ens 
' luppi'ter, tuis ' inquit i iussus avibus hie in Palatio prima urbi funda- 
menta ieci. Arcem iam scelere emptam Sabini habent ; inde hue armati 
superata 7tiedia valle tendunt. At tu, pater deum homiuumque. June 
saltern arce hostes, deme terror em Romanis fugamque foedam siste. Hie 
ego tibi templum Statori lovi, quod monumeutum sit poster is tua prae- 
senti ope servatam urbem esse, voveo? " 

19. Non est . . . rei publicae. 'The highest welfare of the state 
must no longer be endangered by one man. 1 uno nomine. Catiline. 

23. proximis comitiis. Not held in July, as it usually was. but 
postponed until late in October on account of the disturbances in the 
city. 

24. in campo. The Campus Martius, where the elections for magis- 
trates were held, competitores. Decimus Iunius Silanus and Lucius 
Licinius Murena. 



P. 50] I CATILINE 271 

25. praesidio. In his oration for Murena, Cicero says : " Descendi 
in campum cumfirmissimo praesidio fortissimorum virorum et cum ilia 
lata insigtiique lorica, non quae vie tegeret, etenim sciebam Catilinam 
non latus aut ventrem, sed caput et collum solere petere, verum ut 
omnes boni animadvert event et, cum in metu et peviculo considem vi de- 
vent, id quod est factum, ad opem pvaesidiumque concuvv event." 

26. nullo . . . concitato. 'Without calling on the powers of the 
state for aid:. 1 

27. per me. 'By my own efforts. ' 

28. rei publicae. Genitive. 

29. Nunc iam. An emphatic 'Now,' as opposed to his conduct in 
the past. 

Page 50. 1. id quod. Putting Catiline to death, primum. 'Ob- 
viously the first thing to do.' huius imperi. The extraordinary power 
given the consuls by the senatus consultum of October 21. 

3. ad severitatem lenius, utilius. ' Milder as far as rigor is con- 
cerned, and more useful as far as the general welfare is concerned.' 

6. quod. For the more common id quod. It refers to the idea in exievis. 

7. tuorum comitum. The genitive tells of what the republic's sew- 
age consists. 

8. Quid est ? The English colloquial * What is that ? ' id. Leaving 
the city. 

10. num. in exs ilium. Sc. ive iubeam. 

15. oderit. Peculiarity of this word ? 

16. Quod . . . afuit? 'What dishonor in private life does not cling 
to your reputation ? From what lust have you ever kept your eyes, from 
what evil deed have you ever kept your hands, and from what shame 
have you ever kept your entire body ? ' A short characterization of 
Catiline is given by Sallust (Catilina 5) : "Lucius Catilina nobili geneve 
natus fuit, ?nag7ia vi et animi et covpovis, sed ingenio malo pvavoque. 
Huic ab adulescentia bella intestina, caedes, vapinae, discovdia civilis 
grata fueve, ibique iuventutem suam exevcuit. Covpus patiens mediae, 
algoris, vigiliae supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Anwius audax, sub- 
dolus, varius, cuius reilubet simidator ac dissimulator ; alieni appetens, 
sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquentiae, sapientiae 
parum ; vastus animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta cupiebaty 

19. Cui . . . praetulisti. 'To what young man whom you en- 
trapped by the allurements of your corruptions have you not given a 



272 NOTES [P. 51 

sword for his recklessness or a torch for his lust ? ' i.e. all the young 
men whom you could bring under your influence you have taught to be 
murderers and debauched characters, facem praeferre. 'To carry a 
torch before, 1 i.e. to guide, to show the way for. Sallust's statements 
are very similar (Catilina 14). 

21. Quid vero. Cf. note on Quid, page 48, line 4. 

22. nuptiis. For marriage ceremonies and customs consult the 
Appendix of Becker's Gallus. 

23. alio scelere. The murder of his son. Cf. Sallust, Catilina 15 : 
" Postrejno captus amove Aureliae Orestillae, cuius firaeter for mam 
nihil umquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere Mi dubitabat timens 
firivignum adultum aetate, pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam 
domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse." 

25. ne . . . videatur. 'That a crime of so much cruelty may not 
appear to have been committed in this state nor to have been un- 
punished. 1 

28. Idibus. A regular time for the payment of debts. 

31. Bummam rem publicam. 'The highest welfare of the state. 1 

Page 51. 3. Lepido et Tullo. Manius Aemilius Lepidus and 
Gaius Volcatius Tullus were consuls in 66 B.C. Cf. Sallust, Catilina 18 : 
" But before that a few had formed a conspiracy, among whom was 
Catiline. In the consulship of Lucius Tullus and Manius Lepidus, 
Publius Autronius and Publius Sulla had been elected consuls, and then 
were convicted and punished under the laws against bribery. A little 
later Catiline was accused of extortion, and was kept out of the canvass 
for the consulship because he could not announce his candidacy within 
the time required by law. At the same time there was a Gnaeus Piso, 
a young noble of the greatest boldness, poor, and a factious fellow, 
whom poverty and an evil disposition incited to attack his country. 
Catiline and Autronius, with this Piso, entered into a plot about the 
Nones of December, and made preparations to kill the new consuls 
(who had been put in the place of those who had been convicted) in 
the Capitol on the first day of January. This became known, and the 
plan was postponed until the Nones of February. Even as far back as 
that time the death of most of the senators, as well as of the consuls, 
was sought. Unless Catiline had been too hasty in giving the signal to 
his companions in front of the Curia, the foulest deed since the founding 
of the city would have been perpetrated on that day. Their purpose 



P. 51] - I CATILINE 273 

was defeated by the fact that aimed conspirators had not assembled in 
sufficient numbers." 

4. comitio. The Comitium was a level area adjoining the Forum 
on the northeast side. It was in front of the Curia, and served as a 
place of meeting for the Comitia Curiata. Lanciani says that in the 
early days of Rome the Comitium was the center of civil and political 
business, while the Forum was used simply as a market place ; but with 
the increase of the population and with the spread of democracy the 
center was shifted to the Forum, and the Comitium lost forever its 
importance. The main ornaments were the statue of Atta Navius, the 
augur who cut the whetstone with a razor, and the puteal under which 
the whetstone and the razor had been buried ; and the Jicus navia,a. fig 
tree which the popular fancy believed to have been transplanted here 
from the banks of the Tiber by the same miracle-working augur. It was 
considered to represent the fiats ruminalis which had sheltered with its 
shade the infant twins sucking the she wolf; and this event was recorded 
by a bronze group not unlike the one now preserved in the Palazzo dei 
ConservatorL 

5. sceleri . . . obstitisse. ' And that not some impulse or fear on 
your part, but the good fortune of the state thwarted your wickedness 
and your rage. 1 

8. ilia. ' Those occurrences of the past. 1 neque enim . . . com- 
missa. ' For of course the deeds that you committed are well known, and 
many in number. 1 An affirmation made by denying the contrary is 
called what ? H. 752 (637, VIII) ; M. 474; A. & G. 209, c\ G. 700; 

B- 375> I- 

11. petitiones. A term used in the gladiatorial schools. The char- 
acter of the gladiators had made their name a term of reproach. 

12. parva quadam declinatione. ' By a mere twist, so to speak. 1 
corpore. The colloquial character of this expression is indicated by the 
apologetic tit aiimt. Vergil (V. 437, 438) uses corpore in the same 
sense in a description of a boxing match : 

" Stat gravis Entellus nisuque immotus eodem, 
Corpore tela modo atque oadis vigilantibas exit.''' 1 

14. tibi. Dative of reference, to show in whose case the statement is 
true, quotiens, etc. ' How often it has slipped from your hands and 
fallen to the ground ! ? 

h. & g. cic. — 18 



274 NOTES . [P. 52 

15. Quae . . . defigere. 'As for this dagger, I do not know by 
what rites it has been consecrated and set apart, that you think that 
you must bury it in a consul's body.' Weapons were often dedicated 
to some deity for a certain purpose. 

16. abs. This form of the preposition does not occur in the orations 
except in this phrase. 

18. Nunc. A very prominent word. Catiline's past life has been 
discussed ; the present is now taken up. 

20. sed ut misericordia. Sc permotus esse videar. nulla. Here 
an emphatic negative, 'not at all.' 

25. Quid, quod. 'What of the fact, that . . . ?' ista. Has here its 
force of a demonstrative of the second person, ' those near you.' 

26. tibi. H. 431, 2 (388, 1) ; M. 207, 2 ; A. & G. 232, a ; G. 354 : B. 
189, 2. The illustration on page 44 shows Catiline deserted by all his 
associates. 

31. me hercule. 'So help me Hercules. 1 The verb has disap- 
peared and the whole expression has become a mere expletive, isto. 
'Such.' metuerent. For the mode and tense see H. 579 (510); M. 
366; A. &G. 308; G. 597; B. 304. 

Page 52. 1. tibi. Cf. tibi, page 51, line 29. Sc. relifiquetidam esse.. 

2. suspectum tarn graviter. ' So much an object of suspicion.' 

4. conscientia scelerum. 'From the consciousness of your crimes.'' 

5. odium. Sc. esse. 

10. Nunc. The connection between this sentence and the preceding 
is, ' But laying aside all suppositions, the facts in the case are . . .' 

14. tacita loquitur. The use of two words of opposite meaning is 
called what? H. 752, 12 (637, XI, 6) ; M. 494; A. & G. 386; G. 694; 
B. 375,2. 

16. aliquot annis. Ablative of the time within which. 

17. tibi. 'In your case alone, 1 dative of reference, multorum 
civium neces. The murders that Catiline committed while an officer in 
Sulla's army. 

18. sociorum. Those connected with the province of Africa, where 
Catiline was propraetor in 67 B.C. 

19. These statements refer to Catiline^ successful attempts to free 
himself from the charges of misgovernment which had been preferred 
against him. 

20. Superiora ilia. 'Those former deeds. 1 



P. 53] I CATILINE 275 

22. nunc vero. Cf. Nunc vero, page 51, line 18. esse, timeri, 
videri are the subject of est. 

23. quicquid increpuerit. * If any noise is heard,' literally 'what- 
ever has made a noise.' See Inductive Studies, page 38. 

24. quod . . . abhorreat. < Which is not in line with your wicked- 
ness.' 

26. mihi. H. 427 (385, II, 2); M. 211; A. & G. 229; G. 347, 5 ; 
B. 188, 2, d. 

28. loquatur, debeat, possit. For the mode and tense see H. 576 
(509) ; M. 364; A. & G. 307, 2; G. 596; B. 303. 

30. in custodiam. Romans of rank were not imprisoned before 
trial, but were put in the charge of friends who would be responsible 
for their appearance when their cases were called. Lucius Paulus 
entered this charge against Catiline. 

31. ad. Used here in the sense of apud. 

Page 53. 2. id responsum. Explained in the infinitive clause 
below. 

3. tuto. An adverb instead of an adjective, qui. i Since I.' 

4. moenibus. The force of Cicero's reply is in the contrast between 
parietibus and moenibus. 

6. optimum. Ironical, quem tu videlicet. Also ironical. 

7. ad custodiendum diligentissimum. ' Very watchful in guard- 
ing you.' 

9. Sed . . . qui. 'But how far does it seem that he ought to be 
from prison and from chains who ... ?' 

10. qui . . . iudicarit. A rough jest about Catiline's professed 
willingness to place himself in custody for the purpose of declaring his 
innocence. 

12. emori, abire. Convicted criminals were permitted to go into 
banishment, but very many preferred suicide to exile from Rome. 

15. refer. The word that is regularly used for laying a matter before 
the senate. It is not known how Catiline expressed to Cicero his 
willingness to obey a decree of the senate. 

16. placere. The object of decreverit. ire. The subject of placere. 

17. id . . . moribus. 'A course which is not in accord with my 
character.' Possibly Cicero means that he is too merciful by nature to 
expose Catiline to the severity with which the senate would surely deal 
with him. 



276 NOTES [P. 55 

21. ecquid attendis. ' Are you paying any attention at all?' 

22. Quid . . . perspicis. 'Why do you wait for the expressed 
command of those whose unspoken wish you plainly perceive?' 

23. loquentium. Sc. eorum, the antecedent of quorum. 

25. P. Sestio. Tribunus plebis in 57 B.C. He zealously supported 
the optimates, and used bands of gladiators to oppose Clodius. In 
56 B.C. he was tried for the deeds of violence committed during his 
tribunate. Cicero defended him in a speech still extant, and secured 
his acquittal. M. Marcello. Not the man mentioned in line 6. See 
the introduction to the oration for Marcellus. 

26. consuli, hoc ipso in templo. I.e. even his position as consul 
and the sacred place where they were assembled would not have pro- 
tected him from the fury of the enraged senators. 

27. vim et manus. 'Violent hands, 1 a case of hendiadys, i.e. the 
use of two coordinate expressions instead of one modified by the other. 
cum quiescunt, probant. The two acts are asserted to be identical. 

29. hi. The senators. 

30. cara, vilissima. A sarcastic comparison of Catiline's professed 
willingness to obey the senators with his plots to murder them. 

Page 55. 1. studia, voces, exaudire. From the throng listening 
outside. 

4. relinquentem. Has a conditional force. The simple meaning of 
the sentence is that law-abiding citizens would so rejoice in Catiline's 
departure that they would be willing to escort him in honor to the gates 
of the city. 

5. prosequantur. 'Escort. 1 

6. The tit clauses may be clauses of purpose, ' Am I talking with the 
expectation that any thing will crush you ? ' or they may be exclamatory 
questions, 'Can it be that any thing will crush you? 1 The emphasis 
on the pronoun is noteworthy. 

9. duint. An archaic form for dent. For the mode and tense see 
H. 558 (483, 1) ; M. 325 ; A. & G. 267 ; G. 261 ; B. 279. Archaisms 
naturally survive longest in religious and in legal language. 

n. recenti . . . tuorum. 'While the recollection of your crimes is 
still fresh. 1 

13. est tanti. 'It is worth while. 1 For the case oitanti see H. 448 
(404, 405) ; M. 224; A. & G. 252, a\ G. 380; B. 203, 3-5. sit. H. 
587 (5 13, I) ; M. 376 ; A. & G. 314 ; G. 573 ; B. 310. 



P. 56] I CATILINE 277 

14. The ut clauses are the subject of est postulandum. 

15. ut . . . cedas. 'That you should yield to the exigencies of the state.' 
17. is. ' Such a person. 1 / 

20. inimico . . . tuo. ' Your personal enemy, as you claim. ' 

28. isse. The perfect infinitive of ire. 

29. Quamquam, etc. The sense of the passage is that it is absurd 
to urge Catiline to leave the city, since it is known that he has already 
made many preparations to go to the camp of Manlius. invitem. H. 
559, 4 (484, V); M. 324; A. & G. 268; G. 265; B. 277. sciam. 
The verb of an adjective clause denoting cause. 

31. cui. Dative of agent, pactam. Participle of pacisco. 

32. aquilam. A common emblem for the standard of a legion. 
This one had been used by Marius; hence Mam. 

Page 56. 2. sacrarium. 'An altar.' Catiline's is consecrated to 
wickedness. 

3. ut possis. An exclamatory question. See page 55, line 6 ff. 

4. venerari, etc. The statement that Catiline worshiped the 
standard which Marius used would seem to mean that Catiline was 
aspiring to succeed Marius as leader of the popular party. 

7. quo. I.e. into civil war. 

8. rapiebat. H. 535 (469, II, 2) ; M. 306, 4; A. & G. 277, b\ G. 
234; B. 260,4. 

9. haec res. I.e. war against his country. 

14. derelictis. Is coordinate with perditis. ex perditis atque 
derelictis. A modifier of conflatam. ab fortuna, spe. Modifies 
derelictis. 

19. ad huius vitae studium. 'For the living of just such a life.' 
meditati. In some deponent verbs, as in this, the perfect participle 
is passive, feruntur. 'Are talked about.' 

20. iacere and vigilare are explanatory of labores. 

22. insidiantem. A modifier of the unexpressed subject of iacere. 
The sentence means that Catiline's remarkable physical powers were 
cultivated for both immoral and dishonest purposes. 

23. Habes ubi ostentes. 'You have an opportunity to show.' 

25. Tantum, etc. 'I accomplished this much when I kept you out 
of the consulship, that . . .' 

26. cum . . . reppuli. Cicero very actively opposed Catiline's can- 
didacy for the consulship. 



278 NOTES [P. 56 

30. ut detester ac deprecer. 'That I may protest and plead 
against .' 

Page 57. 3. loquatur. The substance but not the form of the 
apodosis is found at the beginning of chapter XII. Such a change of 
construction in a sentence is called anacoluthon. 

9. immissus iu urbem. ' Sent against the city. 1 

12. Mosne maiorum. Sc. te impedit. 

18. commendatione maiorum. Those who held the highest offices 
at Rome were usually the descendants of former magistrates. If any 
one outside these l noble ' families secured one of these magistracies 
by the power of worth or the force of circumstances, he was referred 
to as a novas homo, but he and his descendants were ranked among the 
nobiles. 

19. tarn mature. Cicero held each of the magistracies at the earli- 
est legal age. summum imperium. 'The consulship.'' 

29. factu. H. 635 (547); M. 302; A. & G. 303; G. 436; B. 
340, 2. iudicarem. This tense is used because he is still of the same 
opinion. 

Page 58. 1. superiorum. ' Of former times. 1 

4. invidiae. Genitive of the whole with quid. 

6. ut invidiam, etc. I.e. unpopularity that is the result of an upright 
course is glory. 

8. ordine. The senate. 

12. quorum . . . imperiti. ' Following the lead of these, not only 
many bad men, but also many uninformed ones. 1 

19. The power of this sentence is in the contrast between compri?ni 
and reprimi. 

20. Quod si, etc. I.e. at the withdrawal of Catiline and his followers 
all civil evils will be removed root and branch. 

25. Etenim, etc. The political disorders are of long standing, but in 
some way the culmination has been reached at the present time. 

26. nescio quo. 'Some. 1 

28. If Catiline alone is put out of the way, there will be some relief, 
but the elements of danger will remain, like a poison that has per- 
meated a man's system. 

32. The death of Catiline would be only a temporary relief, like cold 
water given to a fevered person. 

Page 59. 2. biberunt. In present general conditional sentences 



P. 59] I CATILINE 279 

the perfect indicative is sometimes used in the protasis, as here. So 
also, in past general conditional sentences the pluperfect indicative is 
sometimes used in the protasis. 

5. reliquis vivis. This ablative absolute has the force of a protasis. 

8. insidiari. A reference to the attempt to murder Cicero two 
nights before. 

9. ciicumstare, obsidere. For purposes of intimidation and 
bribery, praetoris urbani. Lucius Valerius Flaccus was praetor 
urbanus at this time. 

10. curiam. The Curia Hostilia. The following statements in 
regard to it are taken from Lanciani's Ruins and Excavations of Ancient 
Rome: "The Senate-house was, politically speaking, the most im- 
portant building in the Roman world. The place where it stands 
was occupied at an early age by a small wood, by a cave overgrown 
with ivy, and by a spring, at which Tarpeia was drawing water 
when she saw Tatius for the first time. The first senators met here, 
dressed in sheepskins, in a square hut covered by a thatched roof. 
Tullus Hostilius gave the patres conscripti a better seat, an oblong 
hall, built of stone, on the northeast side of the Comitium, raised on a 
platform above the reach of floods, and accessible by a flight of steps, 
down which the body of Servius was hurled by Tarquinius. Inside it 
contained several rows of benches, the Speaker's chair, a small apart- 
ment for the archives, and a vestibule. . . . We must remember also 
that, the senate being forbidden to vote a measure unless assembled in 
a temple, their hall was consecrated. ... So extreme was the frugality 
and self-denial of Republican senators that they never allowed their 
hall to be warmed in winter. . . . Sulla repaired and perhaps enlarged 
it in 80 B.C. Twenty-eight years later it was burned down by the 
partisans of Clodius. It was rebuilt, but not finished until 29 a.d., and 
then was dedicated as the Curia Julia. This structure was also burned, 
and was restored by Diocletian under the name of Senatus.' 1 ' 1 

12. Polliceor, etc. I.e. the departure of Catiline is the key to 
the whole situation. 

18. Hisce ominibus. 'With such prospects,' i.e. with my words 
as omens of your fate. 

22. Tu, Iuppiter, etc. Probably addressed to the statue in the 
temple, qui . . . constitutus. 'Whose worship was founded under 
the same auspices as the city. 1 



280 NOTES [P. 59 

28. aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque. An interesting ex- 
pression, when compared with some other of Cicero's utterances 
regarding life beyond the grave. 

THE SECOND CATILINARIAN ORATION 

After Cicero had taken his seat at the close of the first oration, Cati- 
line rose and humbly begged the senators not to believe too readily the 
charges made against him. He reminded them of the position which 
his family had held in Rome, and of the unlikelihood that he could 
hope to gain anything by the overthrow of his country. He then began 
an attack upon Cicero but was interrupted by cries of 'enemy' and 
'traitor.' Losing control of himself, he rushed out of the senate with 
the threat that he would prevent his own ruin by the destruction of 
others. That night he started for the camp of Manlius, but wrote to 
many leading men that he was going into exile at Massilia, not because 
he was guilty, but in order that his absence might quiet the disturb- 
ances in the city. 

Catiline proceeded northward, securing recruits as he advanced, and 
entered the camp at Faesulae with the insignia of consular power. 
When these facts became known at Rome, the senate declared Catiline 
and Manlius public enemies, and set a time before which their followers 
might lay down their arms without punishment. It was also voted 
that the consuls should raise troops, and that Antonius should proceed 
against Catiline while Cicero guarded the city. 

On the day after Catiline's departure Cicero addressed the people in 
the second oration. 

SUMMARY 

Catiline has gone from the city ; his departure means his defeat. He 
should have been put to death, but public opinion would not have sus- 
tained the consul in such a course. The army at Faesulae is not to be 
feared ; the conspirators who are still in the city are the only cause for 
anxiety. They may still depart without being molested, but there will 
be a limit to leniency. If Catiline's friends all join him, the greatest of 
victories will be won, for he was intimately associated with the basest 
and vilest. The charge that the consul drove Catiline into banishment 
is unfounded ; he has gone to join Manlius. - The different classes of 



P. 6i] II CATILINE 28l 

men who compose the conspiracy. The resources of the conspirators 
compared with those of the state. Sufficient precautions have been 
taken to insure safety. The conspirators are again warned. Safety 
shall be secured with as little violence as possible. The need of divine 
aid. 

Page 61. 1. Tandem aliquando. 'Finally, at last.' Quirites. 
The word regularly used when the people are addressed as citizens. 

2. scelus anhelantem. I.e. scelus is the element in which he lives. 

3. ferro flammaque. With minitari the ablative of instrument or 
the accusative of direct object may be used. 

4. ex urbe . . . sumus. 'We have driven from the city, or have 
allowed to go, or have followed with words of farewell as he departed 
of his own accord.' Cicero offers a choice of terms to those who may 
view his course in different ways. 

5. ipsum = sua sponte. verbis. What was said in the first oration. 
prosecuti sumus. Used of those who accompany departing friends 
for a short distance on their way. It is ironical here, of course. Cf. 
page 55, line 5. Abiit . . . erupit. Catiline's going away may be 
viewed as a simple departure, or as a withdrawal, or as an escape, or as a 
rushing away. The fact of his departure is made very prominent by 
bringing together so many words of similar meaning. 

6. Nulla iam. A negative with iam is regularly equivalent to 'no 
longer.' 

7. moenibus = urbi. 

11. ilia. When Me has the meaning 'that well known,' it usually 
follows the noun that it modifies, in campo. Sc. Martio. The 
various attacks that Catiline planned are here referred to. 

13. Loco . . . est. 'He was dislodged,' perhaps a military 
expression, est depulsus. This act and that of motus est are asserted 
to be the same. Cf. coniecimus below, and quiescunt, patiuntur, and 
tacent, page 53, line 28. 

14. hoste. Catiline is now outside Rome, preparing to make war; 
he may, therefore, be attacked as any public foe. nullo. The genitive 
and the ablative singular and all the plural of neino are not often found, 
forms of nullus being used instead. 

17. cruentum. 'But because he did not carry away his weapon 
stained with blood.' 



282 NOTES [P. 61 

1 8. vivis nobis. Ablative absolute. 

19. ei. Dative of reference. 

23. retorquet oculos. Catiline is compared to a wild beast from 
which its prey has been rescued. 

24. luget. The object is the clause qitam . . . ereptam esse, 'and 
mourns that it has been rescued from his jaws.' 

25. quae quidem. 'But as for the city. 1 pestem. Cicero now 
refers to Catiline as a poison of which the state has been relieved. 

26. evomuerit, proiecerit. In the subjunctive because the reason 
is not Cicero's but the city's. H. 588, II (516, II); M. 357; A. & 
G. 321 ; G. 541 ; B. 286, 1. 

Page 62. 2. qui, etc. ' Who censures me on the very point in which 
my words delight and rejoice, namely, that I did not seize so dangerous 
a foe rather than let him go.' 

4. comprehenderim, emiserim. The mode is due to informal 
indirect discourse, est. This is not the real apodosis, but some state- 
ment understood, such as ' I will say ' or ' I have this to say.' 

5. Interfectum esse et adfectum. There is nothing artificial or 
unnatural in such a case of apparent hysteron proteron. Cicero first 
thinks of death as a fitting penalty, and then comes the thought that 
the crime deserves the severest punishment, whether that be death or 
something else. 

7. mos maiorum. The Romans made a great point of following 
closely in the footsteps of their forefathers. Compare what Cicero 
says about this in his oration for the Manilian Law, page 126, line 15. 

8. res publica. 'The welfare of the state.' 

9. quae ego deferrem. Sc. de coniuratione . 

12. non . . . periculo. 'Not only at the risk of unpopularity to 
myself, but even at the peril of my life.' 

14. viderem. The object is fore, and the subject of fore is the 
id clause that follows, ne . . . probata. 'As the fact of the con- 
spiracy was even then not proved to the satisfaction of all you even/ 

15. multassem. Represents a future perfect of the direct discourse. 
17. hue. 'To such a point,' or 'to this point' (where it is). In the 

first case the following ut clause would be a result, in the second case it 
would be a purpose. 

19. quam vehementer . . . putem. The object of intellegatis. 

20. licet nine intellegatis, quod. 'You may know from this fact, 



P. 63] II CATILINE 283 

that. 1 licet. This verb may have an infinitive or an ut clause as sub- 
ject, or it may be accompanied by a subjunctive, as here. Cf. note on 
licet recognoscas, page 47, line 20. 

21. moleste fero. Graviter is often used instead of 7noleste, some- 
times also aegre and indigue. comitatus. Cf. note on meditati, page 
56, line 19. Plutarch {Cicero 16) says that three hundred went with 
Catiline. 

22. eduxisset. A wish unfulfilled in the past. Tongilium. The 
three men mentioned here are otherwise unknown to us. They are 
types of dissolute men whose petty debts would not lead them into any 
desperate plans against their country. 

23. mihi. An ethical dative, 'I notice. 1 in praetexta. Sc. toga, 
the toga with a colored border, worn by Roman boys until they assumed 
the dress and duties of manhood. The phrase therefore means 'in 
boyhood. 1 

26. aere alieno. Ablative of characteristic, the only adjective use 
of the ablative. 

28. ilium exercitum. Strongly contrasted with hos, page 63, 
line 4. Gallicanis legionibus. Those stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. 

29. hoc dilectu. Quintus Metellus Celer, a praetor, had been sent 
there by the senate and authorized to raise troops. 

31. senibus. SuhVs disbanded troops. 

32. luxuria. l High livers. 1 The use of an abstract term instead of 
a concrete is not uncommon. 

Page 63. 1. vadimonia. Securities that they had furnished to 
appear in court at a certain time and satisfy the claims against them. 
These securities were forfeited if the debtor failed to appear, or if judg- 
ment was rendered against him. 

3. edictum. Regarding proceedings against debtors, concident. 
The prefix has its intensive force. 

5. unguentis, purpura. Indications of a luxurious style of living. 

6. purpura. The broad purple stripe (latus davits') which senators 
wore upon the tunic, mallem. ' I should prefer, 1 the apodosis of a 
present condition contrary to fact, milites. 'As his soldiers. 1 edux- 
isset. A wish not fulfilled in the past. 

7. mementote. This verb and scire regularly are found in the future 
instead of the present imperative, exercitum. Sc. pertimescendum 



284 NOTES [P. 63 

8. deseruerunt. By remaining in Rome. 

9. The cool indifference of these dissipated young nobles to the 
fact that their plans are known is an indication of the danger to be 
feared from them. 

11. Sallust (Catilina 27) mentions some of these appointments: 
" Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atqice in earn partein Etrnriae, Sep- 
titnium quendam Camertem in agnim Picenutn, C. Iuliiim in Apulia m 
dimisit, praeterea alium alio, quern ubique opportunum sibi fore crede- 
baty 

14. superioris noctis. According to the chronology usually fol- 
lowed this must mean ' of that former night,' and refer to the meeting 
at Laeca's house. 

17. Ne . . . errant. * Surely they make a great mistake.' 

19. Sc. id, the object of sum adsecutus and explained by the ut 
clause. 

21. nisi vero. Ironical, si. Simply a repetition of the si in nisi. 
qui . . . putet. ' Who does not think that those like Catiline have the 
same opinions.' — - 

24. ne patiantur. Probably not a purpose clause but coordinate 
with exeant and proficiscantur . sui. An objective genitive with 
desiderio. 

26. volent. This verb has a positive and a negative force, ' to wish ' 
and ' to be willing.' 

28. rem publicam. For the case cf. note on tempora, page 45, 
line 13. 

29. Uno. Often used both in the singular and in the plural as a 
synonym of solus, exhausto. Keeps up the figure suggested in senti- 
nam. 

32. Quis. Qui would mean ' What kind of.' 

Page 64. 9. inlecebra. Catiline's power to attract men is men- 
tioned in several places. It is given a bad coloring here. 

1 1 . mortem parentum. That the children might succeed to the 
property. 

12. impellendo, adiuvando. To be translated as present partici- 
ples. The significance of the case is already very faint in this con- 
struction, and in the Romance languages the gerund becomes the pres- 
ent participle. 

18. diversa . . . ratione. ' His varied tastes in a different direction.' 



P. 65] II CATILINE 285 

The ut clause does not denote the purpose of est, but of the writer in 
making the statement contained in est. 

19. in ludo gladiatorio. Where slaves were trained to be gladiators. 

20. audacior. I.e. than his companions. 

21. in scaena. Actors were generally slaves or freedmen, and not 
held in high estimation. Actors like Roscius were exceptional. 

24. frigore . . . perferendis. Ablative of specification with adsue- 
f actus. i trained by the practice of debauchery and crime to the endur- 
ance of cold and hunger and wakefulness.' perferendis agrees with 
the nearest word, as attributive adjectives usually do. 

25. subsidia, instrumenta. Catiline's remarkable physical and 
mental powers might have beep valuable aids in living a life of indus- 
try and virtue. 

28. sui. H. 503, 4 (449, 4) ; M. 435, n. ; A. & G. 196, c; G. 309, 
2 ; B. 244, 4. 

32. audaciae. The plural of abstract nouns is often used to denote 
manifestations of the quality ; e.g. virtus, bravery, virtutes, deeds of 
bravery. 

Page 65. 3. res. 'Money.' fides. 'Credit.' nuper. Perhaps since 
Catiline's defeat at the last consular election. Cf. page 50, line 27. 

4. quae erat in abundantia. ' Which they had in the time of their 
affluence. 1 

6. essent illi quidem desperandi. 'They would, to be sure, be 
beyond reformation.' 

7. possit. A rhetorical question, equivalent to a strong negative 
statement. 

8. homines. Contrasted with viris. 

10. mihi. An ethical dative, accubantes. Because the Romans 
reclined at meals. 

12. eructant. I.e. the conspirators make their plans in the vilest of 
drunken orgies. 

14. Quibus . . . * Over whom I trust that some fate is hanging, 
and that punishment, long since due their wickedness . . .' 

18. nescio quod. 'Some.' 

21. unius. Pompey. 

22. terra. By his victory over Mithridates. mari. By the over- 
throw of the pirates. Cf. Sallust (Catilina 36) : " Ea tempestate mihi 
imperium populi Romani multo maxume miser abile visum est : cuicum 



286 NOTES [P. 65 

ad occasum ab ortu soils omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium 
atque divitiae, quae prima mortaies put ant, adfluerent, fuere tame?i 
cives qui seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent" 
27. quacumque. Sc. potero. 

29. et in urbe et in mente permanent. A literal and a figurative 
use of the verb. 

32. verbo. I.e. by a mere word. 

Page 66. 1. Homo . . . paruit. Ironical. 

4. hesterno die. A modifier of convocavi. 

9. ut perditum civem. 'As a ruined citizen merely.' 

10. principes. The ex-consuls and the ex-praetors, who had seats 
by themselves. Perhaps only the ex r praetors are meant here, for 
Catiline was one of them. 

13. vehemens. Irony. 

15. homo audacissimus. 'Though a very bold fellow.' 

17. in proximam. 'For the next night.' 

18. ei. Dative of agent. 

20. quid . . . pararet. 'Why he hesitated to set out for that place 
to which he had for a long time been preparing to go.' 

24. eiciebam. The conative use of the imperfect. 

25. credo. Ironical, as it usually is when parenthetical. 

27. suo nomine. A commercial term, 'on his own account.' 

30. condicionem. 'Task.' 

31. Nunc. 'Even now, 1 after all the revelations. 

Page 67. 11. Est mini tanti. 'It is worth while for me." For the 
case of tanti see H. 448 (404); M. 224; A. & G. 252, a; G. 380, 
1, R; B. 203,3. 

13. depellatur. H. 587 (513, I); M. 376; A. & G. 314; G. 573; 
B. 310, II. 

15. est iturus. The active periphrastic conjugation is employed to 
tell what Catiline's intention is. 

19. ne . . . quod. 'That it may at some time be a source of much 
unpopularity to me that.' 

23. Massiliam. A favorite place of refuge for Roman exiles. 

24. queruntur quam verentur. Because this lament about ban- 
ishment came from friends of Catiline, whose only real feeling in the 
matter was one of fear that his courage might weaken, and that he might 
give up his projects and retire into banishment. 



P. 68] II CATILINE 287 

28. exsulem vivere. There were many Romans who preferred 
death to exile from Rome. 

30. vivis nobis. I.e. without murdering me. 

Page 68. 3. quod. It refers to ?nurus interest. Id quod is more 
commonly found when the reference is to a group of words or to an 
idea. 

6. sanare sibi ipsos. 'To restore them to themselves, 1 i.e. to bring 
them back to a normal and proper state of mind regarding their country 
and their obligations to it. 

10. singulis. Sc. generibus. medicinam consili atque ora- 
tionis. 'A remedy found in my words of advice. 1 

11. quam. Sc. medicinam. potero. Sc. adferre. 

12. est corum. 'Is made up of those. 1 in aere alieno has an 
adversative force. 

14. dissolvi. Probably we are to understand a fiossessionibus, 
but perhaps ab aere alieno. These men have property in excess of 
their debts, but are unwilling to give up any of their possessions to 
make an honest settlement with their creditors. 

15. species. Contrasted with voluntas and causa. 

16. causa. The principle which they represent. Tu. One is 
addressed as a type of the entire class, agris. Ablative of speci- 
fication. 

18. sis et dubites. A deliberative subjunctive. 'What! you be 
wealthy, and abounding in lands and . . . , and hesitate to . . . ? ' 
adquirere. Coordinate with detrahere ; the infinitive does not express 
purpose. 

20. sacrosanctas. I.e. made sacred by religious rites so that it 
would be sacrilege to touch them. 

21. tabulas novas. 'New accounts 1 between creditor and debtor. 
This phrase is often used to mean a reduction of debts by legislation. 
Only a few years before (86 B.C.) the Valerian law had reduced debts 
to one quarter of the original amount. Catiline promised his followers 
a reduction or abolition of debts, a. proscription of the wealthy, magis- 
tracies, priesthoods, plundering, and all other things which war and the 
lust of victors bring. Sallust (Catilina 21). 

23. auctionariae. Cicero is guilty of a pun. Tabulae auctionariae 
were posters announcing a sale of property at auction ; Cicero's mean- 



288 NOTES [P. 68 

enough of their property to pay their debts. Such legislation would 
be very ' new.' If it is desired to translate the pun, the word ' bills ' 
may be used. 

24. salvi. I.e. financially. 

26. certare . . . praediorum. ' To struggle to keep up their inter- 
est payments from the income of their estates.' 

27. locupletioribus . . . uteremur. ' We should find them wealth- 
ier and better citizens.' 

29. permanebunt. Sc. in sententia. 

30. magis videntur. ' They seem to me more likely.' 

32. Alterum. Quite regularly used instead of secundus in enumera- 
tions, where units is also often found instead of primus, as above. Cf. 
Caesar (Gallic War I, 2). 

Page 69. 1. exspectant. The men of this class are ruined finan- 
cially, but look forward to a rule like that which Catiline proposed, in 
which they may build up their broken fortunes. 

2. rerum. The genitive is always found in this phrase, 'to become 
master of affairs.' The genitive of other words is occasionally found 
with ftotiri, e.g. totius Galliae potiri. honores. 'Public offices.' 

5. quod reliquis omnibus. Sc. praecipiendum videtur. There 
are two explanations of the syntax in this sentence. One is that the 
ut clause defines hoc, and the following infinitives depend upon the idea 
of indirect discourse suggested by pi'aecipiendum ; the other is that 
the ut clause is a clause of purpose, and the infinitives are in apposition 
with hoc. The ut clause contains the medicina for the second class. 

6. primum omnium. ' First of all,' an appositive with the following 
infinitive clause. 

8. animos. 'Courage.' 

9. multitudine. A strong word in itself without any modifiers. 
12. id. The success of their schemes, the overthrow of the present 

government. 

14. quae . Neuter, as if cinere and sanguine were of different genders . 

16. Non . . . necesse. 'Do they not see that they desire that 
which, if they obtained it, would have to be yielded to some runaway 
slave or gladiator ? ' In such a state of society as they are endeavoring 
to bring about, supremacy is secured by physical force, and this the 
slaves and gladiators possess. Sallust (Catilina 39) declares that if 
the conspirators had been successful, they would not have enjoyed their 



P. 70] II CATILINE 289 

victory long before some one more powerful would have taken from 
them sovereignty and liberty. 

19. aetate. The third class consisted of Sulla's old troops, who had 
been disbanded nearly twenty years. 

21. succedit. As commander of the forces at Faesulae. 

22. constituit. At the close of his military career Sulla rewarded 
his soldiers with large gifts of land, taken chiefly from those who had 
supported Marius. Etruria had been especially zealous in supporting 
the Marian faction and suffered correspondingly. It is quite likely 
that Catiline located his recruiting station in Etruria because he 
expected to enroll many of these veterans, universas. ' On the whole.' 

24. tamen ei sunt coloni. i Still there are those colonists. 1 

25. sumptuosius. ' Too extravagantly.' 

28. salvi esse. ' To be on a solid financial footing.' 

29. excitandus. I.e. to repeat his gifts, non nullos. Perhaps 
those who had been dispossessed of their houses and lands by Sulla. 

Page 70. 1. desinant. The medicina of this class. 

2. illorum temporum. During the civil war between Marius and 
Sulla. 

3. ut . . . videantur. ' That it seems to me that not only men but 
even the beasts will not permit a recurrence of them.' 

6. qui, etc. ' Consisting of those who have for a long time been 
overwhelmed in debts, who never get their heads above water, and who 
stagger along under a burden of old debts, some of them because of 
indolence, some because of poor management of their business, and some 
because of extravagance.' premuntur. Sc. aere alieno. 

9. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione. The three stages in bank- 
ruptcy proceedings, security given to appear in court at a certain time, 
judgment entered against the debtor, sale of the debtor's property if the 
debt was not paid within the time set by the court. 

11. tarn. 'So much.' 

13. primum. As the first and only thing for them to do. sed ita. 
Sc. conruant. 

22. career. The Mamertine dungeon, used only for putting con- 
demned persons to death, or for the temporary confinement of those 
who were awaiting sentence. See the illustration on page 101. 

24. Postremum ... ' The last class is lowest not only in the 
list but . . .' Postremicm means ' last ' and < lowest.' 
h. & g. cic. — 19 



290 NOTES [P. 70 

25. proprium Catilinae. ' Catiline's own. 1 

26. de eius dilectu. ' Of his own choice.'' 

27. pexo capillo, bene barbatos, etc. Indications of effeminacy 
and foppishness. 

28. velis. A sarcastic reference to the wide flowing togas which 
these dandies wore ; the size of the garments made it possible to 
display more skill and elegance in folding them. 

30. vigilandi labor. ' Exertion during waking hours." 

Page 71. 5. sibi volunt. 'Mean. 1 

8. noctibus. Caesar had not yet corrected the calendar and the 
real time was much later than November. 

16. confecto et saucio. Catiline is compared to a gladiator who is 
almost overcome by his adversary. 

19. coloniarum ac municipiorum. After the Social war there was 
very little difference between them. 

20. tumulis silvestribus. Catiline's dependence would have to be 
upon such defenses as nature provided. 

25. eget. Sc. quibus. senatu, etc. Explanatory of rebus. 

28. contendere. 'Contrast,' a rare meaning of the word, quam 
valde iaceant. ' How weak they are. 1 

Page 72. 1. denique. The seven pairs are now summed up in the 
four cardinal virtues of the Stoics and in the four opposite vices. 

12. mini. Dative of agent, with consult um atque provisum est. 
vestro. 'On your part. 1 

16. quam. H. 396, 2 (445, 4); M. 182,4; A. & G. 199; G. 614, 
r. 3, b\ B. 250, 3. 

18. continebuntur. As a precautionary measure the senate had di- 
rected that the gladiators should be distributed among the towns of Italy. 

21. reliquis. I.e. the senate will decide what further measures shall 
, be taken. 

23. vocari. The senators were summoned to a meeting by heralds. 

29. quod reliquum est. 'As for the future. 1 
32. portis, viae. Datives. 

Page 73. 6. vindicem. Not as the place where they would be im- 
prisoned, but where they would be put to death. 

11. me, etc. Ablative absolute, togato. 'In the garments of 
peace, 1 i.e. without recourse to arms. The toga was replaced by the 
military cloak in warfare. 



P. 73] III CATILINE 291 

23. significationibus. Mentioned more in detail on pages 82, 83. 

24. spem sententiamque. The hope and purpose of securing 
safety with as little severity as possible. 

25. non proeul. Former contests were with foes at a distance. 

28. precari, venerari, implorare. See note on abiit, etc., page 61, 
line 5. 

29. quam urbem. The relative clause precedes the main clause, 
and the antecedent noun is attracted into the relative clause. 

30. hostium. In strong contrast with civium. 

THE THIRD CATILINARIAN ORATION 

The time from November 9 to December 3 Cicero spent in efforts 
to secure evidence against the conspirators. They, however, worked 
on undisturbed under the leadership of Lentulus, who added to their 
ranks all who seemed likely to be of any assistance. How confident of 
success the plotters were may be inferred from a statement of Sallust, 
that up to this time no one deserted Catiline and no one claimed the 
reward which the senate had offered for information concerning the 
conspiracy, and that almost all the common people favored the under- 
taking of Catiline. How the needed evidence was finally obtained is 
explained in the third oration, which was spoken in the Forum on 
December 3. 

A delegation of Allobroges had been sent to Rome to enter com- 
plaints and seek relief for national troubles. Among the agents of 
Lentulus was a certain Umbrenus from Camerinum, who had been in 
business in Gaul and was acquainted with most of the leading men 
there. Meeting the ambassadors in the Forum, he made some inquiries 
about their state, and learned that their mission had been unsuccessful, 
and that they were in despair over the financial condition of their 
country. Umbrenus then assured them that he saw a way out of 
their difficulties, and laid before them the plans of the conspirators. 
The Gauls hesitated for some time, but finally revealed the situation 
to their patronus, Quintus Fabius Sanga, who informed the consul. 
Cicero persuaded the Allobroges to pretend great zeal for the con- 
spiracy, and make every effort to get the conspirators to commit them- 
selves. This they did by declaring that it would be useless to urge 
their countrymen to join any such movement unless they could show 



292 NOTES [P. 74 

them letters signed by the leaders. These letters were given them, and 
they pretended to start homeward in company with one Titus Voltur- 
cius, who was to introduce them to Catiline on their way into northern 
Italy. Cicero was informed and sent officers to arrest the company 
and search them for whatever documents might be upon them. The 
men who were incriminated were summoned and taken to the temple 
of Concord, where the senate assembled. In the examination which 
followed, all the accused confessed, and the senate voted that they be 
held in custody. 

After making announcement of the arrest of the traitors and of the 
measures adopted by the senate, Cicero endeavors to connect the 
recent developments with some extraordinary portents that had been 
seen and to show that the gods had interfered to save Rome. The 
close of the speech is a declaration of the consul's attitude toward his 
country and its enemies. 

SUMMARY 

The state has been saved and owes its preservation to the consul. 
The activity of the conspirators in the city made it necessary to proceed 
against them. The overtures of the conspirators to the Allobrogian 
ambassadors and the willingness of the Gauls to serve the state offered 
an opportunity to secure the necessary evidence. The Allobroges 
were arrested and all papers upon them were seized. The leading 
conspirators in the city were summoned before the senate and con- 
fronted with their own letters. The senate voted that the accused 
should be held in custody. With Catiline out of the city, it was easy 
to defeat the incapable leaders that were left. There are many indica- 
tions that the gods caused the defeat of the conspirators. This is the 
greatest danger that ever menaced the state. The consul's attitude. 

Page 74. 3. domicilium. I.e. urbem. 

5. erga vos. Denotes the object of the affection, periculis. The 
perils represent what he had done that brought him into peril. 

7. ereptam, etc. By the arrest of the principal conspirators. 

8. Et si, etc. A comparison between one's birth and the time of 
preservation from some great danger. In sense et si is equivalent to 
'since. 1 

9. illi. Sc. dies. 



P. 75] HI CATILINE 293 

10. nascendi condicio. ' The lot that birth gives, 1 i.e. the position 
in life into which one is born. 

12. ilium. Romulus, deified under the name of Quirinus. A fes- 
tival called the Quirinalia was held each year on February 17 to 
commemorate his ascension to heaven. Cicero cannot mean to be 
understood literally, and to say that the preservation of the state is a 
greater occasion for joy than its foundation and in the same propor- 
tion the preserver is greater than the founder; the expression is sof- 
tened by the words in honore esse as opposed to ad deos immortalis 
sustulimus. 

13. benevolentia famaque. ' In affection and in glory. 1 Benevo- 
lentia expresses their feeling toward Romulus, and fama is the praise 
which their feeling inclines them to ascribe to him. 

15. amplificatam. The growth of the city in extent is quite easily 
traced from the walls and ruins, but the number of inhabitants can only 
be guessed. It has been estimated that there could not have been two 
millions at any time. 

20. inlustrata, patefacta, comperta. Mentioned in the opposite 
order to that of their occurrence, perhaps because he begins with the 
idea that is uppermost in the minds of all. in senatu. To be joined 
with inlustrata ; it is opposed to vobis. 

21. per me. Not in this position because of its prominence, but 
because it is added as an afterthought, ' and that too through my 
efforts. 1 

22. quanta. Sc. sint. investigata et comprehensa. Language 
used by hunters concerning the tracking and capture of beasts. 

24. ut. Temporal, ' since. 1 paucis diebus. Ablative of degree of 
difference. The fact was that Catiline departed about a month before, 
but for obvious reasons the consul wished to make the interval appear 
as small as possible. 

Page 75. 1. duces. Lentulus, Cethegus, Lucius Cassius. 

4. eiciebam. The tense has its usual force, to express an act in 
progress in the past; 'when I was driving Catiline out of the city. 1 
huius verbi. Eicere. 

5. ilia. Sc. invidia, i.e. the tide has turned, and people are now 
more inclined to censure him for his leniency than for his severity. 

6. sed. Simply resumes the narrative that was broken by the paren- 
thetical expression. 



294 NOTES [P. 75 

9. lit. Temporal. The thought is that he was disappointed in the 
expectation that the conspirators in the city would be helpless after 
Catiline's departure and so he set to work to discover evidence that 
would convict them. 

11. in eo. Eo is explained in the ut clause. 

12. quoniam, etc. i Since my words produced too little effect upon 
your ears.' 

15. animis. ^Strongly contrasted with one lis. His first task was to 
convince the people of Rome that a conspiracy really existed. 

17. comperi. Through Ouintus Fabius Sanga, who represented the 
interests of the Allobrogian state in Rome, and to whom the legates 
reported the proposals of the conspirators. 

18. tumultus. Cf. Cicero's definition of the word (in A?itonium, 
viii, I) : " Itaque ?7iaiores nostri tumultiim Italicum quod erat 
domesticus, tumultiim Gallicum quod erat Italiae finitimns, praeterea 
nullum nominabant" i.e. a war in Italy or in Cisalpine Gaul was called 
a tumultus. P. Lentulo. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a patrician, 
quaestor with Sulla in 81 B.C., praetor in 75, and consul in 71. In 70 
he was expelled from the senate, and was now taking the cursus hono- 
rum over again to secure readmission into the senate. 

20. ad Catilinam. No letters for Catiline are mentioned in the 
examination except the one carried by Volturcius. 

23. The quod clauses refer to the statement in tota res . . . depre- 
henderetur. 

27. L. Flaccum. The following year he was propraetor in Africa, 
was accused of extortion in 59 B.C., and was defended by Cicero. 
C. Pomptinurn. Propraetor of Gallia Narbonensis in 61 B.C. While 
propraetor he defeated the Allobroges, who had risen in rebellion. In 
51 B.C. he was a legate with Cicero in Cilicia. 

30. qui . . . sentirent. 'Since they felt none but noble and ex- 
alted sentiments about their country's welfare.' 

Page 76. 1. pontem Mulvium. Now called Ponte Molle. It was 
built in 109 B.C. by the censor, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, to conduct the 
Via Flaminia across the Tiber. 

3. cuiusquam. Except the praetors. 

5. Reatina. Cicero was patronus of Reate, as Sanga was of the 
Allobroges. 

6. in re publica. < In the performance of public duties.' 



P. 77] HI CATILINE 295 

7. vigilia. The time from sunset to sunrise was divided into four 
vigiliae. 

10. praetoribus solis. Sallust says that the Allobroges quickly 
saw what the attack meant and gave themselves up to the praetors. 
Volturcius attempted a defense alone, but soon yielded. 

14. integris signis. l With unbroken seals. 1 Short letters were 
often written upon tablets of wood, the inside of which was covered 
with wax. The writing was done with a stylus upon the waxed sur- 
face. The tablets were fastened with a cord, the knot of which was 
covered with wax and impressed with the seal of the writer. 

20. praeter consuetudinem. A sarcastic reference to the well- 
known indolence of Lentulus. The letter was a very short one. 

22. cum. Concessive. 

23. litteras . . . deferrem. ' That I open the letters before laying 
them before the senate. 1 

25. esset inventum. A future perfect in the thought of those who 
urged this course. 

26. negavi . . . deferrem. < I said that I should not act otherwise than. 1 

27. consilium publicum. The senate. 

31. frequentem. i A full meeting of. 1 

32. coegi. In the temple of Concord. 

Page 77. 5. Introduxi. Before the senate, fidem publicam. 'A 
pledge of immunity from punishment made in the name of the state. 1 

7. According to Sallust, Volturcius denied everything until the sen- 
ate promised him protection if he would turn state's evidence. 

9. ut. l To the effect that. 1 The tit clauses contain the substance 
of the letter. The conspirators 1 plans, as given by Sallust, were that 
Lucius Bestia, a tribune, should call a contio of the people and make 
complaint of Cicero's official conduct and try to throw upon him the 
odium of the war. On the following night each of the conspirators was 
to perform his allotted task. Statilius and Gabinius with a large band 
were to set fire to the city in twelve suitable places, so that in the con- 
fusion and excitement the different plots of murder might more easily 
be carried out. Cethegus was to kill Cicero, and each of the plotters 
had his part in the slaughter of many citizens. Then they all intended 
to rush out of the city to meet Catiline with the army, servorum. 
The leaders were not agreed as to whether the slaves should be enlisted 
or not. Catiline finally refused assistance from them. 



296 NOTES [P. 77 

10. id. Some verb is understood, 'that he should do this for this 
purpose.' 

14. qui . . . exciperet. An adjective clause of purpose. 

16. ius iurandum. A pledge written in the letter. 

17. data. The neuter form of a predicate adjective or participle is 
regularly used when it is a modifier of two or more nouns that are of 
different genders and denote inanimate objects. 

18. L. Cassio. Especially mentioned because he had refused to sign 
a letter. 

20. sibi. The conspirators. There is here indirect discourse within 
indirect discourse. 

21 . f atis Sibyllinis. The three books of oracles brought from Cumae, 
and purchased by Tarquinius Superbus. They were placed in the tem- 
ple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline, and were destroyed when that temple 
was burned in 83 B.C. A similar collection was made in Greece by 
order of the senate, and deposited in the new temple. Lentulus endeav- 
ored to work on the superstition of those men by claiming that these 
oracles and soothsayers also declared that three members of the famous 
Cornelian gens would have supreme power at Rome ; that Sulla and 
Cinna were two of the three, and he was to be the third. 

26. virginum. The Vestal Virgins, the priestesses of Vesta. There 
were six, selected from children between six and ten years of age, 
having the highest qualifications and without physical blemish. The 
period of service was thirty years, ten being spent in learning the 
duties of the position, ten in performing them, and ten in teaching 
them to the novices. The oldest was called Maxima, and was the 
recognized head of the institution. (See page 95 for a portrait of a 
Vestalis Maxima, discovered in the house of the Vestals.) At the end 
of the thirty years, the priestess might remain in the temple service or 
return to the life of the world ; but it is recorded that very few were 
willing to give up the life to which they had become accustomed and in 
which they enjoyed so many privileges and so high distinction. The 
order was exceedingly wealthy ; the Vestals were not subject to the 
common law ; they had the seats of honor on public occasions ; they 
were the custodians of wills and of state documents, and were often en- 
trusted with important diplomatic missions. The faithful Vestal was 
the most highly honored person in Rome ; in the same degree an un- 
faithful Vestal suffered the most horrible punishment, violation of the 



P. 79] III CATILINE 297 

vow of chastity being followed by flogging and the torture of being 
buried alive. Read pages 134-177 of Lanciani's Ancient Rome in the 
Light of Recent Discoveries. 

27. absolutionem. Nothing is known of the accusation referred to 
here, nor is it known what was the significance of the fact that this was 
the twentieth year since the burning of the Capitol. 

29. Saturnalibus. A very suitable time for the outbreak of the con- 
spiracy because of the unrestrained merriment and license which pre- 
vailed then. 

30. Cethego. Sallust has this about the man : " Cethegus semper 
qnerebatur de ignavia sociorum ; illos dubitando et dies prolata?ido 
magnas opportimitates corrumpere ; facto, non considto in tali per ictdo 
op2is esse ; seque, si pauci adiuvarent, languentibits aliis, impetum in 
curiam facturum. Natnra ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat ; 
maxiimum bonum in celeritate putabat." 

32. ne longum sit. ' Not to take too much time. ' 
Page 78. 5. sibi. Probably Cethegus. recipere in the sense of 
..'pledge,' 'guarantee, 1 is found twice in Caesar's Civil War. 

6. qui . . . respondisset, dixisset. An adversative clause, 'al- 
though.' 

7. quae. The gender of the relative is determined in the same way 
as that of predicate adjectives and participles. Cf. note on data, page 
77, line 17. 

13. in eandem fere sententiam. 'To about the same effect,' i.e. 
as the other. 

17. avi. Publius Cornelius Lentulus, consul in 162 B.C. Cf. page 
94, line 30 ff. 

19. muta, revocare. Oxymoron, eadem ratione. ' Of the same 
general meaning,' or possibly ' in the same manner.' 

21. vellet. The mode is due to informal indirect discourse; 'if, as 
I told him, he wished to say anything.' 

24. quid . . . eis. ' What he had to do with them.' 

26. quern. Umbrenus. Cf. page 80, line 14. 

32. dicendi exercitatio. Lentulus had many of the graces of ora- 
tory and enjoyed considerable reputation as a speaker. 

Page 79. 5. ibi. Here an adverb of time, perturbatus has an 
adversative force. 

7. sine nomine. To identify the writer. Sallust has preserved the 



298 NOTES [P. 80 

letter in this form : " Quis sim, ex eo quern ad te misi cognosces. Fac 
cogites in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum esse ; consider es 
quid tuae rationes postulent ; auxilium petas ad omnibus, etiam ab infi- 
mis" Sallust's account continues : " Ad hoc mandata verbis dat ; cum 
ab senatu hostis iudicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? i?i tirbe 
parata esse quae iusserit ; ne cunctetur ipse propius accedere" 

9. ecquid. Assistance from slaves. 

14. cum, turn. i Not only, but also.' 

22. de summa re publica. 'For the best interests of the state. 1 

23. principibus. The leading men among the senators. These 
were the consuls for the next year, if elected at the time, the ex-con- 
suls, and the ex-praetors. 

25. perscriptum. Motions were not presented in written form. 
After the adoption of a measure it was put in proper form by a com- 
mittee appointed for the purpose. 

31. viro forti. For the attitude of Antonius, cf. note on page 45, 
line 13. 

Page 80. 1. a suis . . . removisset. 'Because as an individual 
and as consul he had severed his connection with the members of the 
conspiracy.' 

4. abdicasset. A future perfect in the direct form. Legal pro- 
ceedings could not be brought against Roman magistrates during their 
term of office. Plutarch says (Cicero 19) : "After his conviction Len- 
tulus resigned his position as praetor, and, having put off his praetexta 
in the senate, donned apparel more appropriate to his condition/' 

7. in L. Cassium. Furius, Chilo, Umbrenus, and Cassius fled in 
season to avoid arrest. Ceparius also attempted to escape, but was 
arrested and brought back to Rome. 

20. supplicatio. Originally meant for humiliation and prostration 
before the gods in times of distress and calamity ; the element of 
thanksgiving was a later addition. 

22. togato. Previously they had been declared in honor of mili- 
tary commanders. 

24. liberassem. The words, not the forms, are quoted. 

25. hoc interest, quod. The course of thought is, 'it would be 
found that there is this difference, that.' 

27. factum atque transactum. Legal language, where fullness of 
expression is employed for clearness and emphasis. 



P. 82] III CATILINE 299 

31. abdicavit. A Roman magistrate could not be removed from 
office, but there were evidently ways of inducing him to resign, ut, 
etc. ' So that in punishing Publius Lentulus as a private citizen we might 
be freed from that scruple which, however, did not keep Gaius Marius 
from putting to death Gaius Glaucia who was then a praetor ' (literally : 
which Gaius Marius did not have so that he did not kill) . religio : 
the embarrassment of proceeding against a Roman magistrate. C. 
Mario. The senate directed Marius to quiet the disturbances in the 
city, and he confined some of the popular leaders in the Curia Hostilia, 
where a mob slew them. The facts, as they are known to us, do not 
at all justify the statement that Marius killed Glaucia. 

32. C. Glauciam. Cf. note on line 16, page 46. 

Page 81. 7. omnis spes atque opes. In the next oration, when 
arguing on a different point, Cicero magnifies the danger. 

10. somnum. The characteristic of this leader which had made 
him less to be feared than Catiline. 

12. sed tam diu. ' But he was to be feared only so long as. 1 

13. norat. A contraction of noverat. 

14. aditus tenebat. ' He understood how to approach.' 

18. cum . . . mandarat. A general relative conditional sentence 
in the past. Cf. page 39, 8-10. 

24. dicam id quod sentio. Cicero is evidently honest in this state- 
ment ; it accounts for his efforts to get Catiline out of the city and for 
his extravagant expressions of joy over his departure. 

26. Saturnalia. I.e. Catiline would not have waited so long and 
thus have given time for the plot to leak out. 

Page 82. 3. ut levissime dicam. 'To say the least. 1 

5. periculis. Ablative of separation. The following ablatives ex- 
press manner. 

9. idque, etc. ' And not only is it true that we can arrive at this 
conclusion by inference because the guidance of so great matters seems 
hardly to belong to mortal wisdom, but also . . - 1 

12. praesentes. ; In person, 1 ' in visible presence. 1 

14. ut omittam. ; To pass over. 1 ab occidente. The quarter 
where unfavorable omens were seen. 

15. faces, ardorem. Explanatory of ilia. 

16. quae tam multa. ' So many of which. 1 

17. haec. The facts about the conspiracy. 



300 NOTES [P. 82 

18. canere. ' Foretell. 1 The word gets this meaning from the fact 
that oracular responses were given in verse. 

19. praetermittendum, relinquendum. The first expresses an 
unintentional, the second an intentional act. 

21. Cotta et Torquato consulibus. In 65 B.C. 

22. Capitolio. The magnificent temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline 
Hill, begun in 615 B.C. and completed 533 B.C. It was burned in 83 B.C. 
and rebuilt, but not finished until 46 B.C. There were three compart- 
ments of the cella, — one for Jupiter, one for Juno, and one for Minerva. 
de caelo percussas. ' Struck from heaven, 1 i.e. by lightning. Cf. Cicero 
(de Divinatione II, 45) : "turn statua Nattae, turn simulacra deorwn 
Romidusque et Remus cum altrice belua vi fulminis icti concideruut '." 

24. legum aera. Laws were often engraved upon bronze plates, and 
temples were commonly used as places of deposit for public documents 
and records. See page 150 for an illustration showing a senatus co?i- 
sultum engraved on a bronze plate. 

26. Romulus. This is probably the one that is now in the Capitoline 
Museum at Rome. Some idea of it may be obtained from the cut on 
page 216. 

28. Btruria. The Etruscans were a nation of soothsayers. 

31. appropinquare. 'Were approaching 1 and would come. 

32. fata. This conception of fate is that of a destiny which no being, 
human or divine, may escape. The relation of the gods to fate is pre- 
sented in a variety of forms by different writers of different periods. 

Page 83. 1. et . . . neque. "The combination of an affirmative 
and a negative member is denoted by et . . . neque or neque . . . et, 
less frequently neque . . . que.''' 1 Madvig, 458, c. ludi. Originally all 
the public games had a religious significance. 

4. facere. For the infinitive without subject with iu&ere, cf. Caesar 
{Gallic War II, 5). 

7. forum. For a map of the Forum see page 43. "At the time of 
the foundation of Rome the bartering trade between the various tribes 
settled on the heights of the left bank of the Tiber was concentrated in 
the hollow ground between the Palatine, the Capitoline, and the Ouiri- 
nal. Around this elementary marketplace, bordering on the marshes 
of the lesser Velabrum, were a few conical straw huts, such as the one 
in which the public fire was kept, afterwards the Temple of Vesta. 
There were also clay pits on the north side, from which the neighbor- 



P. 83] III CATILINE 301 

hood took the name of Argiletum, and stone quarries under the Capito- 
line called Lautumiae, afterwards transformed into a state prison. The 
marketplace was well supplied with drinking water from local springs, 
like the Tullianum (which tradition has transformed into a miraculous 
feature of St. Peter's prison), and the spring of Juturna. 

" According to the Roman legend, Romulus and Tatius, after the 
mediation of the Sabine women, met on the very spot where the battle 
had been fought, and made peace and an alliance. The spot, a low, 
damp, grassy field, exposed to the floods of the river Spinon, took the 
name of Comitium, from the verb coire, to assemble. It is possible 
that, in consequence of the alliance, a road connecting the Roman and 
the Sabine settlements was made across these swamps ; it became after- 
ward the Sacra Via. Tullus Hostilius, the third king, built a stone 
inclosure on the Comitium, for the meeting of the Senators, named from 
him Curia Hostilia ; then came the state prison built by Ancus Marcius 
in one of the quarries (the Tullianum). The Tarquins drained the 
land, transformed the unruly river Spinon into the Cloaca Maxima, gave 
the Forum a regular (trapezoidal) shape, divided the space around its 
borders into building lots, and sold them to private speculators for 
shops and houses ; the fronts were to be lined with porticoes. 

" These shops, so closely connected with the early life of Rome, were 
at the beginning of the commonest kind; butchers' stalls (afterwards 
replaced by the Basilica Sempronia) and butchers' shops, from which 
Virginius took the knife to stab his daughter. Other tabernae were 
occupied by schools for children, where Appius Claudius first saw 
Virginia reading. As the dignity of the place increased, ordinary 
tradesmen disappeared, and their shops were occupied by goldsmiths, 
silversmiths, money changers, and usurers. Hence the name tabernae 
argentariae, applied, as a general rule, to all the shops ; as a distinctive 
name, to those on the north side. On the occasion of the triumph of 
L. Papirius, dictator in 308 B.C., the gilt shields of the Samnites 
were distributed among the owners of the argentariae to decorate their 
shop fronts. There were two rows of them, on either of the longer 
sides of the Forum ; one called tabernae veteres (sefltem tabernae) on 
the shady or south side ; one called the tabernae novae or argentariae 
on the sunny or north side. The same were designated concisely with 
the formula ' sub veteribus, sub uovis.'' " .. Lanciani, The Ruins and 
Excavatio?is of Ancient Rome. 



302 NOTES [P. 83 

10. conlocandum locaverunt. ' Let the contract for the erection.' 
This was among the duties of the censors, but was done by the consuls 
when there were no censors. 

11. consules illi. ' The consuls of that year.' 

12. superioribus. Of 65 and 64 B.C. 

14. Hie. * Under these circumstances.' aversus a vero. 'Opposed 
to the truth.' 

15. mente captus. ' Without the power of reason,' literally, ' taken 
captive in mind.' 

16. praecipue, etc. The doctrine of a divine providence that 
watches over all the affairs of men seems to be marred a little by its 
particular application to Rome, but it must be remembered that even 
we are disposed to think that our country is especially blessed of 
Heaven. There was much materialism in Rome at this time among 
those who might be called the ' upper classes,' but faith still lived in 
the middle and lower strata of Roman society. 

19. et ea. 'And that too.' 

22. Illud. Explained in the clause ut . . . statiteretur. 

23. Optimi Maximi. Titles given to Jupiter as the most powerful 
among the gods. 

25. aedem Concordiae. Erected in 367 B.C. by Camillus to com- 
memorate the reconciliation between the patricians and the plebeians 
after the passage of the Licinian laws. It was at the foot of the Capi- 
toline Hill, between the temple of Saturn and the Mamertine dungeon. 
It was twice reconstructed, the second time by Tiberius, and was then 
remarkable for the richness of the material used in its construction 
and for the treasures of art which it contained. Only a few fragments 
remain. 

29. etiam. With the comparative, ' still.' 

Page 84. 1. non ferendus. Because of his arrogant and presump- 
tuous claims. 

2. haec templa. The temples of Castor, of Saturn, and of Vesta 
were near. 

3. Dis. The emphasis of the sentence is upon this word. 

4. mentem, voluntatem. The purpose and wish to defeat the 
conspirators. 

8. ab dis, ereptum. I.e. the gods aided Rome by confounding 
her foes. 



P. 84] III CATILINE 303 

9. audaciae. The dative of indirect object instead of the ablative 
of separation. 

10. The ut clause is all gathered up in id below, male pacata. Cf. 
Caesar ( Gallic War I, 6) : " Allobrogibus, quod nondum bono ammo in 
populum Romanum viderentur" 

12. ultro. 'Without any solicitation on their part.' 

13. patriciis. Catiline, Lentulus, and Cethegus were patricians. 
At this time there were no political privileges enjoyed by this order 
that were not open to all, but the name still carried with it considerable 
prestige. 

15. praesertim qui. i Especially since they.' 

23. Togati, togato. The numerous boasts of having conquered the 
conspirators without an appeal to arms have reference, of course, to the 
conspirators within the city. 

27. Sulpicium. Publius Sulpicius Rufus, a wealthy patrician who 
was elected tribunus plebis in 88 B.C. In his tribunate he proposed some 
changes that were bitterly opposed by the senate. Sulla, the champion 
of the senate, was about to start for the east to prosecute the war against 
Mithridates, and his army was at Nola, in Campania. Sulpicius ex- 
pected that Sulla would use his troops to crush him, and in his own 
defense he secured the passage of a bill in the popular assembly, taking 
the command of the Mithridatic war from Sulla and giving it to Marius. 
Sulla marched his troops to Rome, and in a short time readjusted the 
political situation in the interests of himself and of the senate. Sulpi- 
cius fled, but was overtaken and killed with some of his associates. 

29. C11. Octavius. The consuls for 87 B.C. were Lucius Cornelius 
Cinna, a strong democrat, and Gnaeus Octavius, an Optimate. The 
settlement of political troubles which Sulla had secured at the point of 
the sword did not last long after his departure for the east. Proposals 
similar to those of Sulpicius were made. On the day of voting both 
parties appeared armed. The bands of Octavius murdered without 
mercy, and it is estimated that there were ten thousand corpses in the 
Forum. Cinna was expelled from his office by the senate, and driven 
into exile. All the disaffected throughout Italy gathered about him, 
and this army, with Marius at the head, marched on Rome. The city 
was finally surrendered into the hands of the insurgents, and then began 
a reign of terror, in which Marius took a most bloody revenge on the 
aristocracy which had defeated his projects and mocked his weakness. 



304 NOTES [P. 84 

Marius soon died, and then Cinna ruled for four years, with the title of 
consul. In 83 B.C. Sulla returned from the war which he had success- 
fully conducted against Mithridates, and then there followed a proscrip- 
tion of the Marian supporters that in extent and in savagery surpassed 
even the murders of Marius. Cf. Velleius Paterculus (II, 22): "nihil 
ilia victoria f ids set crudelius, nisi mox Sullana esset secuta^ 

30. acervis et sanguine. A case of zeugma, i.e. the use of a word 
with two expressions, with only one of which it is strictly appropriate. 

Page 85. 3. quanta deminutione civium. Sc. ultus sit. 

4. M. Lepidus. Even after Sulla had resigned the dictatorship, the 
power of his name and his ability to summon thousands of his old troops 
at short notice were considerations powerful enough to compel submis- 
sion to the reorganization of the state as he had left it. But after Sulla's 
death in 78 B.C. the reaction soon came. The Etruscans had suffered 
severely from the loss of their homes, which Sulla had taken by force 
to bestow upon his disbanded troops. The evicted owners now rose 
against those who had seized their land from the rightful possessors, 
and the consul, M. Lepidus, was sent to put down the uprising, but 
instead he put himself at the head of the insurrectionists. In the fol- 
lowing year Lepidus, successful at first, was soon overcome by the forces 
of the government led by his former colleague, Q. Catulus. Lepidus 
died not long afterward in Sicily. 

15. uno. Strengthens the superlative. 

16. quale bellum. ' Such a war as. 1 

19. ut . . . ducerentur. I.e. that the conspirators should regard 
as their enemies all those who could keep out of the courts so long as 
the city remained as it was. 

21. tantum civium. ' Only so many citizens.' 

22. quantum . . . restitisset. 'As should survive the boundless 
slaughter.' 

32. quod . . . possint. * That those who are less worthy may also 
secure it. 1 

Page 86. 6. duos civis. Pompey and Cicero. Pompey's victories 
over the pirates and Mithridates made him the foremost man in Rome. 

9. Sed, etc. ' But since the lot and circumstances of men who do 
what I have done are not the same as of those. . . .' 

13. vestrum est. 'It belongs to you.' si . . . prosunt. 'If 
others' achievements have been rewarded, and rightly.' 



P. 87] IV CATILINE 305 

16. vobis. Contrasted with mihi. 

21. magna vis, etc. The feeling that they are about to do an evil 
deed will manifest itself in their appearance and demeanor, and they 
will in this way betray their intentions. 

28. qua condicione. So far as reward and protection are concerned. 

30. mihi quidem ipsi. < As for my own case.' 

32. vestro. ' Conferred by you.' 

THE FOURTH CATILINARIAN ORATION 

On the day following the examination of the prisoners, the friends 
and freedmen of Lentulus and Cethegus made preparations to rescue 
the two men by force. When the consul heard of this movement he 
stationed troops throughout the city, and on the next day, December 5, 
the senate was called together to advise what disposition should be 
made of those who were held in custody. 

" Decimus Junius Silanus, one of the consuls elect, was first called 
upon for his opinion, and he spoke in favor of the death penalty. 
When his turn came, Caesar, now praetor elect, proposed that the 
property of the accused should be confiscated, and that the men them- 
selves should be kept in confinement in such of the Italian towns as 
were best able to endure the burden, and that any one who brought 
forward a measure for the release of the prisoners should be regarded 
as a traitor. 

At some point in the debate Cicero made the address called the 
fourth Catilinarian oration, in which he very plainly expressed his wish 
that the conspirators should be punished by death. The wavering 
senate was finally brought to a decision by the arguments of Marcus 
Porcius Cato, who urged that for such a crime the only suitable punish- 
ment was death. 

SUMMARY 

Personal considerations must be ignored, and only the general wel- 
fare should engage the attention of the senate ; the consul is ready to 
sacrifice his life, if necessary. The senate has already practically con- 
demned the conspirators in what was done before, but the question 
of their guilt and punishment is now to be discussed as if no action 
had been taken. So far there are two propositions ; that of Silanus, 
who favors punishment by death ; and that of Caesar, who argues for 
h. & g. cic. — 20 



306 NOTES [P. 87 

life imprisonment in the municipal towns, with confiscation of property. 
By reason of their crimes the conspirators have ceased to be Roman 
citizens, and therefore they are not entitled to the protection of the 
Sempronian law. The death penalty is the milder of the two proposed, 
but there can be no cruelty in punishing so heinous a crime. The 
entire city will support the government in whatever measures are 
adopted. A great danger has been narrowly averted, and the punish- 
ment of these men must be so severe that no similar attempt will ever 
again be made. The consul will face the dangers of the situation fear- 
lessly, and asks no other reward than the everlasting remembrance 
of his services. 

Page 88. 4. depulsum sit. 'Shall have been removed. 1 a future 
perfect in the direct form of the thought. The senators are represented 
as hesitating and troubled by the thought that, if they adopt severe 
measures against the conspirators, the friends of the condemned men 
will endeavor to take the life of Cicero. 

8. Mihi . . . est. 'If the consulship was given me (by the gods) 
with this understanding. 1 Cf. the sentence beginning Nunc si, line 20. 

9. perferrem, feram. In repeating a noun or verb, it is common 
to use the simpler form, if there is one, for the repetition of the qualifi- 
cation is unnecessary. Halm. 

14. aequitas continetur. A reference to the fact that the courts 
were held there, campus. The Campus Martius. Consular elections 
were held there, and were preceded by important religious ceremonies. 
Cf. page 49, line 23 ff. 

15. sumraum auxilium. The senate had charge of foreign rela- 
tions, and so often listened to appeals for assistance from weaker states. 

16. domus. Cf. page 48, line 30 ff. 

17. sedes honoris. The sella cu?'?ilis, a folding stool made of ivory 
and gold, and used by all curule magistrates as a symbol of power. 

19. tacui, pertuli, concessi, sanavi. The different methods that 
Cicero employed in defeating the purposes of the conspirators, tacui. 
Perhaps this word contains a reference to the disclosures that Cicero 
might have made, implicating other men in the conspiracy. This is 
the place to discuss the possible connection of Caesar with the plot to 
overthrow the government, if anything could be gained thereby ; but 
there is little or no evidence, and argument on that question must be 



P. 89] IV CATILINE 307 

based largely on conjecture, meo quodam dolore. ' With some suffer- 
ing on my part.' in vestro timore. 'While you were in fear.' The 
significance of the two expressions lies mainly in the contrast between 
meo and vestro ; the burden and danger of the struggle fell upon Cicero, 
the rest were simply frightened. 

20. Nunc. The course of thought is that hitherto he has faced many 
perils unflinchingly ; if now at the close of his consulship heaven grants 
him so great a mission as to save the entire state, then he will gladly 
submit to any fate that affects him alone. 

Page 89. 3. suum nomen. The gentile name, Cornelius. Cf. page 
77, line 20 ff. 

5. prope. To soften the arrogant assumption that destiny had 
appointed him to be the savior of the state. 

11. deos qui. The gods most held in honor at Rome, pro eo ac 
mereor. ' As I deserve. 1 
_I4- turpis forti. Because only a cowardly death is disgraceful. 

15. immatura consulari. Because an ex-consul had already re- 
ceived the highest honors possible, misera sapienti. Because Cicero's 
philosophy taught disregard of death. His treatise De Morte Contem- 
nenda is most interesting and instructive. About twenty years after 
this time, in the closing lines of the second Philippic, Cicero utters 
these words : " etenim si abhinc annos prope XX hoc ipso in templo 
negavi posse mortem immaturam esse consulari, quanto verius nunc 
tiegabo seniV 

16. fratris. Quintus Cicero, at this time praetor elect. He was a 
legate with Caesar in Gaul, and displayed remarkable bravery in his 
defense of the winter camp of the Romans among the Nervii. In the 
Civil war he fought on the side of Pompey, and afterward suffered 
death at the hands of the triumvirs. Quintus had considerable literary 
ability, but nothing has been preserved to us except some fragmentary 
lines, and a long letter to his brother, in which he advises him what 
course to follow in the consulship. 

18. lacrimis. In Cicero, as well as in the Aeneid and in Homer, 
this expression of grief and sorrow is not regarded as undignified. 

20. uxor. Terentia, the mother of Marcus and Tullia. The letters 
of Cicero indicate that the life of the family was harmonious, and in 
delightful contrast with the laxness that was very common among the 
upper classes at Rome ; but in 46 B.C. Cicero divorced Terentia, and 



308 NOTES [P. 89 

married a rich young woman, filia. Tullia, the much-loved daughter 
of Cicero. She was married this year to Piso. After her death in 
45 B.C. Cicero wrote the essay .de Co?isolatione, only the name of which 
has come down to us. 

21. filius.. The young Marcus, about two years old. One of Cicero's 
most interesting productions, the De Officiis, is addressed to his son 
while he was studying in Athens. The young man fought with the 
Pompeians, was afterward a colleague of Augustus in the consulship, 
and finally went as governor of Syria, the last act recorded of him. 

22. obsidem. The thought that his son would be a citizen of the 
Roman state and would share in its glory and perils was enough to 
make the father faithful in the performance of his duties. 

23. gener. Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Tullia's first husband. 
He was quaestor in 58 B.C., and at that time did what he could for the 
recall of Cicero from banishment. His death occurred early in 57 B.C., 
before his father-in-law returned from exile. Since Piso was not yet a 
member of the senate, he could only stand near the entrance and watch 
the proceedings from without. Moveor. The emphasis is on the 
copula, ' I am influenced.' 

24. sed in earn partem, uti. ' But in this direction, to wish that.' 

28. incumbite, etc. Language of the sea. The political horizon 
is black with indications of tempests. 

29. quae impendent. The thought is not fully expressed ; after 
impendent there is the suggestion, • and will break over your heads, 
unless you take heed.' We should expect the future tense instead of 
providetis. 

30. For the names and incidents referred to in this and the follow- 
ing lines consult the notes on lines 9-17, page 46. 

31. agrarios. A general term for those who favored reforms in the 
assignment of the public lands. 

Page 90. 7. nemo, ne. A general negative is not changed in force 
by a following ne . . . quidem. 

10. rei. From reus. 

11. iudiciis. Explained in the following quod clauses. 

19. praemia. There is no definite statement as to what these were. 

23. Sed, etc. 'But I have begun to bring before you, as if the 
matter were still undecided, the question, what . . .' integrum modi- 
fies the quid clause. 



P. 91] IV CATILINE 309 

25. quae sunt consulis. * Which belong to the consul, 1 i.e. to state 
the case, and the necessity of immediate action. 

29. quicquid est. ' Whatever you have in mind.' This expression 
is general, and explained by the following quocumque . . . inclinant. 

31. ante noctem. A senatus consiiltum had no force if passed 
before sunrise or after sunset, as we are informed by Aulus Gellius. 

Page 91. 1. opinione. i Than any one would think. 1 

4. provincias. According to Sallust (Catilina 21) Catiline assured 
his associates that he could depend on Hither Spain and Mauretania. 

11. dignitate. Silanus was consul elect and Caesar was praetor 
elect. 

13. Alter. Silanus. Sallust says that Silanus, influenced by Caesar's 
speech, afterward voted to postpone consideration of the matter until 
more military support could be secured. 

17. recordatur. Caesar had opposed the plan of Silanus on the 
ground that the course which he proposed was unprecedented. Cicero 
now assists Silanus by saying, 'and he has in mind the fact that this 
kind of punishment . . - 1 

19. Alter. Caesar. Sallust has handed down a speech which he 
assigns to Caesar, of which a very brief abstract is here given : 

" In making decisions at critical times men should be entirely free 
from the influence of any feeling which would affect their judgment. 
In this case we must be careful lest our feelings lead us into a course 
of action that is not sanctioned by the laws. Most of the speakers who 
preceded me have made some brilliant oratorical displays in describing 
the horrors of the conflict which the prisoners would have caused, but 
such talk is not to the point. I think that no suitable punishment can 
be devised for the crime of these conspirators, but we shall be held 
responsible for punishing the prisoners in a legal manner. Silanus is 
honest in his motives, and death is none too severe a punishment, but 
there are laws which direct us not to take the life of a condemned 
citizen. All tyrannical measures have originated in precedents that 
were justifiable in themselves, and we must be exceedingly cautious 
lest we adopt a method of procedure which a less conscientious consul 
than Cicero might use most unjustly. In early times scourging and 
punishment by death were legal, but later the Porcian and other laws 
provided that condemned men should be allowed to go into exile ; 
therefore I oppose the proposition of Silanus as contrary to law. I 



310 NOTES [P. 91 

suggest that the property of these men be confiscated ; that the men 
themselves be kept in confinement in the municipal towns that have 
the largest resources ; and that, if any one shall hereafter introduce a 
bill into the senate or bring a measure before the people with reference 
to these men, the senate shall regard him as an enemy of the state and 
hostile to the welfare of all." 

20. naturae. In accordance with the Epicurean system of philoso- 
phy, which taught that death was the end for mortals. 

25. ista. 'That of yours.' Caesar's motion is presented, with a 
comment on each clause. 

26. difficultatem. Because the cities would refuse such a burden, 
if they should be permitted to do as they wished. 

28. qui, etc. 'Who will not think that it belongs to their position 
to refuse that which you will have decided upon for the welfare of all.' 

Page 92. 5. uno. Sc. dolore. 

6. Itaque. Cicero says that the logical conclusion of the foregoing 
statements is that there is no punishment beyond the grave, and all 
stones about tortures of the wicked are tales invented to frighten evil 
doers. In his oration for Cluentius Cicero asserts that future punish- 
ment is a myth ; but in the fourteenth Philippic (page 229, line 9 ff.) 
the opposite statement is made. The fact is that it is idle to look 
for Cicero's beliefs in his public speeches. 

9. voluerunt. l Asserted.' 

11. mea. 1^.449,1(408,1,2); M.230, 2; A.&G. 222, a\ G. 3S1: 
B. 211, 1, a. 

13. popularis. The different meanings of the word should be care- 
fully kept in mind. 

16. nescio an. 'I am inclined to think that.' In this expression 
it is always to be understood that the inclination of the speaker's mind 
is toward the affirmative. 

20. niaiorum. In the Aeneid the origin of the Julian gens is traced 
back to lulus, the son of Aeneas. 

21. obsidem. By his severity toward the accused Caesar has shown 
that the safety of the country is nearer to his heart than partisan con- 
siderations. Intellectum est. When Caesar expressed his views. 

23. saluti populi consulentem. A definition of animum vcrc 
popidarem. 

24. popularis. The terms popiriares and optimates are defined in 



P. 93] IV CATILINE 311 

pro Sestio (96) : "Duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt eorum, 
qui versari in re publico, at que in ea se excellentius gerere studuerunt ; 
quibus ex generibus alleri se populares, alteri optimates et haberi et 
esse voluerunt. Qui ea quae faciebant quaeque dicebant multitudini 
iucunda valebant esse, populares, qui autem ita se gerebant ut sua 
consilia Optimo cuiqtte probarent, optimates habeba7itur" 

26. is. There is some authority for supposing that the man men- 
tioned here was Ouintus Metellus Nepos, who had been elected tribune 
for the following year, and who refused to allow Cicero to present the 
usual report at the close of his term of office, declaring that a man who 
had condemned Roman citizens unheard should not himself be heard. 

29. qui. The antecedent is the subject of iudicarit. quaesitori. 
Cicero refers to himself as a qtiaesitor, because he presided at the 
examination of the Allobroges and the conspirators. 

30. de tota re et causa. ' About the whole matter in general and 
the particular question before us. 1 

32. legem Semproniam. Proposed by Gaius Gracchus and passed 
in 123 B.C. It declared that any judgment that affected the life or 
liberty of citizens must be endorsed by the people. 

Page 93. 1. qui, etc. In the preceding paragraph Caesar was 
praised for being superior to the demagogues of his party ; Cicero now 
declares that Caesar is unprejudiced enough to recognize the fact that 
the Sempronian law had reference to Roman citizens only, and these 
traitors have by their crimes ceased to be citizens. The argument has, 
of course, no force. See note on iussu consulis, page 45, line 19. 

3. latorem. C. Gracchus, iussu populi. A misstatement, for 
Gracchus was killed by a mob whose only authority was that the 
senate had armed the consuls with dictatorial powers. 

4. idem. Caesar, largitorem. Although he spent large sums in 
entertainments for the people. 

10. in perniciem. 'To the ruin. 1 

15. ad coutionem. The fact that so prominent a democrat as 
Caesar had proposed the measure would make it easier for Cicero to 
discuss the matter before the people afterward. 

21. Nam, etc. * For, while I am quite severe in this matter, yet so 
may I enjoy the safety of the state with you, as I am not influenced 
by harshness of heart — for who is more tender-hearted than I ? — 
but by . . - 1 



312 NOTES [P. 93 

28. mihi. Dative of reference. 

29. furor. Sc. eius, modified by bacchantis. 

31. purpuratum. The word suggests the pomp and splendor of an 
Asiatic court. 

Page 94. 1. familias. The earliest form of the genitive singular in 
this declension. 

10. Mihi, etc. Sc. videatur. Then the qui clause would be equiva- 
lent to a clause of condition. 

20. Nisi vero. The following statement is ironical. 

21. L. Caesar. Lucius Julius Caesar Strabo, consul in 64 B.C. He 
spoke in favor of punishing the conspirators by death, and cited the 
cases of his relatives to show that such a course was not unprecedented. 

23. virum. Lentulus. 

24. avum. Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (see note on page 46, line 12). 
Lucius Caesar's mother was Fulvia, daughter of Marcus Flaccus. 

25. filium eius. The younger son of Flaccus. In the disorder 
which preceded the death of Gracchus this boy was sent to Opimius to 
secure a compromise, if possible. Opimius put the lad into prison and 
afterward slew him. 

27. Quorum. 'What deed of these men (just mentioned) is like 
(the affair before us) ? ' 

31. avus Lentuli. Publius Cornelius Lentulus, consul in 162 B.C. 

Page 96. 5. inflammandam. Sallust says that this task was 
assigned to Statilius and Gabinius. 

6. Vereamini, censeo. ' You fear, I suppose.' 

12. Sallust mentions a motion made by Nero, that voting on this 
question be postponed until better protection could be assured. 

14. eorum. A modifier of voces. 

16. transigunda. -undus is an earlier form of the gerundive than 
-endus. 

Page 97. 4. dissensione. For many years there had been con- 
tention as to what classes of citizens should compose the juries in the 
quaestiones perpetuae. One of the Gracchan laws, passed in 122 b c, 
transferred this privilege from the senators to the equites. Sulla 
changed this arrangement, and the dissatisfaction that followed resulted 
in the passage of the Aurelian law in the year 70 B.C.. in accordance 
with which law the jurymen were selected from the senators, the equites- 
and the tribuni aerarii. 



P. ioo] IV CATILINE 313 

12. hie dies. The quaestors began their duties on the Nones of 
December, when their provinces were determined by lot ; in the same 
way and at the same time the clerks were assigned to their duties. 

20. Operae pretium est. ' It is worth while.' 

22. fortunam huius civitatis. ' Citizenship.' 

29. qui modo. 'If only.' 

Page 98. 1. hoc. Explained by concur sare and sperare. 

3. tabernas. They were on both sides of the Forum. See note on 
page 83 line 7. 

15. incensis. Sc. tabernis ; l if the shops had been burned.' futu- 
rum f uit. ' What was it likely to be ? ' 

25. arcem et Capitolium. On the Capitoline Hill there were two 
elevations ; the northern was the arx, on the southern was the Capi- 
tolium. 

26 Penatium. The temple was on the Velia. 
Page 99. 2. civili causa. 'A political question.' 

4. Cogitate. A use of participles in the place of verbs that can not 
be imitated in English. Translate, 'Think with how great toil this 
government was founded . . . and how one night . . .' 

6. una nox. It is not clear what night Cicero has in mind. He 
may refer either to the night of the meeting at Laeca's house, or to the 
night when the conspirators and the Allobroges were placed under 
arrest. 

13. ad sententiam 'To the voting.' 

20. me factorum. For the cases, see H. 457 (409, III) ; M. 229; 
A. & G. 22 1, b ; G. 377 ; B 209, 1 . 

26. Scipio. The older Africanus, who finished the second Punic 
war by his victory at Zama, 202 B.C. 

32. bis. By the victories over the Cimbri and the Teutones. 

Page 100. 4. nisi forte. Nisi forte and nisi vero regularly intro- 
duce ironical statements. 

8. uno loco. ' In one respect' 

13. cum. 'Although.' reppuleris and possis have as subject the 
indefinite pronoun of the second person 'you.' 

22. conspirationem. It lasted only a very short time. 

24. Cicero here enumerates all the advantages which he lost by 
remaining in the city. 

25. provincia. Either Macedonia, which he handed over to Anto- 



314 NOTES [P. ioo 

nius, or Cisalpine Gaul, which he afterward relinquished, triumpho. 
There might be enough fighting connected with the government of a 
province to entitle the governor to the honor of a triumphal procession. 

27. clientelis hospitiisque. The relation between a cliens and a 
patronus was that of a dependent to a superior ; the cliens served his 
patronus in whatever way he could, while the patronus gave his cliens 
protection. The relation between hospites, called Ziospitium, was one 
of equality. It will be remembered thai Sanga was the patronus of the 
Allobroges and Cicero was the patronus of Reate. Individuals, cor- 
porations, and even states found it advantageous to have a representa- 
tive of their interests at Rome, and they could in turn give their 
representatives social and political assistance. Popular governors were 
often honored in this way. 

28. quae . . . compare Cicero means that with such resources 
as are at his command in the city it is as difficult to maintain those 
connections as it is to secure new ones, and therefore he lost a great 
opportunity when he gave up his province. 

Page 101. 6. suo solius periculo : 'With danger to himself 
alone. 1 

Marcus Porcius Cato also addressed the senate. He denounced 
the degeneracy of the period, and urged the necessity of punishing the 
traitors promptly and severely in order to prevent similar plots. The 
senators then voted that the prisoners should be put to death, and 
Cicero had them strangled in the Tullianum before night. The Tul- 
lianum was the oldest prison at Rome, and is still to be seen on the 
eastern slope of -the Capitoline hill, to the right of the ascent from 
the Forum. It is also called the Mamertine dungeon, from a statue of 
Mars which stood near; but this name dates only from medieval 
times. Lanciani says: "The Career Tullianum (St. Peter's Prison) 
is mentioned by Livy as having been built by Ancus Marcius in a place 
near and a little higher than the Forum, career imminens foro. It 
contained an underground cell, formerly a cave named Tullianum. from 
a tullus or jet of water which sprang from the rock. It was used as a 
place of execution, and Sallust depicts it as a dark, filthy, and frightful 
den, twelve feet underground, walled in and covered with massive 
stone walls. The facade is very severe in style, and has an inscription 
commemorating the repairs to the prison, made at the time of Tiberius 
by C. Vibius Rufinus and M. Cocceius Nerva. Nichols justiv remarks 



P. ioi] FOR POM PEY'S COMMISSION 315 

that ' the Career plays a part in Roman history like that of the Tower 
of London in English. The Tullianum was, if one may say so, a secret 
Tower Hill. One of the first heroes of the long tale of miseries is 
Pleminius, who, being detained in prison for his excesses at Locri, was 
convicted of bribing men to set fire to the city, lowered into the Tulli- 
anum, and executed. The same fate befell Lentulus, Cethegus, and 
several other conspirators during the Catilinarian troubles. Cicero, 
who played such a leading part in them, speaks of the Career as having 
been ordained by the kings as the avenger of heinous and notorious 
crimes. The jail is also associated with the name of. King Jugurtha 
(and Vercingetorix), starved to death in the lower hole. The body of 
Seianus, the disgraced minister of Tiberius, was cast on the Scalae 
Gemoniae (steps adjoining the prison), and also those of his innocent 
children, whose execution was marked by circumstances of frightful 
atrocity. Here also the headless trunk of Flavius Sabinus, brother of 
Vespasian, was thrown by the soldiers of Vitellius, and soon after 
Vitellius himself met his end on the same spot. The Career, like the 
Tower, had also its literary reminiscences. Naevius is said to have 
written two of his plays while confined in prison for his attacks on the 
aristocracy.' " 

Meanwhile Catiline continued to receive recruits until he had two 
legions of troops very poorly armed. Antonius and Quintus Metellus 
Celer advanced toward the rebels, and finally drove them into a place 
from which they could not escape. The discouraging tidings which 
had come from Rome to the insurgents concerning the exposure of 
their plans and the death of their leaders had thinned the ranks con- 
siderably by desertions, but the brave remnant resolved to fight, and 
they were all slain. 

THE ORATION FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 

The kingdom of Pontus, an offshoot of Persia, was founded at the 
beginning of the fourth century B.C. by Ariobarzanes I. Six kings, 
or satraps, reigned in succession until 120 B.C., when Mithridates VI 
came to the throne at the death of his father Mithridates Euergetes. 
At the time of his accession he was only eleven years old. Of his boy- 
hood and youth there are many remarkable tales, narrating the plots 
which his guardians formed against his life, his strength and skill in 



316 NOTES [P. 101 

athletic contests and hunting, and his ability to converse in more than 
twenty languages and dialects. It is recorded that one morning he 
could not be found, and when he returned several months later, after 
being given up for lost, he had traveled in disguise over all western 
Asia, and had secured a thorough acquaintance with both land and 
people. To sum up in a word the evidence concerning his character 
as a man and ruler, he seems to have been a genuine Oriental despot 
both in virtues and in vices, the one point of marked unlikeness being 
his tireless energy. 

At the age of twenty Mithridates Eupator, as he was called, began 
to enlarge his dominions, annexing Colchis, Lesser Armenia, the Tauric 
Chersonese, and the eastern coast of the Black Sea ; and he still further 
strengthened his position by giving his daughter Cleopatra to Tigranes, 
the king of Armenia. In these aggressive movements the ambitious 
young ruler came in contact with the Romans, to whom the exiled 
princes appealed for assistance. An apparently satisfactory settlement 
of the situation was secured by Sulla, who at that time was governor 
of Cilicia ; but within a short time after Sulla's departure from Asia 
Tigranes drove Ariobarzanes from the throne of Cappadocia, and in 
Bithynia a pretender rose against King Nicomedes. It was evident 
that the cause of the disturbances was Mithridates, and the Roman 
government dispatched Manius Aquillius as a special commissioner to 
assist Lucius Cassius, the governor of the Roman province of Asia, in 
the restoration of the dethroned monarchs. It is said that Aquillius 
conducted the negotiations with reference to his own interests, and that 
his avarice was the cause of the war which followed. However that 
may be, Mithridates was soon in the field with an immense number of 
troops, the entire east was aroused, the insignificant forces of the 
Romans were easily defeated ; Aquillius, after being tortured in every 
way, was finally killed by molten gold poured down his throat, and in 
accordance with an order issued by Mithridates eighty thousand or 
more Italians in Asia were massacred at one time. 

It was not easy for Rome to deal with the situation. The effects of 
the Social war were still felt, and the civil struggle was at hand. Sulla 
received orders to go to the east, but before he could start he was 
deposed, and the command of his troops was given to Marius. The 
soldiers remained loyal to Sulla, and he at once marched to Rome, con- 
quered his foes, and at last, in 87 B.C., he arrived in Greece, which he 



P. ioi] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 317 

found wholly in the power of the Pontic armies. At Chaeronea in 86 B.C. 
and at Orchomenos in 85 B.C. the forces of Mithridates, commanded by 
his best generals, received a crushing defeat from the Romans. Mean- 
while in those countries where Mithridates was at first enthusiastically 
welcomed as a deliverer from Roman rule, there was a decided change 
in public sentiment, for the conqueror began to manifest his real 
despotic character as soon as he felt secure in his conquests. Sulla 
also received assistance from another source. After his departure from 
Rome the Marian faction again secured control, and sent Lucius Flaccus 
with two legions to supersede him. On the way the soldiers deposed 
Flaccus and put in his place Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who arrived in the 
east in time to inflict a defeat on a son of Mithridates, and also on 
Mithridates himself. Peace was declared between Sulla and Mithri- 
dates, the latter binding himself to surrender all his acquisitions in Asia, 
to pay the Roman government a generous sum for the expenses of the 
war, and to give up a large fleet. The threatened conflict between the 
rival generals, Sulla and Fimbria, was averted by the refusal of Fimbria's 
troops to fight against their countrymen and by the death of Fimbria, 
who killed himself soon afterward. In 83 B.C. Sulla placed Lucius 
Licinius Murena in charge of Roman interests in Asia Minor, and 
returned to Rome to meet his enemies there and reorganize the state in 
behalf of the aristocracy. What is often called the second Mithridatic 
war was simply an engagement between Murena and Mithridates, in 
which the Roman was worsted. The only outcome of this fighting was 
a renewal of the peace which Sulla and Mithridates had made. 

In 74 B.C. Nicomedes III, the king of Bithynia, died, having be- 
queathed his kingdom to the Romans. Mithridates supported the 
claims of an alleged son of the king, and in this way reopened the 
struggle with his old antagonists. He expected and received assistance 
from the insurgents in Crete, from the pirates, and from Sertorius, who 
sent officers to train the eastern armies in Roman tactics. The com- 
mand of the Roman army was given to the consuls of the year 74 B.C., 
Marcus Cotta and Lucius Lucullus who had been a legate in Sulla's army. 
Cotta was soon besieged in Chalcedon and seemed likely to be destroyed, 
when his colleague came to the rescue. Mithridates then attacked 
Cyzicus with a large force, but Lucullus compelled him to retire with 
great losses. A naval victory followed, and then Mithridates began to 
retreat inland, pursued by Lucullus. At Cabira the Romans were again 



3 1 8 NOTES [P. 101 

victorious, and only the eagerness of the soldiers for plunder saved the 
life of the Pontic king, who fled to Armenia, where Tigranes gave him 
shelter, but refused to admit him to court. For some time after the 
Romans were engaged in the capture of such towns as Amisus and 
Sinope, which made a desperate resistance. Meanwhile a legate was 
sent to Tigranes to demand that he surrender Mithridates to the 
Romans. The demand was refused, and Lucullus advanced into Ar- 
menia. Near Tigranocerta the Romans met the Armenians, and easily 
routed a force many times larger than their own. 

Lucullus now had other foes to encounter. There was disaffection 
among the soldiers, who objected to the strict discipline of the com- 
mander and to further service in lands so remote. There was also 
opposition to Lucullus at Rome among the capitalists, whose financial 
gains were somewhat diminished by the measures which Lucullus had 
taken to relieve the distress of the provincials. The mutiny of the 
troops compelled Lucullus to retire into Mesopotamia, and the winter 
of 68 B.C. was spent in winter quarters in Nisibis. In the following 
year Triarius, one of Lucullus' legates, received so crushing a defeat at 
the hands of Mithridates that Lucullus learned of the disaster from the 
reports of the natives, not from the soldiers. The dissatisfaction at 
Rome now manifested itself in the recall of Lucullus and in the appoint- 
ment of Manius Acilius Glabrio to take charge of affairs in Pontus and 
Bithynia. When Glabrio arrived at his new post, he found the situation 
so little to his liking that he refused to take the troops from Lucullus. 

In 66 B.C. a tribune, Gaius Manilius, proposed a law to recall the 
commanders who were then in Asia, and to extend Pompey's power 
over all the east. The power which Pompey already possessed was a 
commission to extirpate the pirates who for many years had destroyed 
commerce, and had even ventured to approach Rome and carry away 
captives to be held for ransom. Pompey received this appointment in 
67 B.C. in accordance with a law proposed by a tribune, Aulus Gabinius, 
which provided that some one of consular rank should have imperiunt 
for three years over the Mediterranean and over the provinces to a 
distance of fifty miles inland, and that he should have men and ships 
enough, with as much money as should be needed. The situation had 
been so serious and Pompey's success was so complete that he earned 
the gratitude of all, and it was not difficult to secure the passage of the 
bill, although it was opposed by members of the aristocratic party on 



P. ioi] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 319 

the ground that to put so much power in the hands of one man was a 
violation of the constitution and a dangerous precedent to establish. 
Pompey was as successful in this as in the piratic war, and soon forced 
Mithridates into exile in the northern country, where the old monarch, 
deserted by even his own son, preferred death to life in defeat. 

. Cicero was praetor for the year 66 B.C. Up to that time his public 
speaking had been confined to the courts ; now he made his first address 
to the people in a contio called for the purpose of discussing the proposi- 
tion of Manilius. The speech is a model in form, and in this respect 
it may be regarded as superior to the Catilinarian orations ; it must be 
admitted, however, that the argument is often somewhat superficial, 
and more suited to a politician than to a statesman. 

OUTLINE 

I. Introduction {Exordium). Cicero explains why this is his first 
appearance on the rostra, asserts that he will serve the people during 
his praetorship, and expresses his delight at having a subject so well 
suited to an orator in a new and trying situation. 

II. Statement of the Case (Narratio). Subject states are assailed 
by two powerful kings, public and private interests are in jeopardy, and 
a new commander must be chosen. 

III. Treatment of the Subject (Pai'titio). There are three points 
for consideration : the character of the war, its importance, the choice 
of a commander. 

IV. Affirmative Argument (Confirmatio). In this war the honor 
of the Roman people is involved, the safety of allies is endangered, the 
largest and surest revenues are likely to be lost, and many Roman citi- 
zens may lose their property. Lucullus has won brilliant victories, but 
his successes have been counterbalanced by reverses that were due to 
circumstances beyond his control; the situation, therefore, is critical. 
Pompey has the essential qualities of an able general, and also possesses 
moral qualities which make him an ideal commander for this war. 

V. Objections Answered (Confiitatio). The objection of Hor- 
tensius, that so much power should not be put into the hands of one 
man, experience has shown to be without foundation. The objection 
which Catulus makes, that there are no precedents for such a course, 
is wholly out of line with the facts. The crisis demands immediate 



320 NOTES [P. 101 

action, and Pompey is the only one who possesses the necessary quali- 
fications. 

VI. Conclusion (Peroratio). Cicero pledges his hearty support 
of the measure, and affirms that he has been influenced by no selfish 
considerations. 

Page 102. i. frequens conspectus vester. 'The sight of you 
gathered about in crowds, 1 literally, ' your crowded appearance.' 

2. multo iucundissimus. ' The most pleasant ' (of sights), hie 
locus. The rostra. 

3. amplissimus, ornatissimus. I.e. the rostra is the most dis- 
tinguished place for the discussion of public questions, and confers the 
most honor upon a speaker. The general meaning of this sentence is 
that Cicero's failure to appear before the people before had not been 
due to any lack of appreciation of what might be gained by such a 
course, but to wholly different considerations. His purpose in advo- 
cating the appointment of Pompey was to secure his support when the 
consulship should become a possibility. Cf. note on line 30, page 130. 

4. hoc aditu laudis. ' This road to fame,' ablative of separation 
with firohibuerunt. 

5. optimo cuique. ' To all the best men.' maxime patuit. This 
meeting was a contio, that is, the people assembled at the call of some 
magistrate who had a measure which he wished to lay before the voters 
for consideration. No one might address a contio except the magis- 
trate who convoked it, or any one whom he designated. A contio was 
for debate only; the voting was done in the comitia. voluntas. 
Sc. ftrohibuit. 

6. rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae. ' Plans formed at the 
beginning of manhood,' i.e. at the time when the toga virilis was assumed. 

7. Nam, etc. His youthfulness and the conviction that an orator 
ought to bring to the rostra nothing but the finished product of his 
best powers were considerations that led him to remain in the courts. 

8. huius auctoritatem loci. I.e. the influence which this place 
gives one who is permitted to speak here. 

12. neque may be translated as a simple negative. The -que is 
correlative with et below in the sense of et . . . et. Logically the 
clause is dependent. ' While this place has never been,' etc vacuus 
ab eis. ' Without those.' 



P. 103] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 32 1 

13. privatorum. Contrasted with vestram causam. There have 
been many to support the interests of the people, while Cicero has 
devoted his energies to the needs of individuals. 

14. caste integreque. The lex Cincia, passed 204 B.C., provided 
that lawyers should not receive fees for their services. Cicero asserts 
that he has never violated the provisions of that law. There was no 
law, however, against receiving 'presents 1 from a client, integreque. 
Because he had never accepted a bribe from a client's opponent. 
iudicio. As expressed at the polls. 

15. fructum. The praetorship. 

16. dilationem comitiorum. Postponement of an election oc- 
curred whenever the omens were unfavorable. In such cases all that 
had been done up to the time of postponement was null and void. 
primus does not indicate rank, but simply order of selection. The 
praetors were all of the same rank, and alter election their places were 
determined by lot. See pages 27 and 28. centuriis. Praetors were 
elected in the comitia centuriata. See pages 21 and 22. 

18. quid aliis praescriberetis. I.e. what course you bade others 
take who might wish to be rewarded in like manner. 

19. Nunc. Prominence is given this word by its position, aucto- 
ritatis. The personal influence which the office conferred upon the one 
who held it. 

20. honoribus mandandis. ' By giving me public offices.' Cicero 
had been quaestor and aedile. ad agendum facultatis. ' Ability to 
discuss public questions. 1 

21. quantum . . . adferre. ' As almost daily practice in speaking 
could bring to an energetic man from practice at the bar. 1 

23. utar. The object is an unexpressed pronoun referring to aucto- 
r it at is. 

25. potissimum. 'Above all others. 1 ei rei. Ability as an orator. 
His election to the praetorship was a recognition not only of his faithful 
services as a lawyer but also of his oratorical powers. 

Page 103. 2. illud. Explained by the quod clause. Cicero says 
that he ought to rejoice because in this new and trying situation he has 
a subject upon which any one could talk. 

4. Dicendum est enim. 'For I am to speak. 1 

5. virtute. 

6. orationis. ' Theme. 

H. & g. cic. — 21 



322 NOTES [P. 103 

9. ut . . . proficiscatur. The purpose of making the statement 
contained in infertur. 

12. relictus. Mithridates was 'left to himself after being almost 
destroyed, because Lucullus was more and more hampered by the dis- 
affection among his troops. 

13. lacessitus. Tigranes was provoked to action by the arrogant 
demand of Claudius, a legate of Lucullus, that he should surrender 
Mithridates to the Romans. Until then the Armenian king had taken 
no active part in the struggle. Asiam. The Roman province of Asia 
in the western part of Asia Minor. 

14. Equitibus. The capitalists of Rome were among the equites. 

17. necessitudine. Cicero was of an equestrian family. 

18. causamreipublicae. How the general welfare and the interests 
of individuals are both involved in this war is explained in chapter VII. 

19. vestra provincia. Bequeathed to the Romans by King Nico- 
medes III, who died childless. 

20. regnum Ariobarzanis. Cappadocia. 

21. Totum. ; Wholly. 1 

23. qui. Glabrio. He did almost nothing. 

25. civibus. Those residing in these lands. 

Page 104. 7. pacis ornamenta. I.e. the revenues are used to pro- 
vide games, erect public buildings, and make various improvements ; in 
times of war they also help meet the extraordinary expenses. 

9. quibus. Dative with consulendum. a quibus. The agent is 
expressed by the ablative instead of the dative, to avoid confusion with 
the indirect object. 

11. Cicero appeals here to patriotism and further on to self-interest. 

13. bello superiore. It is common in histories of Rome to recog- 
nize three wars with Mithridates, but evidently Cicero did not regard 
the little fighting done by Murena as worthy of being called a Avar. 

14. insedit, inveteravit. The name of the Roman people is repre- 
sented as a fabric into which a stain has settled and upon which it has 
remained too long. The readiness with which this order for a general 
massacre was obeyed may not fully indicate the character of Roman 
rule in the East, but it certainly does show how the Romans were 
regarded by the Asiatics. 

16. una significatione litterarum. ' By a simple message conveyed 
by letter. 1 litterarum is a subjective genitive. 



P. 105] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 323 

18. suscepit. Very uncommon with poenam. 

19. tertium et vicesimum. Since the massacre. 

20. neque Cappadociae. 'And not even of Cappadocia. 1 This 
country he had secured by conquest. The latter part of this sentence 
means that the one who murdered so many Roman citizens is not only 
unpunished, but he is actually no longer willing to remain in the remote 
regions of his kingdom, and is carrying on operations in full view of all 
Asia, in lands that are subject to the Roman government. 

22. hoc est. 'That is. 1 

25. Sulla celebrated a triumph in 81 B.C. and Murena in 80 b c. 

27. pulsus superatusque. Adversative. 

29. quod egerunt. * Because they prosecuted the war. 1 quod re- 
liquerunt. ' For leaving it unfinished. 1 There may be here a sarcastic 
reference to the inactivity of Glabrio. 

30. res publica. The Marian party regained control at Rome 
immediately after Sulla's departure, and under the leadership of Cinna 
they ruled with a high hand. It was to oppose these popular move- 
ments that Sulla hastened toward Italy as soon as possible, and perhaps 
this is the consideration which influenced him in granting peace to 
Mithridates on so favorable terms. 

Page 105. 3. permagnos. The prefixes per- and con- have the 
same intensive force when joined with adjectives. The main part of 
the royal army had more than one hundred thousand men, sixteen 
thousand cavalrymen, and one hundred scythe-chariots, besides a fleet 
of four hundred vessels. 

6. duces. Those in Spain. The rebels in Crete and the pirates 
also assisted Mithridates. 

7. disiunctissimis maximeque diversis. • Most widely separated 
and very different from each other. 1 

8. binis. Distributives are regularly used with nouns that are plural 
in form but singular in meaning, whenever they have a plural signifi- 
cance. H. 164, 3 (174, 2, 3) ; M. 74, 1 ; A. & G. 95, b ; G. 97, 3 ; B. 81, 
4,3. 

9. ancipiti contentione. ' A contest carried on in two places. 1 

10. de imperio. < For supremacy. 1 

11. Sed tamen. I.e. despite the extensive preparations of Mithri- 
dates. Sertorianae atque Hispanieuse. See note on line 6, page 
M3- 



324 NOTES [P. 105 

12. firmamenti. Support from outside sources, roboris. Strength 
in itself. The facts do not justify Cicero in this comparison ; possibly 
he is painting the situation in vivid colors in order to make Pompey's 
achievements seem more brilliant. 

14. The administration of Lucullus was such that his successes seem 
attributable to his ability, his reverses to misfortune. 

19. ei. Cf. note on audaciae, page 84, line 9. 

22. exorsus. ' The first part.' 

28. Corinthum. Troubles between the Achaeans and other mem- 
bers of the Achaean league necessitated Roman interference, and am- 
bassadors were sent, who received very scant courtesy. In the uprising 
which followed, the Roman senate directed that Corinth should be 
leveled to the ground, and the order was executed by Lucius Mum- 
mius. The city was afterward rebuilt by Julius Caesar. 

29. totius Graeciae lumen. i The eye of all Greece.' exstinctum. 
In agreement with lumen rather than with Corinthian. 

30. legatum. Manius Aquillius, the commissioner sent to secure a 
settlement of the troubles in the East. He was captured by Mithridates 
while giving assistance and encouragement to Nicomedes, the antagonist 
of Mithridates, and so was thought to have forfeited his privileges as an 
ambassador. After forcing him to travel about the country, proclaim- 
ing his name and rank, his captors finally put him to death by pouring 
melted gold down his throat in mockery of his avarice. 

Page 106. 17. audent, periculo. From fear of Lucullus and Gla- 
brio, who had not yet left Asia. 

21. Quo . . . aegrius. 'And for this reason they are deprived of 
his help all the more unwillingly. 1 

23. repressos. The meaning is that Pompey's arrival in Cilicia 
deterred Mithridates and Tigranes from making any further advance in 
that direction. 

26. quorum . . . commendetis. 'To intrust their welfare to such 
a man. 1 

Page 107. 4. Antiocho. Antiochus the Great. In his conquests 
he attacked some powers that appealed to Rome. Read Mommsen, 
Vol. II, pages 444-468. Philippe Philip V. of Macedonia. Rhodes 
and Pergamus sought the protection of Rome against Philip's aggres- 
sive acts. 

5. Aetoli. They were zealous in advancing the interests of Anti- 



P. 108] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 325 

ochus in Greece, and were persistent in their attacks on other Grecian 
states. In 189 B.C. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior dictated to them humili- 
ating terms of peace. Poenis. Massinissa, king of Numidia, made 
encroachments on the territory of the Carthaginians. War broke out 
in consequence, and the Romans began the third Carthaginian war, 
ostensibly, at least, in support of their ally, Massinissa. 

10. tutandas : I.e. the revenues are barely equal to the outlay. 

15. utilitatem. The provincial revenues contribute largely to 
Rome's expenses in war, and to the expenditures for improvements 
in time of peace. 

18. cum venit. Cf. note on propositi, page 93, line 30. 

24. ex portu, etc. The three kinds of revenue mentioned here are 
the port duties, the tax on produce, and the tax for the use of pasture 
land. 

32. publicani. The Roman government did not collect taxes in the 
provinces, but awarded the contract to the highest bidder. The taxes 
often amounted to so large sums that great stock companies were 
formed for their collection. 

Page 108. 4. qui, etc. i Who are a source of revenue to you. 1 The 
clause refers to the publicani. 

7. Ac ne, etc. 'And this consideration also should not be over- 
looked by you, which I had set before myself as the last point for dis- 
cussion when I began to speak of the character of the war, that the war 
affects the property of many Roman citizens, for whom . . .' 

11. et. Used with deinde in line 18 in about the same sense as 
et . . . et. 

12. rationes et copias. ' Business interests and capital.' 

18. ceteris ordinibus. Than the equites, to whom the publicani 
belonged. 

20. partim eorum. ' Some of whom.' 

21. Est, etc. ' It therefore belongs to your kindness to keep a large 
number of those citizens from loss. 1 

23. sapientiae. In the same construction as humanitatis. 

25. Etenim, etc. The general meaning is that this consideration is 
of little value, that the revenues of the state may be recovered by a 
victory of the troops, even if the taxes now due are not collected, for 
the same men will not have the means to assume such contracts again 
on account of their losses, and others will not be willing to do so on 



326 NOTES [P. 108 

account of their fear of being neglected in the same manner, parvi. 
For the case, cf. note on fanti, page 55, line 13. his. The text is 
uncertain, but with this reading the most natural supposition is that 
vectigalibus is to be understood with his, and the two words refer to 
the taxes then due the publicani, who had already paid the government 
for the right to collect them, amissis. I.e. to the publicani. 

Page 109. 1. fidem. ' Credit.' 

2. ut non trahant. 'Without dragging.' 

5. ratio pecuniarum. 'System of finance.' Rome was the bank- 
ing center of the world. 

7. ilia. ' Those in that country.' 

8. ut non. ' Without that' 

16. In quo. 'In the treatment of this topic' 

23. urbem. Cyzicus, an island of Mysia. It was a very flourishing 
city, and inclose sympathy with the Romans. Mithridates laid siege 
to the town in 74 B.C. and was bravely opposed by the Cyzicenes. 
Lucullus marched to the relief of his besieged friends, and finally com- 
pelled Mithridates to retire with the loss of about two hundred thousand 
men. This defeat had all the more significance because Mithridates 
had entire control of the sea, all the Roman ships having been de- 
stroyed when Cotta was besieged in Chalcedon a short time before. 

28. classem. Soon after the siege of Cyzicus, a large fleet of the 
enemy started westward with the intention, it was claimed, of carrying 
the war into Italy. Lucullus, who had successfully fought some naval 
engagements in the first Mithridatic war, secured a few vessels, overtook 
this fleet near Lemnos, and won a decisive victory. There were many 
Marians on board the eastern ships. 

Page no. 1. Sinopen. The birthplace of Mithridates. These and 
other towns made a stubborn resistance, and were subdued only with 
the greatest difficulty. 

5. alios reges. Tigranes, also the kings of the Bosporani and of 
the Parthians. 

7. sal vis sociis. They were not ruined by forced contributions to 
the war. 

9. ita. ' And bestowed in such a way.' A participle may have been 
lost, but the context makes the meaning clear. 

17. Medea. After the Argonauts had secured the Golden Fleece, 
and were about to return to their native land, Jason decided to take 



P. 112] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 327 

Medea with them, since the assistance which she gave them in defeating 
the designs of her father Aeetes rendered her stay at home impossible. 
Medea abducted her little brother Absyrtus, whom she cut into pieces 
and scattered behind her in order to check her father's pursuit. 

25. nostri conligunt. There is a story that when Mithridates was 
almost in the hands of the pursuing soldiers a mule loaded with gold 
was turned loose and, while the Romans were dividing the spoil, the 
king escaped. 

Page in. 3. gravis atque vehemens opinio. ' A strong and deep- 
seated suspicion.' opinio is explained in the infinitive clause below. 

5. fani. Mommsen says that this was probably the temple of the 
Persian Nanaea or Anaitis in Elymais or the modern Luristan, the most 
celebrated and the richest shrine in the whole region of the Euphrates. 

10. longinquitate, desiderio. Lucullus had won a victory at 
Tigranocerta, the city mentioned in the line above, and was then 
marching toward Artaxata. 

12. Fuit illud extremum. ' This was the outcome.' 
20. ut nomen regale. ' So that the name of king.' 

28. calamitatem. The defeat of Triarius at Ziela in 67 B.C. Lu- 
cullus was marching to his relief at the time. 

29. ut, etc. There was not enough left of the army to send a 
regular report of the battle to Lucullus. 

30. Hie, etc. 'Just at this time.' 

Page 112. 3. qui iam stipendiis confecti. These were the 
troops which the Marian party sent to Asia under the command of L. 
Valerius Flaccus, who was to supersede Sulla. 

5. ea. explained by the quantum clause, vos coniectura per- 
spicite. < See for yourselves by inference.' There are many other facts 
that might be mentioned, but you can judge for yourselves how menacing 
you think that the war is now. 

7. coniungant. ; Undertake together.' 

13. videatur 'As it seems.' 

15. haec deliberatio. Explained in the indirect question below. 

25. ludo atque discipline. For an account of the Roman schools 
and studies consult the appendix of Becker's Gallus. 

27. patris. Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, who commanded troops in 
many of the engagements of the Social war, and was afterward sum- 
moned to Rome to defend it from the attack of Cinna. The younger 



328 NOTES [P. 112 

Pompey was, then, with his father in the Social war and served with 
him as a soldier in the Civil war. 

30. imperator. When Sulla was returning from Asia after the first 
Mithridatic war, Pompey raised three legions among his father's troops 
and among his tenants in the Picene territory, and with these hastened 
to meet Sulla. On the way some small detachments of Marian forces 
were encountered and defeated. Sulla was so much pleased with the 
attention shown him by Pompey that he returned the young man's 
greeting with the title of Imperator. 

Page 113. 3. stipendiis, triumphis. His military training was 
received while acting as commander, not as a private soldier. 

6. Civile. The struggles between Sulla and the Marian party. 
Africanum. After overcoming the remnants of the Marian party who 
had fled to Sicily, Pompey went to Africa to attack Gnaeus Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, who made an alliance with Hiarbas, king of Numidia. 
Transalpinum. On his way to Spain Pompey had to contend with 
various Gallic tribes that had been instigated by Sertorius to check the 
advance of the Roman army. Hispaniense. Quintus Sertorius mani- 
fested extraordinary ability as a general. He served with Marius in 
the campaign against the Teutones, and was a successful commander 
in the Civil war. He held the office of praetor in 83 B.C., and at the 
return of Sulla from Asia, went to Spain, where he maintained a position 
as governor against the strong forces which were sent to destroy him. 
For five years he held out against Metellus and Pompey, and then was 
slain by the treachery of his own officers, servile. Spartacus belonged 
to a band of gladiators kept at Capua by Lentulus. They escaped and 
were joined by others until they numbered many thousands. The con- 
suls of the year 72 B.C. were both defeated, but the praetor Marcus 
Licinius Crassus finally overcame the slaves and gladiators in a battle 
fought near Brundisium. While returning from Spain, Pompey met 
about five thousand of the fugitives who w r ere trying to escape into 
Gaul, and for his victory over them he claimed the credit of finishing 
the war. navale. The war against the pirates. Read Mommsen, 
Vol. IV, pp. 357-364- 

15. virtutes. < Good qualities.' 

16. existimantur. Sc. esse. 

21. Testis. I.e. to his ability as a general. The wars named above 
are now mentioned in greater detail. 



P. 115] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 329 

25. magnis copiis. A very large number of the Marian party were 
in Africa. 

31. taetro. Because fought with slaves and gladiators. 

Page 114. 2. sepultum. Pompey's statement was that he had 
plucked up the war by the roots. 

9. hieme. When storms made navigation dangerous. 
12. arbitraretur. A deliberative question. 

16. cui praesidio fuistis. ' Whom have you protected ?' 

18. quam multas. Plutarch says that the pirates had more than a 
thousand ships, and that they had captured four hundred towns. 

22. propugnaculis. Armies and fleets. The thought of the sen- 
tence is that in the ' good old times 1 the Romans did not have to fight 
for their own protection. 

24. dicam. A deliberative question. 

28. duodecim secures. In the provinces each praetor had six 
lictors. The names of the two praetors mentioned here are given by 
Plutarch as Sextilius and Vellinus, who were seized and carried off in 
their robes of office, with their attendants and lictors. 

29. Cnidum. These statements are corroborated by Plutarch. 

32. portus. Rome depended almost entirely upon Sicily, Sardinia, 
Africa, and Egypt for supplies of grain. 

Page 115. 3. praetorc. Name unknown. 

4. liberos. The plural must be an exaggeration, if Plutarch refers 
to this incident when he says that the pirates captured a daughter of 
Antonius, and she was ransomed for a large sum. The Antonius men- 
tioned here was probably Marcus Antonius, the orator, who fought 
against the pirates in 103 B.C. 

6. Ostiense. In the works of Dio Cassius there is a statement that 
the ships were burned and everything plundered. The name of the 
consul who commanded the fleet is unknown. 

12. lucem adferre. ' Bring relief. 1 

14. ei. Repeats the vos. Oceani ostium. The Strait of Gibraltar. 

17. praetereunda sunt. The subject is to be understood from 
haec, not from celeritate. 

19. tarn brevi tempore quam celeriter. Translate as if tain 
celeriter quam. The meaning of the sentence is that no commercial 
enterprise ever sped so quickly over the sea as the onward progress 
of this war. Pompey began the crusade against the pirates by 



330 NOTES [P. 115 

dividing the territory into thirteen districts, each one in charge of a 
legate. 

28. Achaiam. Evidently the use of this name to designate the 
entire Roman province of Greece had not yet become universal. 

32. Ciliciam. The place most frequented by the pirates. 

Page 116. 1. partim. ' Some of them. 1 

2. Cretensibus. The Cretans had given the pirates some assist- 
ance, and involved themselves in war with Rome. In 69 B.C. the 
proconsul Quintus Metellus defeated the Cretan army at Cydonia, and 
then captured the towns one after another. When the island was sub- 
jugated, the inhabitants wished to surrender to Pompey rather than to 
Metellus, thinking that they could secure more advantageous terms. 
Pompey sent an officer to arrange the terms of surrender, but Metellus 
refused to recognize his authority. Very bitter feeling was aroused 
between the two generals, and there might have been fighting also, if 
the command of the Mithridatic war had not drawn Pompey's attention 
elsewhere. Cretensibus. In the dative case. 

10. Quid ceterae. < How about the other good qualities P 1 paulo 
ante. On page 113, line 15. 

20. aliorum contentione. ' A comparison with others.' 

22. Quem, etc. 'How can we regard him as a general in any 

classification in whose . . . ? ' 

25. cogitare. Sc. putare possumus. 'What noble or exalted 

thought can we suppose that this man has about his country, 

who . . . ?' 

27. diviserit. As a bribe for his appointment. 

28. in quaestu. 'Invested.' 

32. oonfiteri. I.e. whoever attacks me on this score will thereby 
reveal his own guilt. 

Page 117. 3. itinera. Those made in the Social war, in the 
wars between Sulla and the Marian party, and in the war with 
Spartacus . 

4. civium Romanorum. Those who became citizens after the 
Social war. 

11. alios in se. A general can not be strict in his treatment of 
cases brought before him, unless he is willing that his conduct should 
be as closely reviewed at Rome. 

13. Hie = Haec cum it a si fit. 



P. 119] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 33 1 

15. manus, vestigium. I.e. the army not only refrains from vio- 
lence, but also does no injury upon its march. 

18. non modo, etc. 'Not only is violence offered no one to induce 
him to make expenditures upon the soldiers, but . . .' 

20. Hiemis, non avaritiae perfugium. ' A shelter from the winter, 
not for greed.' The first genitive is objective, the second subjective. 

24. cursum. 'Rapidity.' 

30. nobilitas urbis. Plutarch relates that Pompey did stop at 
Athens, but simply sacrificed to the gods, addressed the people, and 
then went quickly on his way. 

32. signa et tabulas. The extent to which Roman governors 
robbed the provinces of their treasures of art is indicated by this ex- 
tract from the oration against Verres, the notorious governor of Sicily : 
In urbe nostra pulcherrima atque ornatissima quod signum, quae tabula 
picta est, quae non ab hostibus victis capta atque asportata sit f 

Page 118. 4. de caelo delapsum. Extravagant language, such as 
is used to describe a god's descent to earth. 

6. quod, etc. 'A fact which was already beginning to appear to 
foreign nations as unworthy of belief, and as having been handed 
down by a baseless tradition.' 

8. Nunc, etc. ' Now the glory of your government has commenced 
to shed its kindly light upon those nations.' 

13. aditus ad eum privatorum. 'Access to him on the part of 
private citizens.' 

14. liberae. 'Unchecked.' 

18. hoc ipso ex loco. The Forum, where Pompey had addressed 
the people. 

21. sanctissimam iudicarint. As shown by their willingness to 
surrender to him. 

31. Vehementer, etc. 'Who does not know that what the enemy 
and what our allies think of our generals has much to do with the man- 
agement of wars, since even in so important matters men are moved to 
despise or fear, or hate or love, no less by prejudice or report than by 
some definite reason?' 

Page 119. 7. iudicia. Expressed in the ofiices and commands that 
had been given to him. 

8. illius diei. The day on which the Gabinian law was proposed. 
14. ut plura, etc. ' To leave much unsaid, and not to prove by 



332 NOTES [P. 119 

illustrations taken from the lives of others how much a man's reputa- 
tion has to do with the conduct of a war.' 

22. calamitate. The defeat of Triarius. 

Page 120. 7. noster imperator. Quintus Caecilius Metellus, who 
afterward assumed the agnomen Creticus. 

12. legatum. The idea seems to be that Mithridates sent a legate 
to Pompey for some reason, but the friends of Metellus Pius regarded 
the messenger as a spy because they were angry that he was sent to 
Pompey rather than to Metellus. 

13. potissimum. ' Rather than to any one else.' 

20. Reliquum, etc. ' It remains for me to speak reverently and 
briefly of good fortune, which no one may claim for himself, but which 
we may recall and mention in the case of another, as one should speak 
of a matter that lies within the power of the gods. 1 

24. Maximo. Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator. Marcello. 
Marcus Claudius Marcellus, called the Sword of Rome. Scipioni. 
probably Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus. Mario. Gaius Marius. 

31. hac utar, etc. 'I shall be so cautious in my statements that I 
shall not say that his good fortune lay within his own power, but . . .' 

Page 121. 1. invisa. Because he ascribed too much to Pompey's 
unaided abilities, ingrata. Because he failed to recognize the good- 
ness of the gods in blessing the Roman people by giving Pompey so 
much success. 

4. ut adsenserint, etc. Indirect questions. 

11. Quod ut, etc. 'That this favor may be his own, and may last 
forever.' 

13. velle et optare. Velle means to wish and to cooperate toward 
the realization of one's wish ; optare, to wish and leave the realization 
of one's wish to others, or to fate ; expetere, to wish and apply to others 
for the realization of one's wish. Doderlein. 

23. erat deligendus. To be translated as if it were an imperfect 
subjunctive. 

24. nunc. 'As it is.' 

26. ab eis. Glabrio and Lucullus, and perhaps Quintus Marcius 
Rex, who was proconsul in Cilicia. 

32. beneficiis. He had held all the higher offices. Catulus was 
consul with Lepidus in 78 B.C., and opposed his colleague's efforts to 
annul the measures of Sulla. 



P. 123] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 333 

Page 122. 2. Q. Hortensius. He was born 114 B.C. In oratory- 
he adopted the showy Asiatic style, and for many years was the leader 
of the Roman bar, until defeated by Cicero in the famous case of 
Verres. His grand mansion on the Palatine was the beginning of the 
imperial palace. In politics he belonged to the aristocratic party. In 
spite of their rivalry Cicero and Hortensius were close friends. 

3. multis locis. ' On many occasions.' 

5. cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias. i Will learn of authori- 
tative opinions on the other side. 1 The influential men who supported 
Cicero's, views are mentioned in the second paragraph of chapter 
XXIII. 

7. ipsa re et ratione. 'By the very facts in the case, and by 
reason.' 

14. Obsolevit. The objection of Hortensius is that it is contrary 
to, the constitution to put so much power into the hands of one man. 
Cicero argues that the objection is entitled to no consideration, because 
the experiment was successfully tried in the case of the same man, 
when the control of the piratic war was given him. 

15. re. ' By actual experience.' 

21. turn. To be closely connected with vahiisset. The meaning is 
that the state would have been lost, if the Roman people had followed 
the leading of Hortensius instead of their real interests. 

28. clausa maria. In consequence of this there would be a famine 
among the people, in Cicero's eyes a striking argument in favor of the 
Manilian law ; and so Cicero dwells at considerable length upon the 
war with the pirates, as though he thereby deprived the objections of 
the opposite party of all their force ; whereas they found in the new 
victories of Pompeius a new reason to limit his powers, and did not 
wish to buy the freedom of the sea, and the security of the provinces in 
Asia, at the cost of the liberty of Rome Drumann. 

32. Atheniensium. Sc.civitatem. The sense of the following para- 
graphs is that it was disgraceful for Rome to be so helpless before the 
pirates, when smaller states could protect themselves. The naval 
supremacy of Athens followed the victories in the Persian wars. 

Page 123. 1. Karthaginiensium. It was the commercial impor- 
tance of Carthage that brought it into conflict with Roman jealousy. 

2. Rhodiorum. Strabo praises the government of the Rhodians, 
and especially their control of the sea- 



334 N0TES C p - "3 

12. Antiochum. Antiochus the Great. Persen. Perses or Perseus. 
There seems to be little worthy of mention in this vaunted victory. In 
the earlier engagements the Romans were not at all successful, and at 
Samothrace the Macedonian king surrendered without making any 
effort to fight. Livy refers to this affair and the commander in the fol- 
lowing passage : " Cn. Octavius Kal. Dec. de rege Perseo navalem tri- 
umphum egit : is t r in m pirns sine cafttivis fuit, sine spoliis" 

15. ei. Cf. note on ei, page 115, line 14. 

19. Delos. Strabo says that after Corinth was destroyed by the 
Romans the merchants went to Delos, attracted by the security af- 
forded by the temple and by the excellence and convenience of the 
harbor. 

24. non pudebat. The implication is that they should have been 
ashamed at the time of such weakness to appear in a place, the name 
and ornaments of which commemorated victories upon the sea. 

28. Bono animo. 'With good intentions.' 1 

31. dolori. I.e. the people preferred to follow a way out of their 
difficulties rather than to follow the lead of Hortensius. 

Page 125. 4. Quo niihi, etc. * Wherefore it seems to me that 
objection has been made hitherto all the more undeservedly, to 
Gabinius, shall I say, or . . .' Cicero implies below that the ground 
of objection to Gabinius was the fact that he was tribune the year 
preceding the time when his appointment was to be made. It has 
been suggested that the real difficulty lay in the fact that there was a 
law providing that any one who proposed a bill should not be appointed 
to any position created by his own measure ; but this supposition has 
objections and involves the necessity of assuming that Cicero is trying 
to gloss over the real trouble in line 15 ff. The bill of Gabinius, which 
gave Pompey the control of the war against the pirates, also allowed 
him the privilege of nominating his own legates, and, whatever the 
pretext, the opposition of the senators was very likely due to their 
hostility to Pompey. Cicero speaks very slightingly of Gabinius in 
another place, declaring that, if he had not proposed a popular measure, 
his condition and character were such that he would have had to turn 
pirate himself. Gabinius secured his appointment. 

8. idoneus, etc. 'Worthy to obtain his request. 1 Aptus, dignus, 
and indignus have the same construction. 

14. periculo. Perhaps the word means no more than 'dangerous 



P. 126] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 335 

responsibility,' but Dio Cassius informs us that the senate preferred to 
suffer anything from the pirates rather than see such a measure adopted, 
and they almost killed Gabinius even in the senate house. 

15. Nothing farther is known of these men. 

16. quos . . . nomino. i Whom I mention with all respect.' 

17. plebi. An old form of the genitive singular. 

18. in uno Gabinio. 'In the case of Gabinius alone. 1 diligentes. 
1 punctilious. 1 

19. in hoc imperatore atque in exercitu. 'With this general 
and in the army. 1 

20. praecipuo iure. This may be an ablative of characteristic or 
an ablative of cause ; ' of especial privileges ' or i by an especial right. 1 

21 . ad senatum relaturos. ' Will lay the matter before the senate. 1 

23. If the consuls did not object, praetors might lay matters before 
the senate for consideration, cuiusquam edictum. The decree of a 
consul forbidding the praetor to bring the matter before the senate. 

24. ius beneficiumque. Of allowing Pompey to choose his own 
legates, or possibly, of the right to refer matters to the senate, ve- 
strum. 'Conferred by you. 1 

25. intercessionem. The veto of a tribune. 

27. quid liceat. What they are allowed to do. Tribunes were 
responsible for the proper use of their power of veto. 

29. Cn. Pompeio socius ascribitur. ' Is to be regarded as Pom- 
pey^ associate.' 

30. socius. As an associate in the glory and success obtained in 
the war against the pirates. This sentence has nothing to do with the 
appointment of Gabinius except to furnish a reason for it. 

Page 126. 2. quaereret. This incident occurred during the discus- 
sion of the Gabinian law. Catulus.was arguing against the appointment 
of Pompey, and suggested the hazard of having so much depend on the 
life of a single individual. He asked who there was to take the posi- 
tion, if Pompey should die, and the crowd neatly upset the force of his 
argument by shouting that he would be a worthy successor. 

10. quo, hoc. Ablatives of degree. 

12. viri vita atque virtute. The alliteration is noteworthy. 

14. At enim. ' But there is opposition, for it is urged that . . .' 

1 5 . Non dicam. A good example of what the grammarians called 
fraeteritio. 



336 NOTES [P. 126 

17. semper, etc 'Always adapted the consideration of their meas- 
ures to the changed circumstances of new times.' 

19. ab uno imperatore. Scipio Aemilianus. 

30. conficere. When he raised an army and went to meet Sulla 
when he was returning from Asia. 

Page 127. 1. peradulescenti. He was then twenty-four years old. 

2, senatorio gradu. The quaestorship entitled the holder to a seat 
in the senate, but it is not definitely known what was the earliest age at 
which the quaestorship could legally be held. 

3. Siciliam, Africam. Cn. Papirius Carbo and other Marians were 
defeated and slain in Sicily, and in Africa Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, 
with Hiarbas, suffered the same fate. 

8. equitem. The honor of a triumphal procession was regularly 
granted only to a man of consular or praetorian rank. 

9. At earn, etc. I.e. the unusual course was not only followed, 
but received an enthusiastic welcome. 

13. ad bellum. The war against Sertorius. Both the consuls, 
however, had declined the appointment. 

22. legibus solutus. The consulship could not legally be given to 
a man under the age of forty-three. 

23. ullum alium magistratum. There is no general agreement as 
to what office is meant. Some think that Cicero has the quaestorship in 
mind, while others believe that he is thinking only of the curule magis- 
tracies, and therefore the reference here is to the curule aedileship. 

25. iterum triumpharet. 'For his victories in Spain. 1 

29. These unprecedented acts have had the approval and sanction 
of Q. Catulus, and other such men. 

Page 128. 1. The people have in every case indorsed the measures 
which the optimates proposed for the advancement of Pompey ; the 
optimates should see that they are unjust in opposing a similar measure 
that originates among the people. 

5. suo iure. The right of the people to be heard in this matter 
was the fact that they gave Pompey a similar appointment against the 
opposition of the opti7nates, and the result showed that they acted for 
the best interests of the commonwealth. 

10. rei publicae parum consuluistis. 'Gave little attention to 
the general welfare. 1 

12. plus vidistis. < Had a deeper insight' 



P. 130] FOR POMPEY'S COMMISSION 337 

15. sibi et ceteris. Datives of agency, auctoritati is the indirect 
object. 

20. interiorum. Those in the inland parts of Asia. 

Page 129. 1. Libenter disputarem. 'I should be very glad to 
discuss.' 

9. conlatis signis. ' On the battlefield. 1 

14. idoneus qui mittatur. 'Worthy to be sent. 1 

15. The subjugation of no state is complete so long as the state has 
resources ; and no state is still wealthy which in their opinion has been 
properly subjugated. 

19. videbat. The subject is ora mariti?)ta. 

20. quot aniiis, ' Each year.' 

22. classium nomine. ' By their fleets, which existed in name 
only.' The money taken from the treasury for the building and main- 
tenance of fleets was appropriated by the commanders, and they there- 
fore had no means of fighting the enemy successfully. 

24. iacturis. May have reference to the bribes given to secure an 
appointment, condicionibus. The arrangements made with creditors. 

28. videamus. For the mode see H. 584 (513, II) ; M. 375 ; A. 
& G. 312; G. 602; B. 307, 1. 

Page 130. 2. P. Servilius. Publius Servilius Vatia. During the 
^ears 78-75 B.C. he conducted a campaign against the pirates with 
vigor and success. 

5. C. Curio. During his proconsulship in Macedonia, in 75-73 B.C., 
he vanquished the Thracians and the Dardanians. 

7. Cn. Lentulus. Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, the censor 
of 70 B.C., who removed from the senate sixty-four of its members. 
Pompey chose him as one of the legates in the piratic war. 

9. C. Cassius. Gaius Cassius Longinus Varus. He fought against 
Spartacus and was defeated by him. 

10. ut . . . videam-ftr. An indirect question. Cicero calls atten- 
tion to the manner in which his side of the question is supported by 
men whose standing entitles them to be heard. 

15. auctore populo Romano. 'Supported by the Roman people. 1 

20. iterum. The first time was the passage of the Gabinian law. 

21. de re aut de perficiendi facilitate. 'About the merits of the 
measure, or about our ability to secure its adoption. 1 

24. hoc beneficio. Explained by fiotestate praetoria. 

H. & G. CIC — 22 



338 NOTES [P. 130 

28. qui praesident. Those whose temples were near, temploque. 
It must be kept in mind that the word tempium does not imply a build- 
ing, but means simply a consecrated spot. 

29. qui . . . adeunt. 'Who engage in public life.' 

30. rogatu cuiusquam. It may be that Cicero's motive on this, as 
well as other occasions, is found in the letter which his brother Quintus 
wrote to him concerning the consulship. "Hi (Jiomines nobiles) ro- 
gandi omnes sunt diligenter et ad eos allegandum est persuadendumque 
its 110s semper cum optiinatibus de re publico, sensisse, minime popular es 
fuisse ; si quid locuti populariter videamur, id nos eo consilio fecisse, 
ut nobis C11. Pompeium adiungeremus, ut eum, qui pluri?}ium posset, 
aut ainicum in nostra petitione haberemus aut certe non adversarium.' 1 ' 1 

31. quo. ' Because.' 

Page 131. 2. ut hominem praestare oportet. ' So far as a human 
being may give assurance of the future.' 

4. honorem. l Political advancement.' 

5. eadem. Cf. page 102, line 13. 

9. tantumque, etc. A sentence similarly constructed may be seen 
on page 83, line 22. 

THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS 

In the year following his consulship, Cicero appeared in court to 
defend the civic rights of a Greek poet named Archias, his friend and 
helper in his early studies. Archias was born about 119 B.C., a native 
of Antioch. At an early age he began to travel and to study in other 
countries, and in this way visited the principal cities of Asia Minor, 
Greece, and southern Italy, arriving at Rome in 102 B.C. At that time 
the Greek language and Greek literature were very popular among 
educated Romans, and the ability of Archias as a poet and tutor soon 
secured him recognition in the foremost families. He received an 
especial welcome from the Luculli, and accompanied Lucius Lucullus 
on a journey to Sicily and afterward to Asia. According to the custom 
of foreigners and freedmen, Archias assumed the gentile name of his 
patrons ; for his praenomen he selected Aulus. 

The lex Plautia Papiria was passed in 89 B.C. By its provisions 
all the citizens of the allied towns in Italy might become Roman citizens 
if they had a permanent residence in Italy and if they had their names 



P. 132] FOR ARCHIAS 339 

recorded by a praetor within sixty days. Archias had been made a 
citizen of Heraclia on his Sicilian journey ; he now appeared before the 
praetor Ouintus Metellus and complied with the legal requirements. 
His name, however, for various reasons was not recorded on the census 
rolls. 

In 62 B.C. a man named Gratius brought suit against Archias on the 
charge that he was assuming the privileges of Roman citizenship ille- 
gally. The records of Heraclia had been destroyed in a conflagration, 
but the Heraclians sent witnesses to declare that Archias had received 
citizenship from them. The omission of the poet's name in the censors 1 
rolls was satisfactorily explained. That Archias had a legal residence 
in Italy and that he had registered with Metellus also seem to have 
been points that required little effort to establish. And so Cicero 
speaks quite briefly concerning the legal aspects of the case, the larger 
part of the speech being devoted to praise of literature and poetry and 
to the poetic genius of Archias. 

SUMMARY 

If I possess in any degree the qualifications of a pleader, then Aulus 
Licinius is entitled to my services, for he was my adviser and guide in 
undertaking the studies that prepared me for this work. It should 
cause no surprise that an orator thus acknowledges his indebtedness 
to a poet, for I have not devoted myself exclusively to my calling, and 
further, all branches of learning are so related that one contributes to 
another. 

While the organization of the court and the circumstances of the 
trial seem to require that the arguments should be closely confined to 
points of law, yet, in view of the character and attainments of the 
defendant and the culture of my hearers, I beg to be allowed to speak 
somewhat broadly of education and of literary training ; and if I feel that 
my request is granted, I shall surely make you think, not merely that 
my client is a Roman citizen, but even that, if he were not a citizen, he 
should be made one. 

Early in life Archias devoted himself to writing in Antioch, the city 
of his birth ; afterward in Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern Italy he 
received a continuous ovation. At Rome he was at once recognized 
by the most eminent men and patrons of learning, whose indorsement 
made him welcome in all circles. 



340 NOTES [P. 132 

Some time later Archias accompanied Lucullus to Sicily, and on his 
return was made a citizen of Heraclia. He had a legal residence at 
Rome for many years, and therefore, when the law of Silvanus and 
Carbo was passed, there was nothing for him to do but have his name 
recorded by a praetor, which he did. If we confine our remarks to the 
legal aspects of the case, there is nothing further to be said, for they 
are established beyond a doubt. The loss of the records of Heraclia 
is made up by the testimony of official representatives of the city, sent 
here by the state to testify in behalf of my client, and by the statement 
of Lucullus, who declares that he was present at the time Archias was 
enrolled. His residence at Rome is beyond question. His name 
appears on the registry lists of the only praetor whose records have 
the authority of public documents. The presence of his name on the 
census rolls would not establish his citizenship, and the absence of it is 
accounted for by the fact that he was with Lucullus in the army when 
the census was taken. 

This man is entitled to our highest consideration because he is one 
of those who furnish us in books the recreation and the food which the 
mind requires. The best and most valuable thoughts are preserved for 
us in books, and in them also are pictured the lives of distinguished 
men, the inspiration and model of youth. It is true, as some assert, 
that all eminent men did not have the advantages of a liberal education ; 
it is also true that native ability without a liberal education oftener 
succeeds than an education without native ability ; but a combination 
of the two makes that remarkable and noble result which we all recog- 
nize. And books are a form of relaxation adapted to all ages, places, 
and times. 

In Roscius we admired the perfection of physical training; should 
we not have at least as high a regard for the intellectual perfection 
found in Archias ? The foremost thinkers have declared that the poet 
is not made by external training, but is inspired, as it were, by a breath 
from heaven ; we should therefore, who represent the highest culture, 
hold in honor these bards who have always been revered even among 
savage tribes. By making the exploits of our heroes the theme of his 
verse Archias even adds additional glory to the name of the entire 
Roman people. It is no objection, but rather an advantage, that he 
writes in Greek, for that language is read much more widely than Latin. 
The greatest generals have always bestowed especial honor upon poets 



P. 132] FOR ARCHIAS 34 1 

and writers, for the greater a man is, the more he is influenced by the 
desire for glory. A virtuous life desires no other reward than that of 
living forever in the hearts of men. 

Surely we who are engaged in public life ought not all to appear so 
narrow-minded that we think that at the grave the mention of our 
names will cease. The most distinguished men have been exceedingly 
careful to leave behind them a statue or a mask that would represent to 
the living the form and features of the dead ; should we not much more 
desire to leave to posterity a sketch of our purposes and virtues, pre- 
pared by men of the largest capability? As for myself, I felt at the 
time that the deeds of my consulship would never be forgotten. 
Whether after death I shall have consciousness to appreciate that fact, I 
do not know ; but the wisest men have thought that there is a life after 
death, and I am delighted with the thought and hope that it will be so. 

For these reasons, gentlemen of the jury, preserve in our number 
this man who is a citizen of Rome by law, and whose worth and ability 
are attested by the high standing of the men whose friendship he has 
secured and retained all these years. What has been said in regard to 
the points of law involved in the case, I trust you have all indorsed ; 
and what I have said about the ability of Aulus Licinius and in general 
about his calling, I hope has been received by you in good part, as I 
know it has been received by the praetor who presides at this trial. 

Page 132. 1. In the first two sentences Cicero declares that if he 
possesses in any degree the three qualifications of an orator, — natural 
ability, practice in speaking, and theoretical knowledge of the subject, — 
then his client has an especial claim upon his services as a pleader ; for 
Aulus Licinius assisted him in the studies which prepared him for his 
work as a lawyer, iudices. Since 70 B.C. the juries had been selected 
from the senators, equites, and tribuni aerarii. quod, etc. 'And I 
feel how limited it is. 1 

3. huiusce rei. Dicendi. 

4. optimarum artium. They are the liberates artes, — grammar, 
rhetoric, logic, philosophy, music, etc According to the ancients, these 
are the proper studies for freemen (liberi), who desire in education 
intellectual and moral improvement rather than what is simply practical. 

5. profecta. Perfect participle of proficisci. a qua, etc. 'To which 
I have been devoted all my life.' 



34^ NOTES [P. 132 

10. inde usque repetens. * Going back even to that point. 1 mihi 
principem. ' My guide.' 

11. et . . . horum. ' Both in outlining and in beginning a course 
of these studies. 1 

14. a quo. The antecedent is hide ipsi. 

15. quo . . possemus. 'By which I could give assistance to 
others and rescue some. 1 The difference between ceteris and alios is 
noteworthy ; all his clients needed assistance, but not all were defend- 
ants in criminal trials and so needed preservation. 

16. quantum . . . nobis. ' As far as it is in my power to do so. 1 

17. Ac ne, etc. In the rest of this paragraph Cicero shows how it 
is that a poet could assist an orator. 

19. ne . . . quidem. 'Nor. 1 

20. huic uni studio. Oratory. 

22. quoddam. i So to speak. 1 

23. quadam. 'A kind of. 1 

24. Cicero admits that the circumstances (in quaestione . . . ac 
frequentia) would seem to require him to speak only about the points 
of law involved in the case, but he suggests that there are considera- 
tions (me pro summo . . . praetore exercente indicium) which justify 
him in departing from the usual style of argument. 

25. quaestione legitima. One of the permanent courts organized 
by Sulla. The term is opposed to quaestiones extraordinariae, tempo- 
rary courts appointed for special business. Nothing further is known 
about the court in which Archias was tried, iudicio publico. A case 
in which the state is involved. 

Page 133. 1. praetor em. Quintus Cicero, brother of Marcus, as a 
scholiast declares. 

7. me. Subject of loqui and nti. 

8. concursu, humanitate. Ablatives denoting attendant circum- 
stances. 

10. patiamini. A case of pleonasm, i.e. unnecessary fullness of 
expression. 

11. liberius. Than is customary, in eius modi persona. < In the 
case of such a character. 1 

13. iudiciis periculisque. 'Courts and criminal trials. 1 The mean- 
ing here is that ajiterary man is not a familiar figure in court, and the 
case of Archias may therefore be argued outside the usual lines. 



P. 134] FOR ARCHIAS 343 

17. asciscendum esse. What would be the form of this condi- 
tional sentence in direct discourse may be seen from comparison with 
a similar condition on page 121, line 22 ff. 

19. ex pueris. ' From boyhood. 1 

22. loco nobili. 'In high station. 1 

23. urbe. For the case see H. 393, 7 (363, 4, 2); M. 242, 3; 
A. & G. 184, *; G. 411, R. 3; B. 169, 4. 

25. contigit. Sc. ei. 

27. ut famam, etc. 'That anticipation in regard to the man was 
greater than the report of his ability, and his arrival . . - 1 

29. Italia. Southern Italy is meant. 

32. propter tranquillitatem. Between the Gracchan troubles and 
the Marsic war there was no serious political disturbance. 

Page 134. 2. qui . . . iudicare. 'Who could form a correct judg- 
ment of gifts of genius. 1 

5. absentibus. 'Those far away. 1 

7. res maximas. The defeat of the Cimbri and the Teutones oc- 
curred at this time. 

8. studium atque auris. 'Taste and a critical ear. 1 There is a 
slight zeugma, i.e. adhibere is used with both stadium and auris, while 
strictly it is applicable only to the former. 

9. praetextatus. Probably not to be taken in a literal sense; cf. 
page 133, line 19. 

10. Sed, etc. 'But now this is an indication not merely of his 
ability and literary attainments, but also of his disposition and char- 
acter, that the house which first welcomed him in his youth was also 
on the most intimate terms with him in his old age, 1 (literally, 'which 
was the first to be friendly to his youth was also the most friendly to his 
old age 1 ). 

14. MetelloilliNumidico. Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus. 
Pio : Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius. 

15. M. Aemilio. Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Q. Catulo. Quintus 
Latatius Catulus. 

16. L. Crasso. Lucius Licinius Crassus. Lucullos. Lucius Licinius 
Lucullus and Marcus Licinius Lucullus. Drusum. Marcus Livius Drusus. 

17. Octavios. The most distinguished one was Gnaeus Octavius. 
Catonem. Probably the father of Cato Uticensis. Hortensium. The 
most eminent of the Hortensii was Quintus Hortensius- 



344 NOTES [P. 134 

18. devinctam consuetudine. ' Closely attached to him in friend- 
ship.' 

23. in Siciliam. The purpose of the journey is unknown. 
25. aequissimo. Most nearly approaching those of Rome. 

29. Silvani lege et Carbonis. Before the Social war, in 90 B.C., 
the Italian cities had various degrees of rights and privileges, according 
to their treaties with Rome. In 90 B.C. the Julian law, proposed by the 
consul, Lucius Caesar, gave Roman citizenship to all the burgesses who 
had not joined in the revolt. Later in the same year, or at the begin- 
ning of the next, the tribunes, Marcus Plautius Silvanus and Gaius 
Papirius Carbo, proposed a law by which citizenship was granted to all 
the cities that had not received it before. Si qui, etc. The conditions 
prescribed by the law are quoted in indirect form. 

31. domicilium. ' A settled home. 1 

32. praetorem. I.e. before any one of the praetors. 

Page 135. 2. Q. Metellum. Quintus Metellus Pius, praetor for 
89 B.C. 

5. Heracliae. Locative. 

12. Italico bello. The Social, or Marsic, war. 

25. ex ilia . . . praetorum. ' Which alone out of the registration 
of that board of praetors. 1 

26. Appi. Probably Appius Claudius, father of Publius Clodius. 

27. Grabini. A case of asyndeton, i.e. omission of a coordinate 
conjunction. Publius Gabinius Capito was convicted of extortion in 
the province of Achaia. 

28. levitas. Sc. resignasset. post damnationem . . . resignas- 
set. ' And after his conviction his downfall had destroyed all confidence 
in his records. 1 

30. sanctissimus modestissimusque. 'Most conscientious and 
most law-observing. 1 

32. venerit. Apparently in a suit similar to this, involving the claim 
of some one to citizenship. 

Page 136. 3. civitate. In Heraclia. 

7. Graecia. Magna Graecia. credo. Usually used parenthetically 
when ironical. 

9. scenicis artificibus. Cf. note on scaena, page 64, line 21. 

n. datam. By the lex Plant ia Papiria. legem Papiam. A law 
passed about 65 B.C. which required all who were not citizens to depart 



P. 137] FOR ARCHIAS 345 

from Rome. It. is generally supposed that Archias was accused under 
this law. If this supposition is correct, it is quite certain that Archias 
won the suit, for we read of his being in Rome about a year later. 

16. scilicet. Ironical, 

17. proximis censoribus. ' At the time of the last censors. 1 They 
were Gnaeus Lentulus Clodianus and Lucius Gellius. 

18. superioribus. Sc. censoribus. Lucius Marcius Philippus and 
Marcus Perperna took the census of 86 B.C. 

19. quaestore. Lucullus served as quaestor with Sulla in the first 
Mithridatic war. Iulio et Crasso. Lucius Julius Caesar and Publius 
Licinius Crassus, censors in 89 B.C. They resigned before taking the 
census. 

22. eis temporibus. Gratius had claimed that in this early period 
Archias himself did not think that he was a citizen. Cicero's answer is 
that during that time Archias did many things which only a Roman 
citizen might lawfully do. 

24. testamentum fecit. I.e. he made a will that would be recog- 
nized by Roman law. 

26. in beneficiis. Governors of provinces included in their report 
a list of those whose services had entitled them to recognition from the 
government. 

28. numquam. The general negative is not affected by the negative 
in neque. 

29. revincetur. I.e. Archias and his friends have always thought 
him a Roman citizen, and always will, and you can hope to gain noth- 
ing by charges of that sort. 

Page 137. 2. posse. The subject is an id. In poetry the mind 
finds food and refreshment. 

5. fateor. It must be kept in mind that Cicero's words are addressed 
to an audience in which there were many of the old school of practical 
Romans who despised the ' new learning.' 

6. ceteros pudeat. None need be ashamed of a love for books, 
except those who have selfishly allowed their tastes to interfere with 
their duties ; Cicero's life has been full of activity for the interests of 
others, litteris. Sc. in. 

19. pilae. It is difficult to understand why Cicero classed ball-play- 
ing with gambling and protracted revelries : the game was in good 
repute among the Romans. 



346 NOTES [P. 137 

21 . oratio et facultas. i Oratorical ability,' a case of hendiadys, i.e. 
the use of two coordinate ideas instead of one modified by the other. 

22. quae . . . defuit. 'Which, whether it be great or small, has, 
at least, never failed my friends in their times of need. 1 

23. If my oratorical ability seems too insignificant to use as an 
argument, then this much, at least, may be said, that I know from what 
source to find those things (helps to right living) which are of the 
greatest value. 

28. laudem atque honestatem. 'The glory of an honorable life.' 

30. The significance of the use of atque is noteworthy, parvi. 
Genitive of indefinite value. 

31. dimicationes. The events of his consulship and their possible 
consequences are in Cicero's mind. 

32. cotidianos impetus. The attacks which his enemies and the 
friends of the Catilinarian conspirators were making upon him. 

Page 138. 1 . Sed, etc. The lives of eminent men would be lost to 
us, if they had not been preserved in books. 

6. Quas, etc. As a statesman I endeavored to mold my feelings 
and thoughts after the lives of the worthy men of whom I had read. 

10. Quid, etc. All great men have not had a liberal education, have 
they ? 

13. sed, etc. 'But yet there is at least an answer for me to 
make. 1 

14. Ego, etc. I admit that, without training, men have attained 
character and distinction through their extraordinary natural gifts, and 
I also admit that natural ability without training has oftener led to 
excellence and virtue than training without natural ability. 

20. accesserit, etc. ' Has been added what might be called the 
training and molding power of learning, then that noble and extraor- 
dinary result regularly appears. 1 

24. Africanum. The younger Scipio. 
26. illis temporibus. ' For those times. 1 

30. Quod, etc. Even if there were no moral and mental value in 
literature, it should be regarded as the most refined and cultured form 
of pleasure that the mind can have. 

Page 139. 4. adversis. Sc. rebus. 

10. Rosci. Quintus Roscius, a famous actor, especially distinguished 
for gracefulness. 



P. 141] FOR ARCHIAS 347 

14. animorum motus celeritatemque ingeniorum. * The activity 
of the mind and the speed of the intellect. 1 

21. revocatum. I.e. recalled by applause to repeat the performance. 

22. Quae . . . scripsisset. There are in the Greek Anthology 
some epigrams in the name of Archias, but whether they are the work 
of this Archias is uncertain. 

27. Atque, etc. The most distinguished and most learned men 
have taught that poets are born, not made, and that their impulses 
come from within, not from without, and that they are inspired, so to 
speak, by a breath from heaven. 

31. noster. I.e. our own Latin poet. Ennius. Quintus Ennius. 

Page 140. 4. Saxa . . . respondent. There may be here a refer- 
ence to the fabled power of music which Amphion, Orpheus, and Arion 
were said to possess. 

6. Homerum. Rhodes, Argos, and Athens also claimed the honor 
of being the birthplace of the Greek poet. 

17. Cimbricas res. The victory over the Cimbri. 

24. Eius, etc. The reply of Themistocles is given in indirect form. 
sua refers to Themistocles. 

28. varietate. Of circumstances. 

Page 141. 3. copias fudit. At the battle near Tigranocerta. 
populi Romani laus est. 'It is the glory of the Roman people, 
that . . .' 

6. nostra semper feretur. 'Will always be spread abroad as 
ours. 1 

8. depressa hostium classis. ' The sinking of the enemy's fleet. 1 
Lucullus won these victories, over the fleet which Mithridates and the 
agents of Sertorius had dispatched against Italy. 

10. Quae, etc. ' The renown of the Roman people is spread abroad 
by those by whose abilities these deeds are praised. 1 

14. in sepulcro Scipionum. The tomb of the Scipios was dis- 
covered in 1780. Cremation was common at Rome, but the Cornelian 
gens showed a preference for burial, Sulla being the first one of the 
Cornelian gens to permit his body to be burned. There is now in the 
Vatican Museum a portrait head in peperino, which was discovered in 
the tomb in 1780, and may be the one mentioned here by Cicero. The 
illustration on page 145 shows the sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, 
now in the Vatican. 



348 NOTES [P. 141 

17. huius. Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis. Cato. Marcus Porcius 
Cato Censorius (or Maior) . 

19. Maximi, etc. The principal representatives of these families 
were Quintus Fabius Maximus Cunctator, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, 
and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. 

21. Rudinum. The birthplace of Ennius was Rudiae, an insignifi- 
cant town in comparison with Heraclia. 

23. civitatibus. Dative of agent. 

25. It is no objection, but rather an advantage, that Archias writes 
in the Greek language. 

27. Graeca. i Greek.' Latin had not yet gone much outside of 
Latium and the colonies. 

32. cum, etc. 'Not only do these achievements bring renown to 
the peoples whose deeds are recorded, but also to those who fight for 
fame at the risk of life this is a stimulus to endure dangers and toils. 1 

Page 142. 3. scriptores. Their writings have all perished. 

9. Magnus. Pompey. 

18. donaret. Sc. civitate. 

19. petentem. Equivalent to a protasis. 

20. de populo. 'Unknown.' 

21. quod . . . fecisset. 'Which he had made and inscribed to 
him.' quod is attracted into the gender of the appositive. tanturn- 
modo alternis versibus longiusculis. The meaning is that the only 
claim which the production had to being called a poem was the fact 
that it was in verse, and the versification consisted mainly in the fact 
that every other line was shorter than the rest. 

23. vendebat. Sulla was selling confiscated property at auction. 

30. scribi. Used impersonally, pingue . . . peregrinum. Their 
verses sounded heavy and provincial. The two adjectives are cognate 
accusatives. 

Page 143. 1. hoc. Explained in trahimur, etc. 

7. praedicari ac nominari. Used impersonally. 

8. Brutus. Decimus Junius Brutus. Acci. Lucius Accius. 
11. Fulvius. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior. 

19. quas res. The defeat of the conspirators. 

21. incohavit. A year after this Cicero wrote to Atticus that 
Archias had done nothing, and he feared that the poet was giving his 
attention to another subject. 



P. 146] FOR MILO 349 

23. adornavi. I.e. with materials for the completion of the poem. 

25. hanc. Sc. mercedem. 

27. 110s. Object of exerceamus. si . . . praesentiret. 'If the mind 
did not look ahead at all into the future. 1 

Page 144. 2. atque, etc. 'And reminds us that the mention of our 
name ought not to cease at the close of our life, but should continue 
throughout the future.' 

5. An vero, etc. 'Are we to appear of so narrow mind? 1 The 
thought seems to be that only persons of narrow mind think that after 
a life of activity they will simply drop out of mind forever. 

9. imagines. These were masks of their ancestors; they were 
made of wax and placed in niches about the atriiun. 

20. pudore eo, ingenio tanto, and causa eius modi are ablatives 
of characteristic. 

22. quantum, etc. 'As it is proper to regard this. 1 

Page 145. 4. Quae de causa. The legal points of the case. 

j6. Quae remota. The praise of poetry and of Archias. 

THE ORATION FOR MILO 

This oration was spoken in defense of Titus Annius Papianus Milo, 
who was charged with the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher. 

Clodius seems to have been an officer in the army of Lucullus in the 
war with Mithridates. He also prosecuted Catiline on a charge of 
extortion in the province of Africa, but later withdrew the complaint. 
In 62 B.C. Clodius committed sacrilege by entering the house of Caesar, 
dressed as a woman, while the Roman matrons were engaged in the 
worship of Bona Dea, an occasion at which no man was permitted to 
be present. When brought to trial for the offense, Clodius introduced 
evidence to prove an alibi, but the testimony was contradicted by 
Cicero, who swore that he had seen him in Rome at a time that made 
it impossible that Clodius could have been at Interamna, where he 
claimed to have been at the time the offense was committed. Whether 
this was the cause, or only a part of it, from that time Clodius showed 
bitter hostility to Cicero, and as tribune secured his banishment in 
58 B.C. 

Milo was tribune in 57 B.C. Of his career before that time very 
little is known except that he was born at Lanuvium, and belonged to 



350 NOTES JP. 146 

the family of the Papii, but was adopted as a son by his mother's 
father, Titus Annius Luscus, who gave the boy his name and his 
property. In his tribunate Milo showed great activity in securing the 
recall of Cicero, and in this way he earned the orator's friendship and 
the enmity of Clodius, who opposed in every way the restoration of 
Cicero. Milo and Clodius kept bands of armed retainers about them, 
and terrified the citizens by the numerous broils in which they engaged. 

The feud between these desperate characters became still more bitter 
in 53 B.C., when Milo was a candidate for the consulship of the follow- 
ing year and Clodius for the praetorship. The other candidates for 
the consulship were Publius Plautius Hypsaeus, one of Pompey's 
officers in the Mithridatic war, and Quintus Metellus Scipio, father-in- 
law of Pompey, who had married again after the death of Julia. Hither- 
to Pompey had favored Milo, and had defended him when accused by 
Clodius ; now, however, he supported Milo's rivals, and made common 
cause with Clodius. 

The elections for the officers of 52 B.C. should have been held in 
July of 53 B.C., but they were repeatedly interrupted by riots. The 
year 52 B.C. began without any new consuls or praetors, a situation 
which the senate endeavored to remedy by appointing an interrex, but 
this action was hindered and postponed by the tribunes. On the 
eighteenth of January Milo attended a meeting of the senate in the 
morning, and then, accompanied by his wife and a retinue of about 
three hundred attendants, he started for Lanuvium, where he held the 
highest office. The purpose of the journey was the installation of a 
priest with public ceremonies. Clodius happened to be returning from 
Aricia, where he had made an address to the decurions, and had with 
him thirty slaves. The meeting occurred about two o'clock in the 
afternoon near Bovillae, and a short distance from a shrine of Bona 
Dea. Milo was riding in a heavy carriage with his wife Fausta and 
with Marcus Fufius. Clodius was on horseback, and was accompanied 
by Gaius Causinius Schola, Publius Pomponius, and Gaius Clodius. 
The two parties had almost passed by each other when some gladiators 
in the rear of Milo's train made an assault upon the slaves of Clodius. 
and Clodius, looking around in a threatening manner, received a wound 
in the shoulder. The slaves carried their injured master to an inn. 
When Milo found out that Clodius was wounded, he ordered his men 
to drag his old enemy from the tavern and slay him. The keeper of 



P. 146] FOR MILO 351 

the inn and many of the slaves were also killed. The body of Clodius 
remained in the roadway until a senator named Sextus Tedius, who 
was returning to Rome, saw the corpse and ordered it carried to Rome 
in his lectica. When the tidings of the murder spread through the 
city, great crowds hastened to the house of Clodius on the Palatine, 
and viewed the body which lay in the atrium and still was covered 
with blood and dust. The next morning, influenced by the speeches 
of the tribunes, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus, 
an excited mob carried the body to the Forum, where violent addresses 
still more inflamed their desire for revenge. At the suggestion of 
Gaius Clodius the body was once more taken up and carried to the 
Curia Hostilia and burned on a pyre made of the furniture. The Curia 
was itself consumed. 

No session of the courts could be held before the election of the 
officers, and the mob proceeded to the house of the interrex Marcus 
Lepidus and demanded that he should convoke the comitia at once. 
Since he could not legally do this, Lepidus refused to comply, and was 
besieged in his house for several days. Other interreges were appointed, 
but could accomplish nothing on account of the rioting. Finally the 
senate adopted the desperate measure of passing the decree consoles 
videant ne quid res publico, detrimenti capiat, and since there were 
no consuls, the interrex, the tribunes, and Pompey received the ex- 
traordinary powers. Pompey was also commissioned to raise troops 
throughout all Italy. A little later the senate made him consul without 
a colleague, an appointment almost equivalent to a dictatorship, and by 
virtue of this office Pompey at once laid several proposals before the 
senate in regard to the punishment of bribery, connection with unlaw- 
ful organizations, and acts of violence. The purpose of the last bill 
was to establish a special commission to try all cases that might arise 
out of the affray at Bovillae, the burning of the Curia, and the attack 
on the house of Lepidus. Quintus Hortensius made a motion that 
these were all offenses against the state, but that the offenders should 
be tried under the ordinary laws governing such cases, with the excep- 
tion that their cases might be advanced on the docket and taken up at 
once. At the demand of a tribune, the two parts of the motion were 
voted on separately ; the first was adopted, the second was lost. It 
was finally arranged that the presiding officer of the commission should 
be selected by the comitia from among the ex-consuls (the praetors 



352 NOTES [P. 146 

not having been elected), that less than the usual time should be 
given to the taking of testimony and the speeches of the pleaders, and 
that the jury should be chosen from the three classes from which the 
juries were regularly drawn, the senators, the equites, and the tribuni 
aerarii. From a panel of 360 jurymen 81 were selected by lot, and 
this number was reduced by challenges to 51, the prosecution and the 
defense each being allowed to challenge five of each of the classes. 
Meanwhile Pompey did not improve Milo's -case by declaring that he 
believed that Milo harbored worse designs than his deeds indicated, 
and that he believed his own life in danger from the ruffian. 

The trial was set for some day early in April, probably the fifth. 
The evidence is not sufficient to enable us to determine with certainty 
whether the trial was to last four or five days. Two nephews of Clodius 
appeared as prosecutors, both named Appius, sons of Gaius Clodius, a 
brother of Publius. The presiding judge was Lucius Domitius Aheno- 
barbus. Large bodies of soldiers guarded every point, and Pompey him- 
self viewed the proceedings from the treasury in the temple of Saturn. 

The first move of the prosecution was to ask the court to direct that 
the slaves of Milo should be examined under torture. Milo admitted 
that he had freed the slaves who took part in the struggle. By this 
course he shut out testimony that might have been damaging to him. 
Causinius Schola gave his testimony as a witness, and when Marcus 
Marcellus, who was assisting Cicero, rose to examine him, so much dis- 
turbance was made by the Clodian faction that Pompey brought even 
larger forces of troops on all the succeeding days of the trial. Other 
witnesses were called, men from Bovillae, priestesses from a shrine near 
the place where the contest occurred, and Fulvia, the widow of Clodius. 
On the day before the verdict was to be given, Titus Munatius Plancus. 
a tribune, addressed the spectators and urged them to be present on the 
following day to see that Milo did not escape due punishment. 

On the last day of the trial, either the fourth or the fifth, the counsel 
for the defense spoke for two hours. Cicero then rose to plead for 
Milo, but, unnerved by the presence of the soldiers and by the hostile 
demonstrations of the friends of Clodius, he did not speak with his usual 
vigor and power. Milo was convicted by a vote of 38 to 13, and went 
into exile at Massilia. Not being pleased with the report of his speech 
which was made by the shorthand reporters of the court. Cicero wrote 
out the speech as we have it. A copy of it in the revised form was sent 



P. 146] FOR MILO 353 

to Milo, who expressed his appreciation of it by saying : "I am glad 
that this was not delivered, for if it had been, I should not have known 
the flavor of the mullets here." In 48 B.C. Milo and Marcus Caelius 
Rums organized a band of slaves and lost their lives in an attack on 
Cosa near Tarentum. 

SUMMARY 

The unusual appearance of the surroundings and the presence of 
troops disturb me not a little, although I know that these precautions 
are taken to insure safety, for it would not befit Pompey's wisdom or 
justice to use these forces for the purpose of intimidation. All are our 
friends except the Clodian mob, whose cries ought to influence you to 
save this man who can thwart their mad schemes. It was to be ex- 
pected that Milo would be attacked by the rabble, but I never supposed 
that his enemies could do him any harm in a court composed of such 
men as you are. And yet we do not ask for compassion ; unless it can 
be proved beyond a doubt that Milo acted in self-defense, we shall not 
claim that his public record entitles him to especial consideration and 
that the death of Clodius is a national blessing. 

But there are some misconceptions which must be removed before I 
begin my argument. It is asserted by some that any one who has taken 
human life should not be allowed to live. How about Horatius and 
Africanus 1 approval of Gracchus' death and Orestes and many others ? 
The Twelve Tables sanction the killing of a burglar in the night time, 
and in the day time also, if he defends himself with a weapon. The 
oft-quoted story about Marius and the soldier is a case in point: The 
privilege of self-defense is a law of nature. Even the laws which forbid 
carrying weapons with intent to kill tacitly recognize the right to use 
weapons in defense of self. 

Milo's enemies also claim that the senate has already practically ex- 
pressed its belief in his guilt. Not at all ; the senators are, with very 
few exceptions, in favor of Milo, as is shown by the remark of Munatius, 
that they all vote as I wish. The senate did not vote for a special 
commission, but rather opposed it. The senators simply voted that the 
brawl was an offense against the state ; they did not attempt to fasten 
the guilt on any one. I voted for the measure with this understanding. 
If a bribed tribune had not interposed a veto, the senate would have 
voted that the case be tried in the regular courts. 
h. & g. cic. — 23 



354 NOTES [P. 146 

Another false claim is that Pompey has shown his hostility to Milo 
by proposing a special court to try him. Pompey simply proposed an 
investigation. There is no question about the death of Clodius and the 
perpetrator of the deed; and therefore a proposition for an investiga- 
tion under such circumstances carries with it the implication that the 
accused may have been justified in his act. There was no special com- 
mission when Drusus and Africanus were murdered, for the reason that 
murder is the same crime whether the victim be of high or of low de- 
gree ; unless it is true, as some say, that this crime is more atrocious 
because Clodius perished on the road that was built by his ancestors. 
They did not talk in that way when Clodius killed a knight on the same 
road. Clodius attempted to take the life of Pompey, a man in whose 
safety lay the welfare of the country ; he planned to kill me too, but 
there was no special commission in either case. But, of course, we 
ought not to compare the lives of Drusus and of Africanus and of 
Pompey and of myself with the life of Clodius ; the whole nation is 
mourning for him. Pompey proposed this special commission because 
it was well known that Clodius was his enemy and Milo his friend, 
and, if he took any course favorable to Milo, people would not think 
that his reported reconciliation with Clodius could have been genuine. 
He knew that, whatever he did, you could be depended on to render a 
just verdict. For that reason he did not overlook my friends in select- 
ing the jury. He placed especial confidence in the justice of Domi- 
tius, the presiding officer of this court. 

Now, since admitted homicide is not necessarily murder, and since 
neither the senate nor Pompey has already judged our case, and since 
we have a judge and jury that can be depended on to act justly, the one 
point to be considered is, which of the two men planned an attack upon 
the other ? 

The facts in the case are these. Clodius postponed his canvass for 
the praetorship one year in order to have a full term of office in which 
to carry out his designs. But Milo then became a candidate for the 
consulship and would surely oppose all demagogic and pernicious legis- 
lation. Clodius therefore threatened to kill Milo. for he saw that his 
election was assured, and learning that Milo was going to Lanuvium on 
the 1 8th of January, he left an important meeting on the 17th and started 
for his villa to prepare an attack upon Milo. Milo started on the day 
appointed, in every way unprepared for a contest. His party was met 



P. 146] FOR MILO 355 

by Clodius and his attendants at a time and a place and in a manner 
that all indicated premeditation. Some of the Clodian band made an 
attack upon Milo and killed the driver of the coach. Milo's slaves, 
hearing that their master was dead, did what all faithful slaves should 
have done. 

The whole case will be decided, if we can determine which of the 
two planned that meeting. That question will be answered, if we can 
show which would profit by the death of the other. 

Clodius wished Milo out of the way, for he could not otherwise hope 
to secure the passage of those vicious laws, which Sextus Clodius could 
tell us about. On the other hand, Milo lost by the death of Clodius for 
the reason that his popularity as a candidate was quite largely due to 
his ability to keep that dangerous demagogue in check. Again, Milo 
had no personal animosity toward Clodius, while Clodius hated Milo 
bitterly on account of the suits brought against him. Clodius was given 
to violence all his life ; Milo always respected the law, although he had 
many excellent opportunities to slay his enemy and thereby earn uni- 
versal gratitude. But the time when Clodius perished was most unfor- 
tunate for Milo, since his canvass for the consulship made it necessary 
to avoid every possible cause of opposition. The most powerful induce- 
ment to commit crime is the hope of escaping punishment ; in this 
respect Milo had nothing to hope for, Clodius everything. Moreover, 
Clodius had told many credible witnesses of his intention to kill Milo. 
Clodius could have easily known about Milo's visit to Lanuvium ; Milo 
knew nothing about the plans of Clodius. A witness for the prosecu- 
tion has admitted that Clodius intended to remain at his villa that night, 
but suddenly started for Rome on hearing of the death of Cyrus. That 
testimony frees Milo and also myself from the suspicion of having 
plotted to kill Clodius. The real reason for his sudden departure from 
the villa must have been the report that Milo was approaching, for the 
story about Cyrus is evidently absurd. If Milo had intended to waylay 
Clodius, he would have chosen a more favorable spot, where suspicion 
might be averted. 

So far the evidence is all on one side. Everything about the affair, 
particularly the place where it occurred, indicates preparation on the 
part of Clodius, none on the part of Milo. The fortune of war and 
Milo's prowess made him victorious over a debauched desperado. 
Milo freed his slaves to reward them, not to keep them from giving 



356 NOTES . [P. 146 

evidence ; they could testify to nothing which is not admitted by us. 
The testimony given by the slaves of Clodius is worthless ; the exami- 
nation was conducted at the request of Appius, and the slaves had been 
coached by him. Milo's quiet return to Rome is enough to disarm sus- 
picion, and the spirit in which he met the charges of conspiracy is note- 
worthy. It is Pompey's excessive caution that has made him suspicious 
of Milo, and these suspicions count against us in this trial ; but this 
display of force surely means nothing but protection against the pre- 
vailing disorder. Milo would have proved his loyalty to you, if you 
had given him an opportunity, Pompey. Some day you will feel the 
need of his help. And yet, if Pompey suspected Milo, he would have 
punished him without recourse to the courts. 

The removal of Clodius has brought joy to alt, and Milo could well 
rest his case on the service which he has rendered the state. My 
words will not be ascribed to personal dislike, for all hated him. 
Neither you nor Pompey would recall that monster to life, if you could, 
and therefore Milo should be rewarded rather than punished. If he 
had attacked and killed Clodius, he would admit the deed and expect 
to be praised by you ; but if you did not appreciate his patriotism, he 
would depart from so ungrateful a country. He who performs such a 
service incurs the risk of being misunderstood, and therein lies the 
merit of a good deed, for the true patriot serves his country without the 
certainty of reward. Providence caused the death of that impious man 
by inciting him to attack Milo. It was also due to the same power that 
his death occurred near the sacred things which he had defiled. And 
it was the will of heaven that the wretch's body should be so maltreated 
after death. No one but Milo could have destroyed this man. In 
death he burned the Curia : what would he accomplish, if he were still 
alive? 

I beg for the compassion which Milo bravely refuses to ask for him- 
self. Spare him as we spare the gladiators who do not plead for 
mercy. Milo will go into banishment, if need be, sustained and com- 
forted by the thought of duty done. He does not charge you with 
ingratitude, but thinks you timid. His reward will be the conscious- 
ness of having done his duty and the glory which will spread through- 
out the world. Your fortitude, Milo, makes the grief of separation 
greater. The fact that friends, not enemies, will be the cause of our 
sorrow makes it harder to bear. My only comfort, as I think of your 



P. 146] FOR MILO 357 

kindness to me and my family, is the thought that I have been faithful 
to you. My grief prevents further utterance. No one will approve a 
just verdict more than Pompey. 

Page 146. 1 . The first clause contains a reference to the fact thai 
Cicero was almost overcome by fear or nervousness because of the 
presence of the soldiers and the cries of Clodius 1 friends. Whether 
he actually broke down or not depends upon the degree of euphemism 
that there may be in the words of Asconius, ' he did not speak with his 
usual steadiness.' Dio Cassius and Plutarch give the impression that 
the failure was nearly complete. 

5. novi iudici. The special commission organized to try Milo. 
nova forma. The unusual appearance of armed troops in a court of 
justice. 

8. corona. The ring of spectators that stood around when a trial 
was in progress. 

9. 11011 ilia, etc. ' Although the guards which you see before the 
temples were stationed there to guard against violence, yet they do not 
fail to bring something (of anxiety) to a pleader. 1 The simplest 
explanation of the two negatives is that they are equivalent to an 
affirmative. 

12. in foro et in iudicio. The last places where armed interference 
should be looked for. 

13. tamen, etc. 'Yet we can not even lose our fear without some 
apprehension. 1 ne non timere quidem. I.e. through the presence 
of the soldiers, who are intended to prevent any violence on the part 
of the mob. 

14. Quae . . . putarem. <If I thought that the presence of these 
troops meant opposition to Milo. 1 Cicero assumes that all wish the 
acquittal of Milo, except the hired assassins whom Clodius led. 

15. cederem tempori. <I should yield to the situation, 1 i.e. retire 
from it. 

18. qui . . . esse. 'Who surely would not have thought that it 
belonged to his justice. . . . 1 

19. tradidisset. Pompey organized the commission. 

20. temeritatem, etc. I.e. violence might be done under pretense 
of preserving order. 

24. quieto. Sc. ammo. 



358 NOTES [P. i 47 

Page 147. 2. quae quidem est civium. * So far as it is made up 
of citizens.' The expression is intended to convey the impression 
that the supporters of Clodius were slaves and gladiators, neque . . . 
non. Two negatives equivalent to an affirmation. 

5. cum . . . turn. Connectives. 

6. decertari. Used impersonally. 

8. omnibus exitiis publicis. ' Every form of injury to the state.' 

9. qui. Titus Munatius Plancus, a tribune, who addressed the 
people the day before and urged them to see that Milo received punish- 
ment. 

10. voce praeirent. 'Dictated.' The phrase is used of those who 
repeat oaths and formulas to those who are to take them. 

12. retineatis. If convicted, Milo's punishment would be banish- 
ment. 

14. adeste animis. 'Be of good courage.' 

15. si quern. 'Whatever.' 

17. locus . . . ut . . . declararent. 'An opportunity to show.' 

18. amplissimorum ordinum. A modifier of viris. According 
to the lex Aurelia the jurors were chosen from the senators, the equites, 
and the tribuni aerarii. 

2 1 . earn potestatem omnem vos habetis, ut. ' You have the 
power, without any limitations, of deciding.' 

22. auctoritati. Probably the authority of the courts, since Clodius 
and his followers are so often declared to be the champions of lawless- 
ness ; but the word may refer to the position in the state held by the 
three classes from which the juries were drawn. 

26. nobis duobus. Cicero and Milo. The case is the ablative 
of comparison. 

29. suppliciorum. Milo's possible banishment and Cicero's ban- 
ishment in 58 B.C. are especially in the orator's mind. 

30. Equidem, etc. It was to be expected, of course, that Milo 
would have to meet storms and tempests in the turbulence of the popu- 
lar assemblies, because he had always supported the good against the 
bad; but .... 

Page 148. 1. consilio. 'Jury.' 
2. iudicarent. ' Are to render the decision.' 

6. tribunatu. This occurred in 57 B.C. Cicero asserts that the 
defense will not bring forward Milo's services to the state as a reason 






P. 149] FOR MILO 359 

for his acquittal, nor will he depend upon the argument that the death 
of Clodius is a blessing to the state ; the line of defense will be that 
Clodius made a premeditated attack and Milo acted in self-defense. 

14. turn denique. ' Then only. 1 

18. Sed . . . quaestionis. < But before I come to that part of my 
speech which properly belongs to your court.' Cicero now undertakes 
the refutation of three claims made by the enemies of Milo : that a 
man who had killed another deserved punishment as a murderer, that 
the senate had already expressed belief in Milo's guilt, and that Pompey 
had shown by his course that he favored the conviction of Milo. 

22. quae veniat in iudicium. ; Which comes before the court.' 

23. intueri lucem. I.e. to live. The language is a survival of the 
time when the death penalty was more common at Rome. ei. Dative 
of reference. 

26. M. Horati. The story is told by Livy (I, 25). Trouble between 
Rome and Alba was to be settled by a contest between three Horatii 
and three Curiatii. One of the Horatii survived. While returning to 
Rome in triumph, Horatius was met by his sister, who had been be- 
trothed to one of the Curiatii. The grief of his sister so angered the 
young warrior that he stabbed her to death. The murderer was con- 
demned to death, but he appealed to the people and was pardoned. 

27. nondum libera civitate. The incident occurred in the reign 
of Tullus Hostilius, before the expulsion of the kings. 

30. quaeratur. Used impersonally. 

31. defendi. < To be claimed in defense.' 

32. P. Africanum. Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus was 
brother-in-law of Gracchus. This question of Carbo was evidently an 
attempt to force Scipio to commit himself in favor of the popular party. 

Page 149. 2. Ti. Gracchi. For an account of the persons men- 
tioned here see the notes on the first two pages of the first Catilinarian 
oration. 

5. senatus. In other places Cicero claims all the credit for the 
death of the conspirators. 

7. The story of Orestes is introduced in proof of Cicero's claim, that 
the taking of life is not necessarily murder. Upon his return from 
Troy, Agamemnon was slain by his unfaithful wife Clytaemnestra and 
her paramour, Aegistheus. Orestes avenged his father's death by kill- 
ing both the guilty ones, and was summoned before the court of Areop- 



360 NOTES [P. 149 

agus to be tried for murder. The court was divided, six for conviction 
and six for acquittal, and Pallas decided the matter by voting to release 
the prisoner, fictis fabulis. Especially the Eumenides of Aeschylus. 
12. duodecim tabulae. The Twelve Tables were the foundation 
of Roman law from about 450 B.C. to 530 a.d. These laws were said 
to have been the work of the decemvirs, and were intended as a con- 
cession to the plebeians in their efforts to protect themselves against the 
power of the patricians. The Twelve Tables were engraved on bronze 
plates and suspended in the Forum, where all might see them. Con- 
siderable fragments of the law still survive ; the provision which Cicero 
had in mind is quite likely this one : si nox {node) furtiun faxsit (fe- 
cerit), si im {euni) occisit (occiderit), lure caesus esto. 

14. The second quis is indefinite. 

15. punienduin. i That punishment ought to be inflicted.' 

18. quae multa sunt. * And there are many. 1 

20. tribunus militaris. Gaius Lusius, perhaps the nephew of Ma- 
rius. Rather than suffer dishonor, the soldier killed an officer, a near 
relative of the commander-in-chief. 

26. comitatus. 'Armed escorts. 1 volunt. ' Mean ' ; sc. sibu 
28. The right of self-preservation is a law of nature. 

30. expressimus. ; Have fashioned.' 

31. ut . . . esset. Explanatory of lex. 
Page 151. 1. honesta. A predicate adjective. 

3. cum, etc. i When he who wishes to wait for the law must suffer 
injustice before justice can be obtained. 1 

5. Etsi, etc. And yet the laws are not altogether silent, for the lex 
Cornelia of Sulla, which prohibited the carrying of weapons, contains a 
tacit admission that weapons may be used in self-defense, since it has 
been held by the courts that that law does not forbid the earning of 
weapons for purposes of self-defense, but only when there is intent to 
kill. 

8. causa, non telum. The motive, not the presence of a weapon, 
determines the act. 

10. hoc maneat. l Let this principle be established. 1 

14. Sequitur illud. ' The next point is. 1 

17. studiis. i Expressions of approval. 1 

19. quam. An adverb modifying tacitis and occultist 'with how- 
loud and unmistakable ! ' 



P. 152] FOR MILO 361 

20. Quando. Cum is not used as an interrogative. 

21. summum. ' At most.' 

22. Declarant. The object of the verb is the fact just stated, that 
the senate was practically unanimous, huius . . . contiones. 'those 
stifled addresses of this scorched tribune. 1 The explanation of these 
words is given by Asconius. The body of Clodius was brought to 
Rome, and the sight of it so enraged the people that they used the fur- 
niture of the Curia Hostilia to make a pyre. The Curia also caught 
fire, and the heat of the conflagration interrupted the speeches of the 
tribunes, Titus Munatius Plancus and Quintus Pompeius Rufus. 

32. The senators thought that the ordinary courts were quite suf- 
ficient to try Milo, and that a special commission was not at all neces- 
sary. 

Page 152. 5. incesto stupro. A goddess called Bona Dea was 
worshiped by women at Rome. An annual secret festival was held 
on the night of May 3, at which no man was allowed to be present. In 
62- B.C. this festival was celebrated at the home of Caesar, where 
Clodius was found in disguise. It is impossible to say with any degree 
of certainty what was the motive of this act, but within a short time 
Caesar divorced Pompeia with the remark that his family must be above 
suspicion. The deed of Clodius was referred to the pontifices and by 
them declared to be an offense against religion. The senate then 
framed a bill, proposing that Clodius should be tried by a special tribu- 
nal, in which the jurors should be chosen by the praetor, but the bill 
failed to become a law. Hortensius, who conducted the prosecution, 
accepted a compromise by which the special tribunal was allowed, but 
the jury was selected in the usual manner. Cicero declares (ad Atti- 
cum I, 16) that everything depended on the organization of the jury, 
his meaning apparently being that a jury chosen in the ordinary way 
could be bribed by the friends of Clodius. At the trial Clodius at- 
tempted to prove an alibi and swore that at the time when the festival 
occurred he was at Interamna, eighty or ninety miles from Rome. 
Cicero was called as a witness by the prosecution and asserted that he 
had seen Clodius in Rome on that very day, within a few hours of the 
time in question. Clodius was acquitted in spite of the evidence against 
him. 

6. esset erepta. By the defeat of the senate's proposal in regard to 
the manner of prosecuting Clodius. 



362 NOTES [P. 152 

8. oppugnationem aedium. The year 53 B.C. was so filled with 
political disturbances and violence that no consuls were elected for the 
following year, and early in the year 52 B.C. an interrex performed the 
duties of the consuls. After the burning of the curia, the mob pro- 
ceeded to the house of the interrex Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and de- 
manded that he at once make arrangements for conducting the consular 
elections. Since he could not legally do this, Lepidus refused, and was 
besieged for five days in his house. 

14. Nisi vero. Ironical, as usual. Cicero's meaning is that all 
those outbreaks injured the state. 

16. e re publica. ' For the good of the state.' 

18. decrevi. 'Voted.' 

21. notavi. i Denounced.' 

22. ilium tribunum. Titus Munatius Plancus. 

25. extra ordinem. I.e. this case should have precedence of others. 
Divisa sententia est. The senate bill provided that the murder of 
Clodius should be investigated, and that the trial should occur in the 
ordinary courts, where it was to be advanced to the first place on the 
docket. The tribune Quintus Fufius Calenus demanded that the two 
parts of the measure be voted on separately. The clause calling for an 
investigation was adopted ; the second, in regard to bringing the case 
before the regular courts, was vetoed by a tribune. 

27. proferre. < Publish abroad.' 

30. tulit. Sc. rogationem. 

Page 153. 2. iuris defensionem. 'A defense on the ground of 
justification.' 

6. salutarem litter am. The jurors voted by ballot, using the 
initial letters of absolvo and condemno. The meaning of the sentence 
is that, if Pompey wished to secure the conviction of Milo, he would 
not have permitted the case to be brought before a jury, for he had 
power enough to punish Milo himself. 

12. illud. Explained by the indirect question below. 

13. Publione, etc. 'Whether he thought that what he had done 
was to be ascribed to regard for Clodius or for the situation.' 

16. M. Catonis. Marcus PorciusCato Uticensis. Livia, his mother, 
was sister of Drusus. 

17. tribunus plebis. Has particular significance because the safety 
of the tribunes was protected by special laws. M. Drusus, Marcus 



P. 155] FOR MILO 363 

Livius Drusus, the younger. He championed the cause of the Italians 
in their efforts to obtain citizenship, and was assassinated in 91 B.C. 

18. populus consultus. I.e. no bill was proposed to the people. 

20. P. Africano. This was Aemilianus, who was found dead in his 
bed one morning at the time of his opposition to the land laws of Gaius 
Gracchus. Suspicion seemed to point to Gaius Papirius Carbo as the 
murderer or instigator of the deed, but there is no proof that he was the 
guilty one. 

24. necessariam. Scipio's death occurred when he was fifty-six 
years old. 

26. Quia. I.e. murder is the same crime whether the victim is a 
distinguished statesman or a man of humble station. 

27. Intersit, etc. ' Granted that there is a difference between the 
high and the low in point of rank in life, yet . . .' 

30. magis. May be translated as an adjective. 

ji. humilem. Sc. ftatrem. 

32. in monumentis. Clodius died on the Appian Way, which was 
constructed by Appius Claudius Caecus, an ancestor of Clodius. The 
name Clodius is a popular form of Claudius. 

Page 154. 2. muniverit. Cf. note on videamus, page 129, line 28. 
uteretur, latrocinarentur. Verbs of purpose clauses. 

5. M. Papirium. Pompey had brought to Rome a son of Tigranes, 
the king of Armenia. The young captive attempted to escape, and 
received assistance from Clodius. The flight was discovered, and in 
the struggle which followed Clodius killed Papirius, a friend of Pompey. 

6. non fuit, etc. Ironical. 

8. tragoedias. ' Commotion. 1 

9. quae. The Appian Way. 

14. ei. Dative of reference. 

15. caruit foro. For greater security. 

16. caruit publico. < Kept away from public places. 1 

17. legum iudiciorumque. Subjective genitive, quae. Indefinite. 
Page 155. 1. sed stulti, etc. Ironical. 

8. Non fuit, etc. The irony of the preceding sentences is now 
dropped and the real explanation of Pompey's course is given, as Cicero 
wishes it to be understood, ea causa. I.e. the worth of Clodius. 

10. quadam. Softens divina. 

11. fuisse ilium, etc. The attempt that Clodius had made to 



364 NOTES [P. 155 

release the son of Tigranes brought about enmity between him and 
Pompey, but a reconciliation had been effected some time before this. 

13. fides reconciliatae gratiae. ' The genuineness of their restored 
friendship.' 

15. quamvis, etc. I.e. Pompey knew that, whatever harsh measures 
he proposed in his zeal to show the sincerity of his friendship for 
Clodius, the jury could be depended on to do justice to Milo. 

16. ipsa lumina. Asconius says that no more distinguished or 
conscientious men were ever put upon a jury. 

20. Non . . . continetur. ' For my personal influence is not con- 
fined simply to my intimate friends.' 

22. consuetudines victus. 'The intimacies of daily life.' 

28. L. Domiti. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. 

30. consularem. Sc. hide quaestioni praeesse. 

31. ducebat. ' Was of the opinion.' 

Page 156. 1. creavit. Domitius received his appointment as quae- 
sitor from the comitia, evidently through Pompey's influence. 

2. quam. 'How much.' popularis. 'Democratic' 

3. documenta maxima. Cicero does not exaggerate the oppo- 
sition of Domitius to the popular party. 

4. Cicero here recapitulates the points already made, and repeats 
that the whole case depends upon which of the two planned that meet- 
ing on the Appian Way. 

15. in praetura. Clodius was Curule Aedile in 56 B.C. The law 
required that a magistrate should be two years out of office before being 
elected to another magistracy, and so Clodius would be expected to be 
a candidate for the praetorship of 53 B.C. The magistrates for 53 B.C., 
who should have been elected in July of 54 B.C., were not elected until 
the middle of the following year, and therefore they had only about six 
months to serve. 

18. qui . . . spectaret. I.e. since he did not regard the praetor- 
ship as a step in political advancement, but wished to avoid the man 
who would be his colleague and also to have a whole year in which to 
advance his political schemes. 

19. L. Paulum. Lucius Aemilius Paulus, praetor in 53 B.C. 

21. annum suum. The year in which the office would be open to 
him according to the law mentioned above, or possibly the year when 
his age would first permit him to b2 a candidate legally. 



P. 158] FOR MILO 365 

22. ut fit. 'As is generally the case.' religione aliqua. 'From 
some religious consideration. 1 

26. mancam, etc. I.e. that in his praetorship he could hope to 
accomplish very little, if Milo should be consul. 

28. fieri. I.e. every indication pointed that way. Contulit se, etc. 
I.e. Clodius devoted his energies to advancing the interests of Milo's 
rivals. 

32. Collinam. Sc. tribum. Perhaps the easiest explanation of this 
passage is that the Colline tribe was the most disreputable of all, and 
Cicero means that the forces which Clodius enrolled in his interest 
consisted of the vilest elements in the city. 

Page 157. 1. Quanto, etc. I.e. the more schemes he concocted, 
the greater was his influence. 

4. certissimum consulem. ' Sure to be elected consul.' 

5. suffragiia. Several attempts had been made to hold the elec- 
tions, but they were interrupted before all the officers were elected, 
and so all that had been done up to the time of interruption was 
declared void. 

8. Etruriam. Clodius had estates in Etruria, but nothing is known 
concerning the outrages which are hinted at here. 

18. sollemne. The word has here its primitive force, 'annual. 1 
20. dictator. Simply the title of the local magistrate. 
22. re. ' By the course of events. 1 

28. calceos et vestimenta. As a senator Milo would have on 
the toga, the tunic with the broad purple stripe, and shoes of a peculiar 
pattern used by senators ; all these he exchanges for articles better 
adapted to traveling. 

29. uxor. Fausta. ut fit. This looks suspiciously like an inter- 
polation, suggested by the occurrence of the same phrase in line 22, 
page 156, but the text seems to be assured. 

30. si quidem. ' If, as is claimed by his friends. 1 
32. Ob viam fit. 'Meets. 1 

Page 158. 1. Graecij comitibus. Jesters, dancers, and musicians. 
2. hie insidiator. Used ironically of Milo. 

5. ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. It may be supposed 
that these were to take part in the installation of the priest on the 
following day. 

6. ante fundum. Near Bovillae. 



366 NOTES [P. 158 

8. adversi. l Those in front.' 

14. qui . . . fuerunt. I.e. those who fought for their master. 

16. pugnari. Used impersonally. 

18. servi Milonis. Not needed grammatically, but repeated to 
emphasize the claim that Milo himself did not kill Clodius. 

19. derivandi. From the master to the slaves. 

22. voluisset. The protasis is in in tali re. 

27. id. That the death of Clodius was a public blessing. 

29. nihil habeo quod defendant. 'I have nothing to say in 
defense.' 

30. hoc. Explained in the following ut clause. 
Page 159. 2. quin. ' Without that.' 

7. quia . . . tradidisset. To be connected with iugulari. 

9. illud. Explained in occisusne sit. 

10. iure an iniuria. Sc. occisusne sit. 

17. si hie illi. Sc. insidias fecit . hie refers to Milo, illi to Clodius. 
ut ne sit impune. The purpose of the investigation. 

23. Itaque . . . valeat. 'And so let that well-known query of 
Cassius, " Who profited by it ? " be the standard in judging these charac- 
ters.' Cui does not modify bono; the expression is literally 'to whom 
was it for good ? ', a dative of reference and a dative of purpose. Lucius 
Cassius Longinus was distinguished for his severity as a judge. Cicero 
refers to him in the oration for Roscius : " L. Cassius Me quern populus 
Ro?nanus verissimum et sapientem putabat identidem in causis quaerere 
solebat, cui bono fuis set." 

24. personis. < Characters.' etsi, etc. I.e. this test is not always 
sufficient. 

27. quo. Sc. consule. 

28. eis consulibus. Publius Plautius Hypsaeus and Quintus Metel- 
lus Scipio. quibus . . . certe. * With whose connivance, at any rate, 
if not with their assistance.' 

30. eludere. 'To have free play.' 

31. nee. Used with et in the line below. 

32. tantum beneficium. Because of his assistance in securing 
their election. 

Page 160. 8. Sexte Clodi. Secretary of Clodius. 
9. legum. Those which Clodius intended to propose, vestrarum. 
Referring to the supporters of Clodius. 



P. 161] FOR MILO 367 

10. e domo. From the house of Clodius, in the rioting that occurred 
after his death. 

11. Palladium. The image of Pallas, brought from Troy, it was 
claimed, and kept in the temple of Vesta. Upon its preservation de- 
pended the safety of the city. Lucius Caecilius Metellus won great re- 
nown by bravely carrying the Palladium from the temple when it was 
burning. Cicero evidently means that the Clodian faction have nothing 
to depend on for support except the vicious legislation which they pro- 
posed in order to gain the good will of the lowest classes 

14. Some words have been lost after per. huius legis. A law in- 
creasing the political privileges of freedmen. Cicero suggests that it 
might have been proposed by Sextus in his own interests. 

16. de. Some word like caede is left unexrjressed." 

19. aspexit. The subject is Sextus Clodius. Cicero pretends to be 
frightened by the glance which Sextus gives him. 

21. lumen curiae. Possibly a pun. The word lumen is often used 
of a distinguished man (cf. page 85, line 1), and so Cicero may mean by 
' the bright and shining light of the Curia ' the man who set it on fire. 

23. poenitus es. By depriving the body of the usual funeral rites. 

26. imaginibus. Cf. note on the same word, page 144, line 9. in- 
felicissimis. Because the benches of the Curia were used in burning 
the body. 

31. quantum . . . Milonem. ' How much it was for the interest 
of Clodius to have Milo killed. 1 

Page 161. 3. At eo, etc. 'But Milo was making progress in his 
candidacy for the consulship in spite of the opposition of Clodius, nay, 
he was gaining all the more for that reason, and he had no better helper 
than Clodius.' 

6. meritorum erga me. Milo's efforts to have Cicero recalled from 
banishment. 

10. solutam. Used as an adjective, 'unrestrained.' 

12. nisi esset is consul. 'Unless there should be a consul.' 

13. eum unum. I.e. is consul. 

15. suffragio. For Milo. 

16. usitatis rebus. The ordinary methods adopted by candidates. 
Milo's strongest claim to support was the fact that he opposed Clodius. 

17. tueatur dignitatem. By securing the consulship. 

20. adepti estis. In the death of Clodius. 



368 NOTES [P. 161 

21. exercitationem. 'Field for the exercise.' 

27. At. Introduces an objection that might be made by the other side. 

31. segetem. < The productive field.' 

Page 162. 1. Hie, etc. < As for Clodius, there was reason for his 
hating Milo, first the/ etc. Ilk is the subject oiodisset. 

3. reus Milonis. In a suit for assault. Clodius managed to keep 
the case from being brought to trial. 

6. in nomine iniusto. ' For an unjust person.' 

8. Reliquum, etc. This sentence and the following are ironical. 

14. Diem, etc. Another ironical sentence. The simple meaning is 
that Clodius had not instituted any of the ordinary legal proceedings 
against Cicero, and Cicero had no reason to fear a legal verdict since 
his cause was not a bad one nor a personal one, but a good cause and 
that of the people, and that he retired into banishment simply to 
avoid civil uprisings that might follow any attempt to assert his 
rights. 

20. Q. Hortensium. The same one whom Cicero opposed in the 
argument for the bill to appoint Pompey to the command of the war 
against Mithridates. The incident here referred to occurred in 58 B.C., 
when Hortensius and other influential men went to the consul Gabinius 
to persuade him to use his influence for Cicero against the schemes of 
Clodius. Gabinius refused his support, and the followers of Clodius 
attacked Hortensius and his companions. 

22. C. Vibienus. Asconius says that a man of the same name 
was crushed to death in the throng which gathered about the body of 
Clodius. Cicero has made a slip in the words qua in turba, or there 
must have been two men of the same name. 

25. quam, etc. Probably Cicero means simply that Clodius became 
Catiline's successor in the leadership of the worst elements. 

26. non sum passus. By leaving the city. 

27. Pompeio. See page 154, line 12 fF. 

28. Papiri. See page 154, line 4 fF. 

29. longo intervallo. Roughly, from 56 B.C. to 53 B.C. 

30. ad regiam. "The now vacant space of ground between the 
Temples of Vesta and Faustina was occupied by the Regia, the official 
residence of the Pontifex Maximus, and the center of his administra- 
tion, the foundation of which was attributed to Numa. It contained a 
chapel where the lances of Mars were kept ; another sacred to Ops 



P. 163] FOR MILO 369 

Consiva, which could be entered only by the Vestals and by the " sa- 
cerdos publicus " ; spacious archives for the safe keeping of the annals, 
commentaries, and books of the Supreme Priesthood ; and a meeting 
hall where religious conventions were held (like that of the Fratres Ar- 
vales of May 14, 14 B.C., for the cooptatio of Drusus Caesar, son of 
Tiberius) . The Regia was burnt to the ground not less than four times : 
first in 210 B.C.; then in 148, when only the chapel of Mars and the 
laurel trees shading the entrance were saved from the flames ; and again 
in 36, when it was rebuilt by Domitius Calvinus in solid marble, and 
ornamented with statues obtained from Julius Caesar, much against his 
will." Lanciani in The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, me 
paene confecit. Nothing further is known about the incident. 

31. Quid simile Milonis? Cf. page 94, line 27. 

Page 163. 2. quantae quotiens. ' How great opportunities on how 
many occasions.' 

3. domum. Cicero refers to this attack in one of his letters (ad Att. 
IV, 3) : " Miloiiis domum earn quae est in Cermalo pr. Idus Novembr. 
expug7iare et incendere ita conatus est (Clodius) ut palam hora quinta 
cum scut is homines, eductis gladiis, alios cum acceusis facibus adduxerit ; 
ipse domum P. Sullae pro castris sibi ad earn inipugnationem siinip- 
serat. Turn ex Awiiana Milonis domo Q. Flaccus eduxit viros acris, 
occidit homines ex omni latrocinio Clodiano notissimos ; ipsum cupivit, 
sed ille se in interiora aediiun SullaeP 

5. P. Sestio. Tribune of the plebs in 57 B.C. He also kept a band 
of gladiators to oppose Clodius, and in the year 56 B.C. he was brought 
to trial for his deeds of violence. Cicero defended him in a speech still 
extant, and secured his acquittal. 

6. Q. Fabricio. Tribune in 57 B.C. He proposed the recall of 
Cicero and was attacked by the followers of Clodius. 

8. L. Caecili. Praetor in 57 B.C. He was attacked while pre- 
siding at the games of Apollo. Asconius adds to the account of the 
assault this statement : " De oppugtiata domo nusquam adhuc legiy 

10. lex. The bill for his restoration, proposed August 4, 57 B.C. 

14. quod erat tempus. < What an opportunity there was ! ' 

15. consul. Publius Lentulus, a champion of Cicero. 

18. illius. Clodius. The one praetor opposed to Cicero was Appius 
Claudius ; the two tribunes were Quintus Numerius Rufus and Sextus 
Atilius Serranus. 

h. & g. cic. — 24 



370 NOTES [P. 163 

22. decretum. Pompey had been appointed one of the duumviri 
of Capua, and in this capacity had secured the passage of this decree. 
26. quern qui. Equivalent to si quis mm. 

29. bis. Once for the attack upon his house, though the case was 
never brought to trial. Nothing definite is known about the other 
accusation. 

30. accusante P. Clodio. In 56 B.C. Clodius made a complaint 
against Milo for employing gladiators to secure the passage of the bill 
for Cicero's recall from banishment. The charge was finally dropped. 

Page 164. 1. M. Antonius. The man against whom Cicero after- 
ward spoke the Philippics. He was a candidate for the quaestorship 
in 53 B.C., and received Cicero's support. 

2. gravissimam rei publicae partem suscepisset. ' Had under- 
taken a most important public duty. 1 

4. laqueos, inretitam. Language of hunters and trappers. 

6. in scalarum tenebris. Cicero furnishes the explanation of this 
reference in the second Philippic, where he says : " You (Antonius) 
have said that Publius Clodius was killed at my instigation. What in 
the world would men think, if he had been killed at that time when you 
pursued him with a sword in the Forum, in sight of the Roman people, 
and when you would have finished the matter, if he had not thrown 
himself under the stairs of a book shop and thwarted your attack by 
closing the entrance ? " 

7. magnum fuit. l Was it a great undertaking ? ' 

9. comitiis. For the election of consuls for 52 B.C. quotiens. 
Because of the numerous attempts to hold the election. 

10. saepta. The inclosures in which the different centuries were 
arranged for the purpose of voting in the co?nitia centuriata. 

18. honoris amplissimi. The consulship. 

20. scio. From experience. 

30. diem campi. The day of the election. 

Page 165. 1. auspicia. Those preceding the election. 

2. quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum. ' How little the 
same supposition is to be questioned in the case of Clodius ! ' 

3. quod caput est audaciae. 'And this is the main source of 
crime.' 

10. quid. Since members of the jury have personal knowledge of 
the fact which I am trying to prove. 



P. 167] FOR MILO 371 

11. Q. Petili. Otherwise unknown. 

14. vivo Clodio. When it might have been contradicted, if false. 

19. stata. ' Regularly appointed.' 

23. tribuno plebis. Asconius says that Gaius Sallustius Crispus 

and Ouintus Pompeius Rufus addressed the meeting, and that both 
were hostile to Milo. He adds that in his opinion the latter of the two 
is meant by Cicero. 

30. Clodium. Sc. fore eo die in via. 

31. qui. Adverb. 

32. ut. Has an adversative force, 'although.' 
Page 166. 1. T. Patinam. The implication is that he was familiar 

with what occurred at Lanuvium, but nothing is known concerning him. 

5. Quaesierit. Concessive. 

6. Q. Arrius. Mentioned in several places, but nothing can be said 
of him with certainty. 

8. C. Causinius Schola. A witness called by the prosecution. 
The same man declared, at the trial of Clodius for entering the house 
of Caesar during the worship of Bona Dea, that Clodius was at In- 
teramna on that day. See note on line 5, page 152. 

14. C. Clodius. Publius Clodius had a younger brother named 
Gaius. 

16. liberatur. 'Is shown.' 

18. si, etc. Because of Clodius' intention to remain at his Alban 
villa. 

19. meum agam negotium. ' Introduce my own affairs.' 

20. hac rogatione. The lex Pompeia, providing for the trials grow- 
ing out of the killing of Clodius. 

23. homines. Gaius Sallustius and Pompeius Rufus. 
28. occurrit illud. 'The following objection meets me.' 

30. mansurus, exiturus. Intended acts. 

31. Video, etc. Cicero's statement, not a part of the evidence. 
Page 167. 3. obsignavi. As witness. Cicero and Clodius were 

heirs and witnesses. 

8. sit. Concessive. 

n. proper ato opus. 'Need of haste.' The participle is used 
instead of an abstract noun. 

12. amitteret autem si. ' But would lose if,' 
14. ut . . . sic. 'While . . . yet.' 



372 NOTES [P. 167 

15. insidiator. Ironical. 

17. neganti. Equivalent to a protasis. 

19. Sustinuisset, etc. I.e. the locality was known to be dangerous, 
and it would not have occurred to any one that Clodius was not killed 
by robbers. 

20. occultator et receptor. Appositives with locus, locus. The 
Appian Way near Rome, a place frequented by robbers. 

22. ibi multi. I.e. if the murder had been committed there, suspi- 
cion would have fallen upon some of Clodius 1 many victims. 

23. multi haec etiam timentes. Those who believed themselves 
to be in danger of violence from Clodius. 

24. Etruria. See page 157, line 7. 

25. Aricia. Clodius had left Rome the day before Milo's departure, 
and had gone to Aricia to address the senate of that town. Quod ut. 
The tamen in the next line indicates the character of the ut clause. 

28. Cur, etc. I.e. if Milo had murder in mind, he would have 
hastened to meet Clodius before he could reach his villa, or else wou'd 
have lingered in a place where the attack could have been made by 
night. 

3 1 . constare omnia. i That all the evidence points in one direction.' 
Page 168. 5. umquam auditum. In a letter to Atticus (IV, 3) 
Cicero writes that Milo will kill Clodius, if he gets in his way. 

8. alienum. 'Unseasonable.' 

13. metuendum. Because of robbers. 

14. id quod caput est. i Which is the main point.' 

18. insanas. Perhaps because of the great labor and expense 
involved. 

19. mille. A substantive, the subject of versabantur. Perhaps 
Cicero's suggestion is that Clodius could have used his workmen in 
making the attack on Milo. 

23. loci spe. Because the position was so favorable for an attack. 

29. Quid, etc. ' What could be less prepared for fighting than a 
man . . . ? ' 

Page 169. 1. Qui convenit. ' How does that accord with the cir- 
cumstances ? ' 

3. Alsiensi. His villa near Alsium. 

4. tergiversationes. 'Pretense.' 

9. Graeculi. A diminutive expressing contempt, in castra Etru- 



P. 170] FOR MILO 373 

sea. Possibly a reference to the camp of Catiline, but more likely to the 
depredations of Clodius in Etruria. 

10. nugarum nihil. ' No nonsense.' 

14. virum a viro lectum. An allusion to a custom that prevailed 
in the early period, of selecting a few men for an enterprise, and allow- 
ing those to choose their companions, the supposition being that, since 
their lives would depend to a great extent upon their associates, they 
would pick only the bravest men. Cicero's meaning is that Clodius 
had with him only carefully selected helpers. After nisi supply 
talis. 

17. mulier. Quite likely a reference to the fact that Clodius was 
detected at the mysteries of Bona Dea, disguised as a woman. 

21. quanto illi odio esset. ' How much he was hated by Clodius.' 
odio esse aliciri serves as the passive of odi. 

23. propositam, addictam. Terms used at auction sales. 

26. Martem communem. I.e. Mars is as likely to favor one as 
another ; ' the fortune of war.' 

27. ab abiecto. i Through the defeated one ' or ' on the side of the 
defeated one.' 

31. haesit. i He was caught. 1 

Page 170. 6. Nihil ad tortorem. 'The torturer has nothing to 
do with that.' 

11. nescis. 'You do not understand how.' Milo had freed his 
slaves after the death of Clodius, and his enemies declared that he did 
so to provide against the possibility of their being tortured into telling 
the truth about the struggle. Free men could not be forced to testify 
under torture. 

19. quam quod. < As the fact that.' 

24. quod minus moleste ferat. ' To take more pleasure in.' 

27. The point of this paragraph is that the slaves of Clodius have 
been examined and their testimony is against Milo. Cicero's reply is 
that the slaves belonged to Clodius and would not be likely to testify 
against their master, and further, the examination was conducted at 
the request of a member of the Claudian family, and testimony given 
under such circumstances is likely to be just what the examiner wishes 
it to be. 

28. in atrio Libertatis. Where the slaves of Clodius were examined 
under torture as to what they knew about the murder. 



374 NOTES [P. 170 

29. Appius. Clodius had an older brother, Appius Clodius, whose 
two sons, both named Appius, were the prosecutors in this trial. 

30. quid, etc. Ironical. 

31. severius. 'More strict.' De servis, etc. I.e. the testimony 
of slaves against their master was not lawful except in the case of an 
outrage against religion. 

32. Froxime, etc. Clodius comes nearer to the gods in having 
his offense treated as sacrilege than when he made his way into their 
presence at the mysteries of Bona Dea. 

Page 171. 3. quaeritur. Impersonal. 

4. quaeri. Impersonal, non quin posset verum inveniri. 'Not 
that the truth could not be discovered.' 

8. verbi causa. 'For the sake of a name.' 

9. sis. Not a form of esse. 

11. Quid, etc. Ironical. Subito, etc. I.e. even when examination 
by torture is made at once the slaves are always isolated so that they 
may have no improper communication with those who may be inter- 
ested in their testimony. 

17. quod. Connective. Milo's conduct after the affray is shown to 
be that of a man who is not guilty of willful murder. 

26. eius. Pompey. 

32. neque. Correlative with et in the next line. 

Page 172. 9. illud. Explained in the ut clause below. 

11. tanti. 'Worth so much.' 

19. portenta. The associates of Catiline. 

20. miseros civis. The accusative in an exclamation. 

26. sunt in eum congesta. 'Were heaped upon him.' 

27. quemvis . . . conscientia. 'Any one with a consciousness 
of even ordinary shortcomings.' 

Page 173. 2. conducta. To store war material. 
9. coguntur. The subject is ei. 

11. nescio qui. An indefinite pronoun. 

12. apud se. 'At his house.' The supposition is that the priest 
also kept a wine shop. 

18. credi popae. 'That the priest should be believed.' 

25. tam celebri loco. The Via Sacra, where the Regia was. Caesar 
was Pontifex Maximus at that time and therefore occupied the Regia. 

26. audiebatur. 'The story was listened to.' 



P. 176] FOR MILO 375 

29. senator. Publius Cornificius. 

Page 174. 2. cum tamen. ' And yet at the same time.' non iam 
. . . perhorrescimus. Parenthetical. 

3. Clodianum crimen. ' The charge of murdering Clodius.' 

4. me exaudire. Pompey was sitting by the treasury. 

19. locus. 'Opportunity. 1 
23. peste. Clodius. 

26. in periculo capitis. Cf. page 163, line 30 ff. 

27. praeturae. Milo was praetor in 55 B.C. 
31. ne. Not the negative. 

Page 175. 1. Magne. A part of Pompey's name. It was given 
him by the soldiers in Africa or by Sulla on his return, antestaretur. 
I.e. concerning his loyalty and patriotism. 

3. vitae ratio. ' The course of life.' 

4. infidelitates. 'Deeds of unfaithfulness.' The plural of an 
abstract noun usually denotes manifestations of that quality. 

5. ad tempus aptae. 'Adapted to the occasion,' i.e. time-serving. 
This passage suggests that Cicero had his own banishment in mind at 
the time of speaking. 

9. motu aliquo communium temporum. 'Some disturbance of 
our national interests.' 

10. qui . . . debemus. ' And we who have had experience ought 
to know how often it happens so.' 

18. hunc. A repetition of the subject of the infinitive. 

20. qui. Milo. tolleret. Provided Milo is plotting against the 
welfare of the state. 

22. qui. Pompey. legem. The law under which this court was 
organized. 

23. liceret. Coordinate with oporteret. Quod . . . sedet. The 
subject oi declared. 

28. esse. The object of declarat, in the same construction as 
inferre. 

29. hesternam illam contionem. See note on line 8, page 147. 
Page 176. 2. De qua, etc. This is said to be the longest sentence 

in Cicero's works. 

4. Sp. Maelium. See note on line 1, page 46. 

7. Ti. Gracchum. See note on line 22, page 45. conlegae. Mar- 
cus Octavius, a tribune who vetoed the agrarian law of Gracchus, 



376 NOTES [P. 176 

12. comprehenderunt. The discovery of Clodius in the house of 
Caesar during the celebration of the rites attending the worship of Bona 
Dea. 

13. cuius . . . censuit. ' By whose punishment the senate often 
voted that the sacred rites should be purified.' 

14. sorore. The wife of Lucullus. 

15. quaestionibus habitis. By torturing his wife's slaves. 

18. conservatorem. Cicero. 

19. regna dedit. To Brogitarus of Galatia, who received the title 
of king in accordance with a law proposed by Clodius. ademit. From 
Ptolemy of Cyprus, whose kingdom was made a province by a law 
which Clodius proposed. 

20. partitus est. A reference to some legislation by which certain 
provinces were assigned to the consuls Gabinius and Piso. 

22. civem. Generally supposed to be Pompey. 

24. aedem Nympharum. Where the records of the censors were 
kept. 

27. termini, etc. The general meaning is that in seizing the prop- 
erty of others Clodius had not even endeavored to cloak his injustice 
under the forms of law, but had used open violence. 

31. P. Varium. Unknown. 

Page 177. 2. qui, etc. I.e. his desires were boundless. 

4. M. Paconio. Nothing is known except what is mentioned 
here. 

5. lacu Prilio. Probably the modern Lago di Castiglione in Tus- 
cany. 

9. Furfanio. Nothing further is known of him and of the two 
characters mentioned in the next line. 

12. sed. Resumes the narrative that was broken by the parenthetical 
outburst, ausum esse. Ausus est would be expected, for qui (in line 9) 
is the subject. As the sentence stands, we must understand that there 
is an anacoluthon and the infinitive ausum esse is dependent upon dico, 
which is to be supplied from dicam. 

14. mortuum. 'A corpse.' The threat of Clodius was that he 
would throw upon the man the suspicion of having committed murder. 
qua invidia. 'With the odium arising from this.' 

15. huic tali viro. Dative of agent. Appium. Appius Claudius 
Pulcher. 



P. 181] FOR MILO 377 

16. mihi. Either these words are thrown in parenthetically, or the 
length of the sentence caused Cicero to forget who is supposed to be 
talking. 

1 8. vestibulum. The open space in front of the house, sororis. 
The one who is thought to have poisoned her husband, Ouintus Metellus 
Celer. The house of Clodius was next to that of Metellus on the 
Palatine. 

27. imperium. The praetorship, for which he was a candidate at 
the time of his death. 

Page 178. 2. tenentur. ' Are known to be facts. 1 

11. esset timendum. Ironical. The subject of esset is the follow- 
ing indirect question. 

16. Non queo. Regularly used by Cicero instead of nequeo. 

20. hoc. This word and ita (line 22) point forward to the statement, 
made below, that the death of Clodius was the cause of the blessings. 

26. viro. Pompey, who had been appointed consul without colleague. 
31. quod. Interrogative and a modifier of his. The subject of 

potuissent is ea. 

Page 179. 2. Etenim . . . debebat. 'Even if my hatred was 
bound to exceed that of others.' 

6. Quin sic attendite. ' Come, look at the matter in this light.' 

8. cogitationes. ' Imaginations.' 

9. et . . . videmus. ' And they look at the things which they wish 
to examine in the same way in which we discern the things which we 
behold.' 

10. condicionis. 'Proposal.' 

11. sed ita. ' But only on this condition.' 

12. Quid vultu extimuistis. ' Why did you express fear upon your 
faces ? ' i.e. there can be no doubt what your feeling is. 

24. interfector. \ Intentional slayer.' 

27. Athenis. To Harmodius and Aristogeiton, who slew Hipparchus, 
the tyrant. 

30. religionem. 'Sanctity.' 

Page 181. 2. fecisset. 'Had done the deed purposely.' 

11. qui. Adverb. 

12. si minus. Equivalent to si non. 

13. cecidisset. 'Had turned out to be.' 

26. Populi grati est. ' It is the duty of a grateful people.' 



37§ NOTES [P. 181 

30. Ahala, etc. For this man and the others mentioned below, see 
notes on page 46. 

31 . nosmet ipsi. In the matter of putting the conspirators to death. 

32. conscientia sua. 'Upon his consciousness of having done his 
duty.' 

Page 182. 1. gratiam. To be shown in the acquittal of Milo. 
fortuna et felicitas. Personified. 

3. nisi qui. * Except one who.' 

4. vim. Sc. divinam. 

6. vicissitudines rerum atque ordines. 'The changes and the 
order which are seen in nature (rerum). ' 

10. neque. The clause is logically dependent. The sentence means : 
if there is in our frail bodies a mind that is active and possessed of 
consciousness, then there must be an intelligence in this great and 
grand movement of the universe. 

13. motu. As seen in all the activity of nature, but especially in the 
movements of the heavenly bodies, putant. The subject is to be 
understood from quisquam (line 3). The object is the statement made 
in the sentence preceding. 

17. Ea vis, etc. The gods caused the downfall of Clodius by giving 
him the purpose to attack Milo. 

24. religiones. ' The sacred things. 1 

26. et ius . . . retinuisse. 'And in his case to have reasserted 
their claims.' 

27. Albani. Clodius had a villa in the Alban territory, and it would 
seem from Cicero's statements that in constructing his buildings and 
laying out his pleasure grounds Clodius had shown no regard for the 
sacred groves and altars which were spared when the city was de- 
stroyed. 

Page 183. 2. Latiaris Iuppiter. The guardian god of the old Latin 
league ; his temple was on the top of the Alban heights. Some ruins of 
the old temple remained until the last century. 

7. Nisi forte, etc. I.e. his death must have been caused by the gods, 
unless we admit that it was due to chance that he received his wound 
before the temple of the very goddess whose mysteries he had pro- 
faned. 

9. T. Sergi Galli. Unknown. 

1 1 . primum. An admission that there were two parts of the affray. 



p. 184] FOR MILO 379 

12. iudicio. Clodius was acquitted of the charge of being in the 
house of the Pontifex Maximus when the rites of Bona Dea were 
celebrated. 

15. imaginibus. The wax masks of ancestors: see note on page 
144, line 9. 

16. cantu. Music made by the tibicines and the comicines. 
ludis. The gladiatorial contests which were often held in honor of 
the dead, exsequiis. The procession, lamentis. Made by hired 
mourners. 

17. laudationibus. The funeral oration in which the virtues of the 
dead were described and praised, funere. A general term including 
all that went to make up a regular funeral, oblitus. From oblinere. 

20. for mas. The imagines. 

21 . in loco. The body of Clodius was burned in the Curia Hostilia. 

22. mortem. Used in the sense of cadaver. 

25. Polluerat. Another reference to the affair at Caesar's house. 

28. consensu and pro salute are to be connected with gesta, which 
is a participle used as a noun, ' the measures taken.' 

30. diripuerat. When Cicero was banished, his property was 
confiscated, his house destroyed, and his country villas plundered. 
liberos, coniugem. Only general statements are found as to the per- 
secution of his family. 

32. caedis. Exaggeration. 

Page 184. 1. domum mei fratris. The house of Quintus Cicero, 
burned by Clodius November 3, 57 B.C. 

2. capere. c Contain,' ' be large enough for.' 

4. Incidebantur. Cicero means to say that Clodius had already 
had engraved the laws which he intended to pass in his coming magis- 
tracy, and these laws were in the interests of the lowest classes. Cicero 
probably has reference to the same old issue which had been before the 
Roman people since the early days, whether the freedmen should be 
kept in the four city tribes where their influence was restricted, or 
whether they should be distributed among all the tribes where they 
could make their power felt. 

5. quod quidem ille adamasset. 'That is, anything which he 
had taken a fancy to.' 

7. Ilium. Pompey. There had been a reconciliation between the 
two. 



380 NOTES [P. 184 

15. Senatus. I.e. that body would have done what it could to re- 
strain him, if he had obtained the praetorship. 

17. in private When he held no magistracy. 

19. suos. I.e. favorably inclined toward him. consules. Hypsaeus 
and Scipio. 

21. virtutem consularem. A reference to his own case. 

28. praetor, consul. If elected to those positions. 
31. duce. Sextus Clodius. 

Page 185. 1. templum. The senate house. 

4. funestari. By the presence of a corpse, as would have been the 
case in any sacred spot. 

6. Qui, etc. I.e. if Sextus dared to do so much simply as the burner 
of Clodius 1 body, what would he have ventured to do as a standard- 
bearer under the leadership of Clodius ? 

10. de curia. I.e. about the burning of it. 

16. ad Castoris. Sc. aedem. The temple of Castor and Pollux 
seems to have afforded a convenient place for mobs to gather. 

18. silentio. When interference was most unjustifiable. M. Cae- 
lius. Marcus Caelius Rufus, a talented friend of Cicero. He was de- 
fended by Cicero against a charge which Clodia brought against him, 
of attempting to poison her and of having obtained some money from 
her. As tribune in 52 B.C. he opposed Pompey's bill for the trial of 
Milo, and yielded only when threatened by Pompey. 

19. in suscepta causa. ' In the cause that he had taken up.' 

26. non implorat. Milo's attitude was defiant throughout the trial. 

30. haud scio an. < I am inclined to think that.' See note on page 
92, line 16. 

Page 186. 2. obsecrantis. A reference to the appeal which a de- 
feated gladiator might make to the spectators to spare his life. 

15. perfruantur. A wish. 

21. re publica oppressa. By Clodius and his supporters. Milo 
was tribune in 57 B.C., the year following the tribuneship of Clodius. 

23. Clodianis armis. An ablative of cause. 

25. putarem. A rhetorical question referring to the past, 'should I 
have thought? 1 

29. tui. Cicero's connection with that body and his devotion to 
their interests are both suggested, studia, voces. Apparently a refer- 
ence to the interest manifested in the recall of Cicero from banishment. 



P. 189] FOR MILO 381 

Page 187. 2. videtis. Sc. eum esse. 

3. ingratis. The point of the denial is all in this word; 'he says 
that his fellow-citizens are not ungrateful, for whom he has done these 
things.' 

4. negat. Sc. fecisse se quae fecerit. 

8. patrimonii*. Possibly one from his father Papius, one from his 
grandfather, and one from his mother. 

12. vestrorum ordinum. The equites and the tribuni aerarii, the 
other two classes represented on the jury. 

15. vocem praeconis. Cicero's meaning is that in the consular 
elections, which had been many times interrupted by violence, the dif- 
ferent centuries voted for Milo, but the proceedings were broken up be- 
fore the herald announced the result of the election. 

18. si haec contra se sint futura. 'If this case shall go against 
him. 1 facinoris. Opposition to Pompey. 

19. facti. The killing of Clodius. 

20. fortis, etc. Virtue is its own reward. 

21. recte factorum, recte facta. Equivalent to nouns, 'good 
deeds.' 

25. qui beneficio civis suos vicerint. I.e. have not been re- 
warded by their fellow-citizens. 

Page 188. 6. celebramur. 'I am honored.' Etruria. This 
country had great occcasion for rejoicing in the death of Clodius, if 
only a small part is true of what Cicero has hinted concerning his 
depredations there. 

7. et actos et institutes. ' Both those that have been celebrated 
and those that have been appointed to be celebrated.' 

11. non laboro. 'I do not care.' 

16. cum. Equivalent to quod. Cf. page 174, line 2. 

24. sed ne nunc quidem ipsum. Sc. dolorem inuretis. 

25. quanti. Genitive of indefinite value. Quae oblivio. Equiva- 
lent to cuius rei oblivio. 

32. potentium. Pompey in particular. 

Page 189. 2. ego, etc, 'I have thrown myself as a suppliant at 
the feet of many in your behalf.' 

6- deposco. ' I ask that it fall on me.' 

14. mortem naturae. 'The end of our existence' 'or 'the end 
appointed by nature.' 



382 NOTES [P. 189 

15. natus. Sc. est. Quid vos. ' How about you? ' 

29. abes. With Caesar in Gaul, temporum illorum. Of his ban- 
ishment. 

30. Mene, etc. Sc. respondebo. 

Page 190. 2. ilia indicia. About the conspiracy of Catiline. 
8. qui. Adverb. 

10. pace tua, patria, dixerim. 'Let me say it with your permis- 
sion, my country. 1 

16. ille. Clodius. 

17. luerit. I.e. 'so long as he has suffered. ' 

30. is. Pompey. Velleius Paterculus expressed a more just esti- 
mate of Pompey's position in these words : " Milonem reum non magis 
invidia facti qitam Pompei damnavit voluntas.' 1 ' 1 



THE ORATION FOR MARCUS MARCELLUS 

Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Servius Sulpicius were the consuls 
of the year 51 B.C. This is the Marcellus who made the motion in the 
senate that Caesar should be recalled from his province and another 
man put in his place. This Marcellus must be carefully distinguished 
from Gaius Claudius Marcellus, who was consul in 50 B.C., and from 
Gaius Claudius Marcellus, consul in 49 B.C. The consuls of 51 and 50 
were cousins ; those of 51 and 49 were brothers. 

When Caesar marched southward into Italy, Marcus Marcellus accom- 
panied Pompey in his retreat from Italy to Macedonia, but after the 
battle of Pharsalus he went to Mytilene and resided there. At the close 
of the war Cicero wrote repeatedly to Marcellus, urging him to return 
to Rome and ask pardon of Caesar, who had shown himself so gener- 
ous in forgiving his opponents. Marcellus, however, preferred to re- 
main in exile. In 46 B.C. the case of Marcellus was brought up in the 
senate by Lucius Piso, and Gaius Marcellus threw himself at Caesar's 
feet, while the senators approached Caesar as suppliants. The dictator 
reminded the senators of the sullen attitude which Marcellus had main- 
tained, but added that he would not stand in the way of his restoration, 
if the senate wished it. Cicero's resentment vanished at this manifes- 
tation of clemency, and he expressed his own gratitude and that of the 
senate for the recall of their associate and friend. 

After some delay Marcellus started for Rome, but was assassinated 



P. 191] FOR MARCELLUS 383 

at the Piraeus and was buried in the Academy. The Athenians held 
him in high esteem, and Cicero in the Brutus praises his powers as an 
orator ; in short, all the evidence indicates that Marcellus was an able 
and scholarly man of strong character. 



SUMMARY 

Such mercy and magnanimity as Caesar has manifested force me to 
break my long silence and speak once more before this body. The 
restoration of Marcellus means a renewal of my former life, for the cause 
of my grief was the fact that he who had been my companion in study 
and in public life did not enjoy also the same good fortune. 

This pardon is an omen of good for the future, since in granting it 
Caesar has shown his ability and willingness to subordinate all personal 
considerations to the welfare of the state. Marcellus is greatly honored 
by the circumstances under which his pardon was granted. 

No eloquence can fitly describe your achievements, Caesar ; they ex- 
cel those of any other hero. And yet the glory of this deed will out- 
shine all your victories, for the credit of winning battles must be shared 
with the soldiers and with fortune, but this honor belongs to you alone. 
Your triumphs in war, magnificent as they are, were such as could be 
won by physical force, but this triumph over the pride and power of vic- 
tory, over resentment and suspicion, can be gained only by the spirit 
which makes man like the gods. Your victories on the field of battle 
will always command admiration, but your qualities of mind will inspire 
love and esteem in the hearts of all mankind. Time will destroy the 
memorials of your victories in battle, but your benevolent spirit will 
never fade from the hearts of men. You have surpassed all other 
leaders in civil wars, and you are even superior to victory itself, for you 
have given back to the vanquished the things which they had forfeited. 

The restoration of Marcellus is especially significant as indicating 
how Caesar regards those who opposed him in the contest with Pompey. 
And that Caesar would have avoided the war, if he could, is attested by 
the fact that he showed so much kindness to Marcellus and to myself, 
who both favored peace. Caesar's rival, if victorious, would have been 
cruel, and heaven apparently has made all hope of security depend on 
the gentleness and wisdom of the one who was the conqueror. There- 
fore I urge you to rejoice in the exercise of those noble qualities, be- 



I 



384 NOTES [P. 191 

cause the honors of war are only the temporary loans of fortune, while 
a good heart is the gift of heaven. 

And now let me refer to your fear that your life will be in danger. 
Who could harbor so dreadful a purpose ? Surely none of your friends. 
And yet you have no foes, for those who were hostile to you have been 
made your warmest friends. But let us magnify the danger in order to 
increase our watchfulness, since on the preservation of your life depends 
the safety of all. The country is prostrate, and you alone can quicken 
all its interests. For this reason I shudder when I think of your state- 
ment that you have lived long enough as far as years and glory are con- 
cerned. To be sure, you have won renown beyond that of all other 
men, but, to reach the highest point of fame that lies within your reach 
you have yet to lift up this prostrate nation. Consider not merely the 
years that you will spend here, but think also of the life that you will 
live in the hearts and minds of all generations. Our welfare is Hound 
up in your life ; we offer to sacrifice our lives in the preservation of yours. 

Now, in behalf of my associates, I wish to express something of the 
gratitude that we feel for your generosity and magnanimity ; for myself, 
I wish especially to thank you for a seeming impossibility, an addi- 
tion to your great kindness toward me. 

Page 191. 1. Diuturni silenti. It had lasted since the beginning 
of the Civil war. In a letter to Sulpicius, describing the scene in the 
senate, Cicero says : " Itaque cum omnes ante me rogati gratias Caesari 
egissent praeter Volcatium, is enim si eo loco esset negavit se facturum 
fujsse, ego rogatus matavi meum consilium. Nam statueram. non me 
hercule inertia, sed desiderio pristinae dignitatis, in perpetuum tacere. 
Fregit hoc meum consilium et Caesaris magnitudo a7iimi et senatus 
officium? his temporibus. The period of the civil struggles. 

2. non timore aliquo. Because that would imply that Caesar was a 
tyrannical ruler. 

3. verecundia. Because he had fought on the other side. 

4. idemque initium dicendi quae . . . 'And also a beginning 
of saying whatever * . .' 

6. in summa potestate rerum omnium. At this time all the 
powers of the different nagistrates were vested in Caesar. 

9. M. Marcello vobis reddito. 'In the restoration of Marcus 
Marcellus to you.' 



P. 193] FOR MARCELLUS 385 

14. causa. That of Pompey. 

15. fortuna. That of being pardoned by Caesar. 

16. in nostro vetere curriculo. I.e. of political duties and studies. 

17. aemulo atque imitatore. In a good sense. 

20. consuetudinem. Of taking an active part in the deliberations 
of the senate. 

22. signum aliquod sustulisti. A military expression referring to 
the manner in which general orders were issued from the quarters of 
the commander-in-chief. 

23. in multis. i In the case of many. 1 

24. in omnibus. I.e. any one may hope for pardon, if it is granted 
to so flagrant an offender as Marcellus. 

Page 192. 3. suspicionibus. That his life would be endangered by 
the presence of his enemies. 

5. iudicio. To permit Marcellus to return. 

6. quanta. I.e. immeasurably great, for the glory of bestowing the 
favor is, of course, greater than that of receiving it. 

9. ventura sit. When the message of his pardon shall reach him. 

16. pace tua. 'With your permission. 1 
'23. numero proeliorum Pliny makes the statement that Caesar 
fought in fifty battles, and so exceeded the record of Marcus Marcellus 
(the one who captured spolia opima for the third and last time recorded 
in Roman history), who took part in thirty-nine contests. celeri- 
tate. The victory over Pharnaces is probably meant in particular. At 
that time Caesar sent the often-quoted dispatch, veni, vidi, via. 

26. peragrari, etc. A similar expression, in regard to Pompey, 
occurs on page 115, line 18. 

32. propriae imperatorum sint. ' Belong to the commanders alone. 1 

Page 193. 11. in istius societatem gloriae se non offert. < Does 
not come forward for a share in the glory. 1 

13. Numquam, etc. I.e. chance and accident, which bring For- 
tuned favors, have no connection with such wisdom and foresight as 
have been shown by Caesar. 

22. amplificare. Possibly Cicero means to say simply that the cir- 
cumstances under which Marcellus was recalled from banishment make 
him a still more distinguished man. 

27. illae quidem. The pronoun is only a support for quidem, which 
has here its concessive force. 

h. & g. cic. — 25 



386 NOTES [P. 193 

28. nee ulla . . . conticescet. Cf. page 144, line 13 ff. 
Page 194. 4. in fictis. 'In works of the imagination. 1 

6. cuius . . . velis. * Whose thoughts and feelings and features we 
see expressive of the fact that you wish whatever the fortune of war 
has left the state to be preserved. 1 

12. ilia auctoritas. Marcellus, the abstract term being used for the 
concrete. 

13. C. Marcelli. Probably the cousin of Marcus. 

32. Vereor, etc. 'I fear that this which I am going to say will not 
be understood when it is heard, just as I feel it in thought. 1 

Page 195. 3. ipsius victoriae condicione. < By the very terms 
of victory itself. 1 

4. occidissemus. ' Had forfeited everything to the victors. 1 

8. omnes, etc. I.e. all we, whom a destructive fate led into that 
war, were by that act of pardon released from the charge of crime 
against the state, though we are held responsible for a fault character- 
istic of human weakness. 

12. mihi. I.e. to my former mode of life. 

17. metu. That Caesar would destroy the power of the senate. 

19. de pace. Cf. the first part of the letter on page 253. 

23. togae. The garment of peace. 

24. Hominem. The individual as distinguished from his cause. 
privato consilio. * From personal considerations. 1 

25. grati animi. Because of Pompey's efforts to secure the recall 
of Cicero from banishment. 

27. prudens et sciens. 'Deliberately and with full knowledge. 1 

29. integra re. ' Before the breaking out of hostilities. 1 

31. periculo. If Cicero has any particular occasion in mind, it is 
probably the time after the death of Pompey, when the command of 
the war was urged upon him, and upon his refusal the son of Pompey 
attempted to kill him. 

Page 196. 6. huius rei. His preference for peace. 

1 1 . ilia. The threats of cruelty and vengeance made by Pompey's 
officers. 

14. gladium vagina vacuum. The course followed by Marius and 
Sulla made the Romans apprehensive as to the outcome of the struggle. 

20. nimis iracundam. On different occasions Cicero wrote confi- 
dentially to intimate friends that the talk of Pompey's officers was so 



P. 199] FOR MARCELLUS 387 

bloodthirsty that he feared a victory, and that Pompey himself had ex- 
pressed his intention to imitate Sulla, and to proscribe all his enemies 
and even those who had remained neutral. 

22. otiosis. " Pompeius enim discedens ab urbe in senatu dixerat 
eodem se habiturum loco qui Romae remansissent et qui in castris 
Caesaris firissent" (Bellum Civile I, 33). 

23. fuisset. Whether in Caesar's camp or in Pompey's. 

29. bono. A noun, referring to Caesar's clementiam and sapientiam. 

Page 197. 1 . felicitati, etc. I.e. Caesar's victories are due to his 
ability as a general and to good fortune ; his triumph over the passions 
of victory shows that he possesses in his soul the highest good things 
(bona). 

8. donata, commodata. The one a gift, the other simply a loan. 

11. opinione offici. ' Under the impression of doing their duty. 1 

12. specie reipublicae. ' Under the appearance of serving the state.' 

14. quod . . . senserunt. 'That they found out that there was 
not the slightest occasion for fear.' 

22. tarn demens. As to plot against your life. 

28. ne quid inimici. Sc. scelera cogitent. 

Page 198. 6. unius. Cf. the note on solizts, page 101. 

15. quod necesse fuit. I.e. the evils are a necessary consequence 
of war, and Caesar is not responsible for them. 

16. revocanda fides. ' Confidence must be restored. 1 

17. Appian makes the remarkable statement that the population 
was reduced one half by the civil wars, omnia, etc. All the dangerous 
tendencies in different directions must be checked. 

28. naturae vel gloriae. ' As far as length of years or attainment of 
fame is concerned. 1 

32. noli, etc. I.e. ' do not let your philosophy bring us into peril. 1 

Page 199. 3. sed, etc. 'But I should be willing to hear that, only 
if you were living for yourself alone. 1 

7. Hie. 'Under these circumstances. 1 

12. Immo vero. 'No, not that; they are grand enough for any 
others ; they fall short of completeness only when your opportunities 
are considered. 1 

18. admirationis. I.e. what Caesar has already done will excite 
boundless admiration, but the opportunity for the larges usefulness still 
lies before him. 



388 NOTES [P. 199 

20. in suos, in patriam, in genus. To be connected with meri- 

torum. 

22. actus. The common comparison of life to a play. 

27. diu. Used as a noun. 

29. nulla est f utura. Not necessarily a statement of Cicero's belief. 
The words may express the view that Caesar, as an Epicurean, would 
hold. 

Page 200. 5. inservias, ostentes. The subject of oportere may be 
an infinitive, or a subjunctive may accompany it. te ostentes. 'Put 
yourself in a proper light. 1 

9. munera. The entertainments given the people. 

16. aliquid requirent. 'Will find something lacking.' 

18. illud. The civil struggle, hoc. The work of reconstruction. 

19. iudicibus. 'Critics.' 

22. Id autem, etc. Cf. page 144, line 16 ff. 

Page 201. 1. suum. Equivalent to an objective genitive. 
13. te salvo et manente. The ablative absolute is used as a 
protasis. 

23. maiores. Sc gratias. 

26. stantibus dicere. ' To stand and speak.' 

27. necesse. Because of his own pardon, and because of his friend- 
ship with Marcellus. 

29. id. The expressions of joy. 

32. Quod, etc. 'Since I have, as long as there was any question 
about his safety, shown him by my anxiety, solicitude, and exertions, 
the service (id) which belongs to the highest affection, my affection 
for him (quae mea erga ilium) which has been always known to all, so 
that. . . .' 

Page 202. 2. fratri. If we are to suppose that this Marcellus is a 
cousin, as on page 194, then the word patrueli must be understood 
here. 

THE ORATION FOR LIGARIUS 

Quintus Ligarius was a legate in Africa on the staff of the governor, 
Gaius Considius Longus. At the close of 50 B.C. Considius returned to 
Rome, leaving Ligarius in charge of the province. Pompey had made 
friends in Africa during his campaign against the Marians, and now at 
the beginning of the war between Caesar and Pompey, the Pompeian 



P. 203] FOR LIGARIUS 389 

party in Africa urged Ligarius to take the field in support of their favor- 
ite, but Ligarius refused. 

We learn from Caesar (De Bello Civilil, 12 and 31) that after the 
fall of Auximum, Publius Attius Varus fled to Africa, where he had 
formerly been praetor, and organized two legions, at the same time 
assuming control of the province. Lucius Aemilius Tubero was ap- 
pointed governor of Africa by the senate, and sailed to Utica, but 
Varus would not permit him to land, and he was compelled to depart, 
although his son, Quintus Tubero, was quite sick at the time. They 
went to join Pompey in Macedonia and remained with him until the 
battle of Pharsalus, after which they were pardoned by Caesar. 

Ligarius continued to serve with Varus in Africa and was taken 
prisoner at the battle of Thapsus. His life was spared by Caesar, but 
he remained in Africa in exile. In two letters to Ligarius, written in 
46 B.C., Cicero describes an interview which he and the brothers of 
Ligarius had had with Caesar in behalf of the exile, and assures Ligarius 
that Caesar in every way indicated that he was inclined to be lenient. 
Quintus Tubero now brought a formal accusation against Ligarius. 
What the charge was is unknown, but there are some scattered refer- 
ences which suggest that the motive of the prosecution lay in the fact 
that Ligarius, acting under the orders of Varus, had not permitted the 
Tuberos to land in Africa. The case was argued in the Forum before 
Caesar. Ligarius was pardoned, and showed his appreciation by join- 
ing in the plot to murder his benefactor. 

SUMMARY 

A strange charge is brought against Ligarius, that he was in Africa. 
Pansa has admitted the truthfulness of the accusation, and now I am 
helpless, for I had expected to take advantage of Caesar's ignorance of 
that fact. Now there is nothing to do but plead for mercy. The 
defendant, then, against whom you appear, Tubero, makes confession, 
that is, he. confesses that he joined the same party to which you and 
your father belonged. 

Ligarius went as a legate with Considius to Africa at a time when 
there was not even a hint of war. When Considius returned to Rome, 
all the provincials requested him to appoint Ligarius to serve in his 
place. War suddenly broke out, and Pompey's friends in Africa urged 



39° NOTES [P. 203 

Ligarius to take command of the forces in Pompey's interest, but he 
steadily refused. Afterward Varus went to Africa and assumed control. 
The fact that Ligarius went to Africa and remained there for some time 
had nothing whatever to do with the war; his stay there after the 
arrival of Varus was due to necessity, not to choice. 

How strange the situation is ! I favored Pompey, and received a 
full and gracious pardon from Caesar. Tubero and his father deliber- 
ately espoused the cause of Pompey and fought with him ; yet they 
were freely pardoned by Caesar. And now we appear before our mag- 
nanimous conqueror, the one to defend, the other to accuse a man who 
has offended far less than either of us. Tubero's cruelty is unprece- 
dented among Romans, for he would even take the life of Ligarius, or 
at least keep him in exile. Tubero speaks very unjustly when he calls 
the course of Ligarius treason, for in so doing he condemns his own 
and his father's course in taking the province of Africa, and in remain- 
ing loyal to Pompey even after receiving affronts from him and from 
his officers. May it not be true, Tubero, that resentment for a fancied 
personal injury has influenced you to take this action against Ligarius? 

Although there are extenuating circumstances, yet the entire case 
rests with Caesar's forgiving spirit. I beg of you, Caesar, to remember 
how many friends you would please by the restoration of Ligarius. 
Take into consideration also the grief of these brothers, who are so 
closely attached to that one in exile. And do not forget the service 
which Titus Ligarius rendered you, and the fact that the restoration 
of the lost brother would bind them all closely to you. 

Let me urge you to do as in the case of Marcellus. You have now 
an opportunity to exercise those qualities in which men approach nearest 
to the divine nature. The return of Ligarius would bring joy to the 
hearts of all who are here. 

Page 203. 1. The first paragraph as far as impetravissent is ironical. 

2. propinquus. The degree of relationship is unknown. 

3. in Africa fuisse. Cicero everywhere keeps in the background 
the fact that Ligarius fought against Caesar in that province even after 
the battle of Pharsalus. Pansa. Gaius Vibius Pansa, consul in 43 B.C. 
He had urged Caesar to pardon Ligarius. 

7. ut . . . abuterer. ' To take advantage of your ignorance in 
order to secure the safety of an unfortunate man. 1 



P. 205] FOR LIGARIUS 39 1 

17. qua. Sc. in. 

19. confiteamini. See note on recognoscas, page 47, line 20. 

Page 204. 7. salutis, studi. They at first sought a leader who would 
lead them in measures for their safety, and then in their support of 
Pompey. 

9. negotio. Against Caesar. 

10. praetor. The propraetors were called praetors in their provinces. 
14. publico consilio. It was not an appointment made by the 

senate. 

22. ei pacem esse expediret. pacem esse is the subject of expe- 
diret. The official conduct of Ligarius was such that the province 
would gain more from peace than from war. 

28. quod. ' During which.' 

Page 205. 1. ipsa legatio. I.e. when Ligarius was a legate. 

7. fide. As manifested in displaying the weakness of his own case. 

12. quid, etc. 'What thought may come to you about him as you 
listen to him in regard to another. 1 

22. ut essem idem qui fuissem. ' That I should be the same that 
Lhad been ; ' i.e. suffer no loss of liberty or position for having assisted 
Pompey. 

23. imperator unus. The one par excellence. A little later Caesar 
received the title of Imperator. 

24. alterum. Cicero directed a little fighting with some mountain- 
eers when he was proconsul in Cilicia, and his troops greeted him as 
imperator. He claimed the honor of a triumph, but the exciting 
struggle which was impending at the time of his return to Italy deferred 
consideration of his demand, and it finally was refused. In a letter to 
Atticus, Cicero mentions the fact that the soldiers hailed him as im- 
perator: " Inde ad Amanum contendi, qui Syria?n a Cilicia in aquarum 
divortio dividit ; qui mons erat hostium plenus sempitemorum. Hie 
a. d. III. Idus Octobr. magnum numerum hostium occidimus ; castella 
munitissima nocturno Pomptini adventu, nostro matutino cepimus, 
incendimus . Imperatores appellati sumus." 

26. fascis laureatos. The fasces of the lictors were covered with 
bay leaves as an indication that the commander had been called im- 
perator by his troops. 

30. non audeam. Ironical, ut . . . audeam is an indirect ques- 
tion. 



392 NOTES [P. 205 

32. industriae gloriaeque. As an orator. 

Page 206. 15. nisi . . . possemus. ' Except that we might acquire 
the same power which this man has.' 

18. non nihil. 'In some degree. 1 The suggestion is that the 
younger Tubero, and certainly the elder Tubero, should have had 
penetration enough to see what the prosecution really meant. 

29. externi. The emphasis of the sentence is upon this word. The 
desire to kill from motives of hatred he says is foreign to Romans. 

Page 207. 6. dictatorem. Sulla. 

9. ab hoc eodem. Caesar, who in 64 B.C. prosecuted those who 
had received money for the murder of Roman citizens. 

13. studia. Modified by the objective genitives virtntis, humani- 
tatis, etc. familiae vestrae is a possessive genitive. 

22. Quod nos, etc. Cicero had already had a private interview with 
Caesar in behalf of Ligarius. 

28. cave ignoscas. ' Do not pardon.' 

Page 208. 5. de victis. Sc. qui te esse crudelem velint. 

12. saluti civi calamitoso esse vellemus. 'Were willing to assist 
an unfortunate citizen.' 1 hominis non esset. 'It would not be the 
part of a man.' 

22. aditus . . . postulatio. In the prosecution of the case of 
Ligarius. 

24. admiratus. There are three reasons for surprise, that Ligarius 
should be accused rather than others, that the accusation should come 
from one who fought on the same side, and that there should be any 
new charge to bring against Ligarius. 

28. qui durius. ' Those who give it a harsher name. 1 

Page 209. 2. Liceat esse miseros. 'Permit us to be called unfortu- 
nate, not criminal. 1 

4. Fuerint. Concessive. ' Granted that they . . . . , 

9. contumeliam. Caesar marched his troops into Italy and thus 
began the Civil war, because the senate refused to allow him to be a 
candidate for the consulship while outside of Rome, gave some of his 
soldiers to Pompey, and finally ordered him to disband his army. 
Obedience to these demands would have meant the enthronement of 
Pompey, and Caesar's ruin. 

12. ut tibi conveniret. 'That you might be in harmony. 1 

16. incolumi dignitate. 'With their position unchanged. 1 



P. 212] FOR LIGARIUS 393 

22. non par. The nobles supported Pompey,. while Caesar was the 
leader of the popular party. 

31. Poteramusne. Sc. non venire. 

Page 210. 4. generi, etc. I.e. the history and traditions of the 
family would lead a Tubero to espouse the cause of Pompey. 

7. sors. The manner of assigning the various provinces. 

11. militiae contubernales. In the Marsic war, under the consul 
Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo. 

15. quidam. Possibly Pompey or Cato, but there is no certainty 
about the matter. 

20. occupatam. By Varus. 

21. ira. From Cicero's speech it certainly seems that resentment 
impelled Tubero to argue against the recall of Ligarius. 

23. Africam obtinere. The object of voluisse, voluisse, and malu- 
z'sse. natam. A reference to the position and the commercial impor- 
tance of the country. 

25. maluisse. Rather than surrender it to you. 

26. fascis. The symbol of authority. 

Page 211. 2. cuius interfuit. 'Whose interest it was. 1 id. The 
surrender of Africa to Caesar. 

9. huic victoriae. At Pharsalus. 

10. rex. Juba. 

11. conventus. Probably the leagues or associations of Roman 
citizens which were formed in the provinces. Caesar in the Bellum 
Civile mentions a similar organization in Campania. 

12. quid facturi fuistis. 'What were you intending to do?' 
23. per me. 'As far as I am concerned.' 

28. constantiam. 'Loyalty.' 
Page 212. 1. Quotus quisque. 'How many?' 
3. crudelitate. Because the younger Tubero was sick at the 
time. 

5. est. The subject is redire ad eos, etc. 

8. Ut . . . fuissent. Concessive. The Aelian gens was more illus- 
trious than the gens Attia. 

10. iusto. I.e. conferred by a body properly authorized. 

12. ne iratus. Sc. videretur. 

17. commovisset. In the way of appreciation, eius. Pompey. 

20. Pacis auctor. Cf. this passage from the oration for Deiotarus : 



594 7ES [ p - 2 '2 

u cum ego, qui Paris semper auctor fui, post Pharsaliaim proelium 
suasor fuissem armorum non deponendorum, sed abiriendorum ." 

esset pereundum. On account of the attacks which his enemies 
made upon him. 

Page 213. 2. ad unam summam . . . humanitatis . . . tuae. 
* To the one main point of your kindness.' 

5 ratio honorum. While a candidate for the various offices that 
were included in the atrsus honorum* Caesar was a pleader in the 
Forum. Ouintilian declares that Caesar was the only orator who was 
worthy to be compared with Cicero ; and he adds, "eodem animo dixit 
quo bellai . 

9. Die. ' Suppose.' 

19. dedisti. By pardoning others. An . . . sit. i Should there 
not be reason for hope in the case of Ligarius. 1 

: 5 c an a as quam vultus. Real considerations, not sorrowful :": 
have weight with Ca s 

26. neque te n.nd that you did not consider how far he was 

a friend to you, but how friendly he was to him for whom he toiled.' 

Page 214. 5. Sabinos. The Ligarii were of Sabine origin. 

7. Nosti optimos homines. Possibly a reference to the refuge 
which Caesar found among these people when Sulla was seeking his life. 

10. squalorem. According to the Roman manner of expressing 
sorrow. 

18. nos. The Pompeians. 

22. L. Corfidium. This man had died, and when Cicero discovered 
his mistake he wrote to Atticus, the publisher, to have the name stricken 
from the oration, but he was too late. 

veste mutata. As an indication of mourning. 

26. Conserva igitur tnis suos. • Save then your friends" friends.' 

27. hoc. The statement that he regarded all as his friends who were 
not in arms against him. 

Page 215. 5 hoc. Explained in the following infinitive clause. 
9. iexit. Concessive. 

12. quaestor. It would seem from the statements here that Titus 
Ligarius in his quaestorship had served Caesar's interests in some 

14. te. Sc. hoc meminisse. 

16. etiam de aliis. ere These other quaestors may be those who 



P. 217] THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC 395 

did not assist Caesar, so that the loyalty of Ligarius is heightened by 
the contrast, or they may be those who did support Caesar and had 
received a reward, so that the mention of them suggests that Ligarius 
is also entitled to some consideration. 

21. cum. Conjunctive adverb. 

25. de homine. Marcus Marcellus. 

Page 216. 7. postulet. The subjunctive of indirect question is used 
with forsiian (fors sit an). With the preceding laudation of Caesar 
it may be interesting to compare the following estimate of his life and 
character, which Cicero expressed after the death of Caesar, in the 
second Philippic (45) : " Fuit in Mo ingenium, ratio, memoria, litter ae, 
cura, cogitatio, diligentia ; res bello gesserat, quamvis rei publicae 
calamitosas, at tamen ?nagnas ; multos amws regnare meditatus, magno 
labore, multis periculis quod cogitarat effecerat ; ?nuneribus, monu- 
7nentis, congiariis, epidis midtitudinem iinperitam delenierat ; suos 
praemiis, adversarios clement iae specie devinxerat. Quid mult a f 
Attulerat iam liberae civitati partim metu, partim patie7itia consue- 
tudijiem serviendi.' 1 '' 



THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC 

The death of Caesar (March 15, 44 B.C.) offered the senatorial 
party an opportunity to make an effort to restore the old order of 
things. The most formidable obstacle in the way of the oligarchy was 
Marcus Antonius, Caesar's colleague in the consulship of 44 B.C. His 
position as consul, and the fact that he became the executor of Caesar's 
will and the custodian of his papers and property, gave him an advantage 
which he was not slow to use, for, whatever may be said of his character, 
his ability is unquestioned. He had an extended military experience, 
and had served with Caesar in the Gallic war, and still more in the 
Civil war. During a part of the time after the battle of Pharsalus, 
while Caesar was absent from Italy, Antonius had control of all matters, 
with the title of Magister Equitum. 

The reaction after the death of Caesar was not the one which the 
assassins hoped for. Their expectation seems to have been that the 
people would hail them as the liberators of their country from the rule 
of a tyrant, but they did not understand the situation. When Caesar's 
will was read and it became known that he had bequeathed his gardens 



396 NOTES [P. 217 

to the people, and three hundred sesterces to each individual, public 
feeling was aroused to such a point that Caesar's body was burned in 
honor in the Forum, and the Liberatores, as they styled themselves, 
had to stay in hiding to save their lives. 

The situation became more complicated at the appearance of the 
young Gaius Octavius, grandson of Caesar's younger sister, and heir to 
his name. Octavius was in Illyricum at the time of Caesars death. 
He hastened to Rome, assumed the name Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavi- 
anus, and demanded of Antonius that he surrender Caesars property 
according to the terms of the will. Antonius refused, claiming that all 
the funds had been expended. Octavianus then sold his possessions 
to pay the legacies which Caesar had left to the Roman citizens, an 
act which greatly increased his growing popularity. 

Cicero rejoiced in the death of Caesar, and used all his efforts to 
secure a return to the former government, but, becoming discouraged, 
he started for Greece. On the way he heard reports that renewed his 
courage, and he returned to Rome, where he was immediately attacked 
by Antonius, who charged him with the death of the Catilinarian con- 
spirators, of Clodius, and of Caesar. On the following day (Septem- 
ber 2) Cicero made a reply to Antonius in the first of fourteen speeches, 
which have been called Philippics from their similarity to the invectives 
of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. 

Decimus Brutus received the governorship of Gallia Cisalpina, in 
accordance with arrangements made by Caesar before his death. An- 
tonius took Macedonia and asked the senate to grant him Gallia Cis- 
alpina also. The senate refused the request, but the people passed a 
resolution to that effect, and Antonius attacked Brutus in Mutina. The 
siege continued from December of 44 B.C. to April of the next year. 

The consuls of the year 43 B.C. were Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Vibius 
Pansa, who upheld the authority of the senate. Octavianus received 
a warm welcome from the veterans who wished revenge for the murder 
of their loved commander, and he could depend on several legions ; but 
he still appeared friendly toward the senate. Soon after the opening 
of the year, commissioners were sent to Antonius, commanding him to 
retire from Mutina and from Gallia Cisalpina altogether. Meanwhile 
Cicero became the leader of the senatorial forces, and employed all his 
powers in an effort to unite all elements against Antonius. The two 
consuls and Octavianus finally advanced to the relief of Brutus in 



P. 217] THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC 397 

Mutina. At Bononia on the fifteenth of April a part of Antonius' 
troops prepared an ambush for Pansa's soldiers, and a bloody battle 
followed, in which Antonius suffered defeat, but Pansa received a 
wound from which he afterward died. When the news of the victory 
reached Rome, Publius Servilius proposed in the senate that the 
citizens should lay aside the garb of war, and that there should be a 
general thanksgiving. The fourteenth Philippic, the last of Cicero's 
orations, was spoken in opposition to this motion. The probable date 
of its delivery is April 21, 43 B.C. 

On the twenty-seventh of April a battle was fought near Mutina, 
and Hirtius was slain. Not long after, Octavianus and Antonius made 
common cause, and with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus they formed the 
second triumvirate. When the triumvirs met to partition the power 
and the territory, and to prepare a proscription list, it was hardly 
possible that Cicero could escape, for Antonius' wife was Fulvia, the 
former wife of Clodius, Antonius himself could never have forgiven 
the stinging sarcasm of the Philippics, and Octavianus, who seems only 
to have waited for a suitable opportunity to avenge his uncle's murder, 
would not be expected to spare the man who had exulted so much in 
the death of Caesar. 

SUMMARY 

It would be a meaningless ceremony to return to the toga before the 
safety of Brutus is assured, for his rescue was the object of the expedi- 
tion. s 

Antony and his associates are public foes and should be so called. 
No enemy could have been more cruel than they in their barbarities at 
Parma and in the plans which they had made for the pillage of this 
city and for the massacre of their opponents. Therefore our com- 
manders are entitled to the appellation of imperator, which is often be- 
stowed on occasions of far less importance than this. 

The report that I purposed to assume control of the state is shown 
to be false by the circumstances. That story originated among my 
enemies and the enemies of the state. The authority that I possess is 
simply the influence that grows out of my life and my services to my 
country. The pathway to that kind of power lies open to all. 

The very act of voting a suppiicatio carries with it the implication 
that Antony is an enemy of the state, for a suppiicatio has never been 



398 NOTES [P. 217 

granted for a victory in a civil contest. We should make our meaning 
unmistakable by a plain declaration that Antony and his men are public 
enemies, and we ought also to allow our generals the honor of being 
called imperatores. 

In view of all the facts which have been brought before us, I propose 
the following resolution : that the preservation of the state is due to 
the bravery and skill of Gaius Pansa, consul and imperator, to Aulus 
Hirtius, consul and imperator, and to Gaius Caesar, propraetor and im- 
perator ; that a supplicatio of fifty days be declared ; that we renew our 
promise of rewards to the soldiers ; that a monument be erected at 
public expense to the memory of the brave ones who fell in battle ; and 
that the rewards promised to the soldiers who lost their lives shall be 
paid to the members of their families who survive them. 

Page 217. 1. litteris. Announcing the victory over Antonius. 

3. id quod. Refers to the infinitive clause egressum esse. 

5. D. Brutum egressum esse. Before his death Caesar appointed 
Decimus Brutus governor of Cisalpine Gaul. In the summer of that 
year Antonius obtained a decree of the people which assigned that 
province to him. The senate supported Brutus. Antonius had be- 
sieged Brutus in Mutina since December of 44 B.C., and the victory 
which had just been reported was gained by the consuls who had 
marched to the relief of Brutus. The battle, however, was not fought 
at Mutina and did not involve all the forces. Cicero's point is, there- 
fore, well made, that the real issue had not yet been decided. The 
contest at Mutina did not occur until after the delivery of this 
oration. 

6. ad saga. In time of war it was customary for the Romans who 
did not go to the field to wear the military cloak instead of the toga. 

7. pristinum vestitum. The toga. 

8. ea res. The relief of Brutus. 

10. pugnae. The victory at Bononia. 

13. sententia. The proposition of Publius Servilius Vatia. 

16. id. Explained in the following ut clause. 

17. hoc. Explained in the infinitive clause, discedere, etc. The 
thought is that so short a period of thanksgiving for so trifling a cause 
would not be pleasing to the gods. 

19. Atque, etc. Cicero's meaning is that some of those who favor 
the motion of Servilius do so from unwillingness to honor Brutus. 



P. 219] THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC 399 

23. redierimus. Sc ad pristinum vestitum. 

Page 218. 2. hanc. Sc. causa;//. The clause is equivalent to a 
protasis. 

3. conservate auctoritatem. Against the usurpation of Antonius. 

4. in sententia. To support Brutus. 

7. legati missi. On the fourth of January the senate voted to send 
commissioners to Antonius with instructions to command him to retire 
from Mutina and from Cisalpine Gaul, and submit to the senate. One 
of the commissioners was the distinguished jurist, Servius Sulpicius 
Galba, who died while on the way to perform his mission. 

8. hosti ac parricidae. Antonius. 

10. sortitu. It was decided by lot which of the consuls should go 
to Mutina first. 

13. pestibus rem publicam liberasset. In the last part of the 
preceding year Octavianus drew away to his own standard many of 
Antonius 1 soldiers, and in general assumed a hostile attitude toward him. 

15. vicitque dolorem. Because Brutus was one of the murderers 
of his uncle. 

23. necessitati victus. How a scarcity of provisions was con- 
nected with Pansa's expedition is not clear. Quod. The safety of 
Brutus. 

27. praeripuisse. In case the report proved true, contempsisse. 
In case the report was false. 

29. significatio. Applause and other indications of approval. 

31. propraetore. Octavianus. 

Page 219. 2. duobus. Sc. proeliis. The three contests referred 
to here were parts of the same battle. While Pansa was marching 
toward Mutina, he was defeated and mortally wounded by forces that 
Antonius had sent to intercept him. Hirtius, who was at Mutina, hear- 
ing of the battle, hurried to the place and routed the victorious soldiers 
of Antonius. Octavianus sent some of his troops to assist Pansa, but 
he remained himself in the camp at Mutina. 

3. Si hostium. etc. Cicero is endeavoring to show that Antonius 
and his army are hostes. 

8. Supplicationem, etc. The point of this sentence is the incon- 
sistency of voting a supplicatio and yet refraining from calling Antonius 
a host is. 

11. inquit. The subject is Publius Servilius Vatia, the maker of the 



400 NOTES [P. 219 

motion. He is represented as saying that his motion concerned a 
triumph over criminal and desperate citizens. Cicero's sarcastic rejoin- 
der is that such terms are used for those who commit comparatively 
mild offenses. 

12. clarissimus vir. Servilius. 

18. quattuor consulibus. Hirtius and Pansa and .the consuls elect, 
Decimus Brutus and Lucius Plancus. unus. Antonius. 

20. ruit ipse suis cladibus. i He himself is going to destruction by 
the disasters that he threatens.' 

22. Dolabellae. Publius Cornelius Dolabella. The deed here re- 
ferred to is probably the killing of Gaius Trebonius, one of the murder- 
ers of Caesar. He was proconsul in Asia, and Dolabella, to whom 
Syria was assigned, attacked Smyrna and put Trebonius to death. 

25. hoc templo. The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, where the 
senate was assembled. 

26. Parmensium calamitate. Nothing further is known of this 
attack. 

30. L. Antonius. Brother of Marcus Antonius. 

Page 220. 7. crudelitatem Karthaginiensium. The cruelty and 
treachery of the Carthaginians are often mentioned by the Romans. 

10. surrepta. ' Taken by treachery. 1 

12. Si vero, etc. 'If he is an enemy of the colonies and of the 
municipal towns, and he certainly is, what do you think that he is of 
this city which . . . ? ' 

16. Saxa. Decidius Saxa. A surveyor in early life, he had served 
with Caesar and was now with Antonius. The reference is to a law 
which provided for the colonization of Antony's veterans. 

18. rumoribus. Probably about a reported victory of Antonius. 

22. a quibus. ' From whom.' 

Page 221. 1. ut non. ' Without that.' 

8. increbuit. I.e. it had become more common to confer the title 
of imperator than in former years. 

10. isti hostes. The friends of Antony in Rome. 

1 1 . hostes domestici. Friends of Antonius in the city. 

15. ovantem. An ovatio was a lesser triumph, celebrated with less 
pomp and ceremony than a triumph, and granted to persons whose 
services to the state would not legally entitle them to the honor of a 
triumph. Probably Cicero uses the verb ovare in a general sense, and 



P. 223] THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC 4OI 

refers to some expressions of joy which followed the arrival of the 
message that Antonius had been defeated. 

19. meritis. A participle; sc. eis. 

24. Tu, etc. The verb may be understood from the adjective glo- 
riosum. dixerit quispiam. ' Some one may say. 1 

29. impietatis. 'Treason. 1 

30. Parilibus. The Parilia, or Palilia, was a festival in honor of 
Pales, an Italian goddess of shepherds and pastoral life. It occurred 
annually on the 21st of April, and was regarded as the anniversary of 
the founding of Rome. If the text here were assured, the date of 
the delivery of the oration could be established beyond question. 

31. descensurum. Into the Forum from his residence on the 
Palatine. 

32. hoc esse conlatum. 'This plan was attributed.' 1 

Page 222. 2. effecerit. By the course which he followed in his 
consulship, ut . . . exsisterem. An exclamatory question. 

4. Quibus, etc. These questions are rhetorical, and by them Cicero 
means to express the idea that the report about his attempting to claim 
the dictatorship was preposterous. 

5. augur. In apposition with the subject of acciperem. Cicero was 
made a member of the college of augurs in 53 B.C. 

6. fuisse. Exclamatory infinitive. 

10. fama. That Antonius was victorious. 

11. illam curiam. Either the Curia Pompeiana, where Caesar was 
slain, or the Curia Hostilia, which was burned in the riots attending the 
death of Clodius. 

12. infelicem. I.e. what was done there by the popidares did more 
harm to their own plans for violence than to the state. 

15. ad me. As the leader of the opfanates. 
18. delaturi. In order to secure his downfall. 
21. Quae. The object of the verb ; res, 'the facts,' is the subject. 
23. fons. It is not known who is meant. 

Page 223. 1. nuntii et litterae. That Antonius was defeated. 
3. auxerit. ' Increased my influence. 1 

5. male enim, etc. 'It would go hard with me, if I should not 
appear to you innocent of this charge without making any defense. 1 
8. fecissem. A case of modal attraction. 
10. Crassus. Lucius Crassus, the distinguished orator. 
h. & g. cic. — 26 



402 NOTES [P. 223 

12. Utinam, etc. A wish that his political rivals were as generous 
and unselfish as those of former years, principes. Not the state 
officials, but the foremost citizens, the leading men of influence. 

15. quo. Interrogative. 

16. male sentire. I.e. holding wrong political views. 

19. turn spe turn timore. The justice of this arraignment is 
shown by the manner in which the senate a little later first threatened, 
then fawned upon, Octavianus. Quod si, etc. The thought is that in 
a contest for leadership it is foolish to attempt to defeat a rival merely 
by taking a course opposed to his ; a better way would be to outdo him 
in patriotism. 

23. Tu. See note on page 68, line 16. 

25. nollem. 'I should be sorry.' 

27. Sed si principatus ageretur. 'But if it were a question of 
leadership.' 

28. optatius. Than that his rivals should depend upon evil influ- 
ences, for such a course would mean the defeat of the rivals and the 
triumph of Cicero. 

31. haec. That Cicero was influential and that he used his power in 
advancing the best interests of all the people. 

Page 224. 8. existimant. 'Form their opinions.' 

9. XIII Kalendas Ianuarias. December 20, when Cicero spoke 
the third and the fourth Philippics, urging that Antonius should be 
declared an enemy of the state. 

15. legatos. Sc. missos esse. The fifth Philippic was spoken on 
that day, in which Cicero opposed the sending of legates to treat with 
Antonius. On the third of January the senate met again and voted to 
send commissioners to Antonius to direct him to abandon the siege of 
Mutina. 

16. ilium. Sc. esse. 

19. discessionem facere. ' To make a division,' i.e. for the purpose 
of ascertaining who are the supporters and the opponents of a meas- 
ure ; the expression therefore means to allow a matter to be brought 
to a vote. 

27. sustulerunt. Sc consides, the subject. They directed what 
matters should and what should not be brought before the senate for 
consideration. 

31. imprudens. 'Unwittingly.' 



P. 226] THE FOURTEENTH PHILIPPIC 403 

Page 225. 2. Civile bellum. The war with Marius. Cicero cites 
these instances to show that a supplicatio had never been granted 
except for a victory over hostes. 

4. bellum Octavianum. See note on line 29, page 84.' 

8. conlega. Servilius and Julius Caesar were the consuls of 48 B.C. 

10. misit. Sc. litteras. de Alexandria. After the battle of Phar- 
salus Caesar pursued Pompey to Egypt, and there became involved in a 
war with the Egyptians through an attempt to place Cleopatra on the 
throne, de Pharnace. King of Pontus and a son of Mithridates. He 
was defeated at Zela by Caesar in 47 B.C. 

Page 226. 4. ob conservationem. Cf. page 79, line 27^". 

8. A. Gabinium. He desired a supplicatio for some unimportant 
military operations in Syria, where he was governor. Cicero says {De 
Provinciis Considaribus, VI) that the senate refused his request be- 
cause it was thought that no endorsement should be given to a man 
smirched with crimes and shameful deeds, and also because the senators 
did not believe that the real interests of the government could have 
been advanced by a traitor, whom the senate had found out to be an 
open enemy of the state, and lastly because not even the gods wished 
their temples to be opened and thanksgiving made in the name of a 
vile criminal. It must be remembered, however, that Cicero is talking 
about a political opponent. 

9. supplicatione decernenda. 'In voting a supplicatio.' 1 

10. iudicetis. See note on recognoscatis, line 20, page 47. 

11. ille. Sc.facit. ego. Sc.facio. 

14. Quo modo potius. ; How else. 1 

15. honoris amplissimi. The consulship. 
17. alterum. Sc. nomen, i.e. imperator. 

21. a membris et visceribus. The suggestion is that Antonius 
would have tortured his enemies. 

25. legione Martia. This legion distinguished itself for bravery in 
the engagement, and lost a large number of men. In a letter written to 
Cicero from the camp at Mutina, Galba says : " Sed noctu, quo tut ins 
venire in castra possemus, legionem Martiam, cut ego praeesse solebam, 
et duas cohortis praetor ias miser at Hirtucs nobis. Cum equites An- 
toni adparuissent, contineri neque legio Martia neque cohortes prae- 
toriae potuerunt ; quas sequi coepimus coacti, quoniam retinere eas non 
potueramus." « 



404 NOTES [P. 227 

Page 227. 1 . morte aut victoria . . . alterum, alterius. The 

order is chiastic. 

6. quartam. This legion and the legio Martia had deserted Anto- 
nius the autumn before. 

8. Caesaris beneficia. The gifts of Octavianus. In chapters VIII 
and IX of the second Catilinarian oration, as well as here. Cicero 
makes thrift an attribute of a good citizen, and the lack of it a tempta- 
tion to anarchy. 

11. qua. Ablative of comparison. 

12. tribus. Probably a mistake ; Galba mentions only two. 
23. aetas. He was only twenty years of age. 

27. spem eius nominis. The hope that his successes would be 
enough to warrant his troops in giving him the title of imperator. 
Page 228. 5. sententia. On page 231. 

1 1 . militum. As distinguished from the commanders, coniungi. 
With the honors bestowed upon the generals. 

12. civibus omnibus. His wish is that it were practicable to 
reward all at once ; since this cannot be done, the living may wait, 
but the dead and their friends should be honored now. 

14. id. To receive more than had been promised. 

17. consili sui. To fight against Antonius. numquam paenitere. 
Because of their country's generosity in rewarding them. 

18. bene agere cum. 'To do well by.' 
21 . prosequi. Explanatory of Mud above. 

32. Albam. Alba Fucensis, a town of the Marsi. 

Page 229. 6. hanc urbem. Mars was the reputed father of Romu- 
lus, the founder of Rome. 

8. Etenim, etc. The bravest die in battle, claimed by the god of 
war. 

10. ad inferos. Cf. page 92, line dff. 

14. Quae si, etc Cf. page 143, line 27^". 
17. Actum praeclare. Cf. page 228, line 18. 

Page 230. 4. quod. The quod clauses express the comfort which, 
Cicero says, each class of relatives will find in their affliction. 

15. inhumatos. A source of especial grief to the Romans. 

Page 231. 25. alter ambove. The consuls had similar powers, 
and each alone or both together could act in any matter that came 
within their jurisdiction. 



P. 232] LETTERS 405 

26. praetor urbanus. In one of his letters Cicero informs us that 
the praetor urbanus performed the duties of the consuls in their absence. 

Page 232. 9. locandum faciundumque curent. < That they shall 
attend to letting the contract and to having made . . . ' 

15. eorum. Modifies fiarentibus, etc. 

THE LETTERS 

Nearly nine hundred of Cicero's letters have been preserved, of which 
about one hundred are addressed to him, the rest having been written 
by him to his family, to various friends and acquaintances, and most of 
all to his intimate friend, Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters are a 
valuable source of information for that period, because they include 
a wide range of social and political topics, and because in them Cicero 
writes with a freedom and frankness not found in the orations. They 
are also interesting as showing the difference between the formal lan- 
guage used for literary purposes and the informal speech of a man of 
culture. 

The Romans sometimes wrote their letters upon thin tablets {tabellae) 
of wood or ivory, the characters being traced on a waxed surface by 
means of a pointed instrument {stilus) . The edges of the tablets were 
raised to protect the writing from defacement. These tablets were 
sealed by being wound with a thread {linum), the knot of which was 
covered with wax and impressed with the seal {signum) of the writer. 
But oftener letters were written upon sheets of papyrus with ink {atra- 
mentum) and a reed pen {calamus'). The papyrus was rolled, and 
then sealed in the same manner as the tablets. Letters were sent to 
their destination by special messengers, or by any traveler who would 
undertake the task. 

On the outside of the letter was written the name of the person ad- 
dressed in the dative. On the inside appeared first the name of the writer 
in the nominative, followed by the name of the person addressed in the 
dative ; after these the words salutem dicit were understood or were 
written in an abbreviated form, e.g. Cicero Attico Sal., 'Cicero sends 
greeting to Atticus, 1 or Tullius Tironi Suo S. {salutem) P. {plurimam) 
D. {dicit), 'Tullius sends a most cordial greeting to his Tiro. 1 In 
more formal letters the full names of both persons would appear with 
whatever official titles they possessed. After the greeting followed the 



406 NOTES [P. 233 

body of the letter, to which were usually appended the place and the 
date of writing. 

I 

To Atticus in Rome, from near Vibo, 58 b.c. 

Page 233. 2. vivere coegisti. Cicero often writes of suicide. The 
selfishness of these words hardly does him justice, for in other letters 
he writes of having lived for the sake of his family. This is the first 
letter written after his banishment. 

II 

To Atticus in Rome, from Thurii, 58 b.c. 

8. Terentia. The wife of Cicero, saepe et maximas. 'Often 
and heartily. 1 

13. ipsum. 'For myself,' i.e. not because of my position. 

14. ut. A repetition of the connective in the preceding line. 

15. inimici, etc. I.e. they have taken away everything from me, 
but they cannot destroy my loyalty. Cura ut valeas. ' Take good 
care of your health. 1 

16. Data. In agreement with epistula understood. 

Ill 
To Cicero's Family in Rome, from Brundisium, 58 b.c. 

Page 234. Ad Fam. XIV. 4. This means the fourth letter in the 
collection known as the letters ad familiar es, a term which has little, 
if any, classical authority. The letters ad familiar es include all except 
those written to Atticus, Ouintus, and Marcus Brutus. 

1. litteras. Probably plural here. 

12. rettulerunt, etc. How extravagant this expression of despair 
is may be inferred from the statements in the next paragraph. 

13. M. Laenium Flaccum. In at least two other passages Cicero 
speaks of this man in the same strain. There is little else known of him. 

15. prae mea salute. Because the usual formula of banishment 
forbade harboring an exile, legis. The second of the two edicts, the 
one in which Cicero was mentioned by name. 

18. habebimus. Sc. gratiam. 



P. 236] LETTERS 407 

19. profecti sumus. An epistolary tense, i.e. a tense selected with 
reference to the time when the letter will be read. The perfect, then, 
is equivalent to a present. ' I am on the point of setting out. 1 

20. petebamus. Also an epistolary tense. It represents an act in 
progress in the past from Terentia's point of view when she received 
the letter. 

23. sic agam. 'I think that this is the best course. 1 

25. transactum est. i It is all over. 1 The more common expres- 
sion is actum est. 

26. fac venias. ' Be sure to come.' a colloquialism. 

Page 235. 1. Sed, etc. ' But what will become of my little Tullia? ' 
For the diminutive, see note on line r, page 49. 

3. quoquo . . . habebit. ' However matters go. 1 

4. matrimonio et faraae. Tullia's matrimonial welfare and good 
name seem to be connected by the fact that her dowry had not been 
paid, serviendum est. i We must give attention to. 1 

5. Cicero meus. Marcus, the young son of the orator. 

7. aliquid. In the way of property. 

8. Pisonem. Tullia's husband. Cicero's hope in regard to him 
was well founded ; he made every effort to secure the recall of Cicero, 
but died before his return. 

9. De familia, etc. ' About the freeing of the slaves there is noth- 
ing to alarm you. 1 Cicero explains to Terentia that he made no arrange- 
ments about her slaves ; but he had told his own slaves {ceterorum 
servorut/i) that they should be free in case his property should be con- 
fiscated, and if there should be no legal obstacle. 

16. oppido. An adverb. 

22. Quod reliquum est. Cf. line 29, page 72. 

29. Clodium Philhetaerum, Sallustius, Pescennius. Freedmen. 

IV 
To Quintus Cicero in Rome, from Thessalonica, 58 b.c. 

Page 236. 7. Mi f rater, etc The occasion of this outburst was a 
letter from Quintus in which he complained of his brother's neglect in 
sending the slaves back without any answer to his letter. 

10. irascerer, possem. Deliberative questions referring to the past. 
Scilicet. The sentence is ironical. 



408 NOTES [P. 236 

13. fortunas. Sc. eripuit. 

17. Ego te videre noluerim. 'What! I unwilling to see you ! ' 

24. dignitatis. Cicero's meaning is that he wishes that he had put 
an end to his life before his fame was buried in humiliation. 

Page 237. 4. aliis indigeres. Because he was making enemies by 
his efforts in behalf of his brother. 

13. Ego. Sc. desidero. 

20. sapientiorem. About his father's troubles. 

25. ut esset quae. 'That there might be one to.' 
Page 238. 7. potuisse. The relative clause ends here. 

12. dimicatio. Quintus was threatened with prosecution for mal- 
administration in his province, Asia. 

14. aliquid. Object of the infinitive, misericordiam. Subject of 
the infinitive, nostri. Objective genitive with misericordiam. prae- 
sidi. Genitive of the whole with aliquid. 

17. sed . . . dispicio. 'But I don't see what there is to hope for. 1 
Page 239. 2. genere ipso pecuniae. 'In the very character of my 

wealth, 1 i.e. not secured by dishonorable means. 

7. permutatione. A bill of exchange, by which Quintus was to 
send some money to Marcus. 

9. cum, etc. ' Since I squandered to no purpose the money which 
I took from the treasury on your account, while you are draining your 
own and your son's life blood to satisfy those whom you owe. 1 

12. M. Antonio. Quintus seems to have been indebted to these 
men. 

16. molestiae. The threatened prosecution. 

18. Hortensio. Quintus Hortensius. 

23. Pomponium. Atticus, who was on good terms with Hor- 
tensius. 

24. versus. Some witticism, which had been attributed to Quintus. 
The Aurelian law was the one passed in 70 B.C., which provided that 
the juries should consist of members of the senate, eguites, and tribuni 
aerarii. 

Page 240. 2. peccati infamia. ' The disgrace of wrong-doing.' 

3. optime factis. Equivalent to a substantive. 

4. quid tibi commendem. ' What reason is there why I should 
need to ask you to look after. 1 

10. tueare. To be connected with velim, as if there were an ut. 



P. 244] LETTERS 409 

V 
To Cicero's Family in Rome, from Thessalonica, 58 b.c. 

21. merito eius. l As he deserves.' 

22. tr. pi. Tribunis piebis. Those most friendly to Cicero were 
Publius Sestius and Titus Annius Milo. 

Page 241. 3. a Vestae. Sc. atrio. Tyrrell thinks that Terentia 
had taken refuge in the temple of Vesta with her half-sister Fabia, who 
was a Vestal, and that Clodius compelled her to go to the bank of 
Valerius to make some statement about her husband's property which 
was to be confiscated. 

5. vexari, iacere, fieri. Exclamatory infinitives. 

7. ceteros servavi. By the death of the Catilinarian conspirators. 

8. de domo. After the banishment of Cicero his house on the 
Palatine was destroyed and the site, or a part of it, consecrated to the 
goddess Liberty. 

10. illud. Explained in the infinitive venire below, 
n. quae . . . partem. 'Into a part of the expense which must be 
incurred.' 

12. negotium. The recall of Cicero from exile. 

15. quod . . . attinet. 'As far as expense is concerned.' Cicero's 
wish is that she should spare her own funds and let wealthy friends 
bear the burden. 

IV 

To Cicero's Family in Rome, from Dyrrhacium, 58 b.c. 

Page 242. 12. qui petebant. Possibly a reference to the proposals 
which Caesar made him in regard to going with him to Gaul as a legatus. 
Page 243. 2. Piso. Lucius Piso, the consul. 

9. ut nihil supra possit. ' That there can be nothing better.' 
15. vicum. It is not known what this property was. 

20. tantum scribo. 'I shall write only this.' 

VII 
To Cicero's Family in Rome, from Dyrrhacium, 58 b.c. 

Page 244. 7. legatione. The one which Caesar offered him. 

13. squalor. As an indication of sorrow the word comes to mean 
the sorrow itself. 



4IO NOTES [P. 244 

19. tuto. An adverb where an adjective would be expected. 

25. faxint. A perfect subjunctive. 

Page 245. 2. actum est. See note on line 25, page 234. 

VIII 

To Terentia in Rome, from Athens, 50 b.c. 

Cicero is now returning from Cilicia, where he had been as governor 
of the province. 

26. uno et vicesimo die. An indication of the length of time 
required to send a letter from Rome to Athens. 

Page 246. 2. superiores. Sc. litterae. 

6. sive nos ipsos. A correction, for his son was with him. 

8. quam rem publicam. The civil struggle was beginning to 
seem a possibility. 

13. Tu, etc. ' So far as it can be done with regard for your health. 
I should like you to come as far as you can to meet us. 1 

16. hereditate Preciana. 'The legacy from Precius. 1 quae. It is 
really the death of Precius that Cicero has in mind. 

IX 
To Tiro, from Marcus and Quintus Cicero and their Sons, 

50 B.C. 

Q. F. Qiimti Filius. On the return from Cilicia Tiro, Cicero's 
faithful secretary, fell sick, and was left behind at Patrae until he 
should recover strength sufficiently to travel. 

Page 247. 7. ius. Not the word for justice. 

9. Lysonem. Cicero's host while he was at Patrae. Curium. 
Manius Curius, a money lender at Patrae. 

11. ad se. i To his house.' 

13. omnes Graeci. Sc. sunt tieglegentes . 

16. sumptu. Dative. 

18. daret. A command in indirect discourse. 

Page 248. 4. tua et mea. See note on line II, page 92. 

7. Quantam, etc. ' I shall think that you esteem me in proportion 
as you bestow care upon your health.' 



P. 251] LETTERS 411 

X 

To Tiro in Patrae, from Marcus and Quintus and their Sons 
in Actium, 50 B.C. 

13. quia, etc. ' Because I found some one to send a letter by, than 
because I had anything to write. 1 

22. nihil, etc. 'There is no reason why you should hasten, nor is 
there anything to look out for except to get well. 1 

XI 
To Tiro at Patrae, from Cicero and his Son at Brundisium, 

50 B.C. 

Page 249. 5. ad. The object is the entire expression following. 
15. plurimi. The genitive of value. 
20. prope diem. 'Soon. 1 

25. Symphoniam. A musicale, in attending which Tiro had ex- 
posed himself to a fourth attack of the fever, each of the attacks having 
appeared after an interval of seven days. The seventh day was regarded 
as a critical time in fevers. 

26. pudori. Tiro's sense of propriety led him to endanger his health 
in attending his hosfs entertainment. 

Page 250. 2. ut medico honos haberetur. 'That a present 
should be given the doctor. 1 

3. me, cui iussisset, curaturum. ' That I would pay whomsoever 
he bids me, 1 i.e. instead of sending the money to Curius, Cicero would 
pay it to some one nearer, to whom Curius might be indebted. 

4. ex K. Ian. The new consuls Lucius Lentulus Cms and Gaius 
Claudius Marcellus would assume office then, and they were opposed 
to Caesar. 

XII 

To Tiro at Patrae, from Cicero and his Family and from 
Quintus with his Son, 49 b.c. 

26. Obviam mini sic est proditum. ' I was met in such a way. 1 

Page 251. 6. litteras. The letter that was given to the consuls on 

the first of January, 49 B.C. In it Caesar defended himself against 



412 NOTES [P251 

charges that had been made by his enemies, asked that the privilege 
of being a candidate for the consulship without being in the city be not 
taken from him, and promised to disband his army if Pompey would 
do the same. 

8. Antonius. He and Cassius vetoed the measures which the 
senate passed requiring Caesar to disband his army before a certain 
date or be adjudged guilty of treason. The tribunes were threatened 
with prosecution for an illegal use of the veto power, and they fled to 
Caesar. 

12. coss. Consulibus. 

19. triumphum. Cicero was outside the city, claiming the honor of 
a triumph for a victory over some mountaineers in Cilicia. His request 
was ignored for a long time and finally the matter was dropped. 

23. discriptae. In Pompey's interest. 

XIII 

To Terentia and Tullia in Rome, from Cicero and the 
Young Marcus in Formiae, 49 b.c. 

Page 252. 5. Dolabella. Tullia's third husband. 

10. regio. Campania. The meaning of the sentence is that the 
district in which he was consisted of towns that were under his juris- 
diction and also contained some of his own villas. 

XIV 
To Tiro at Patrae, from Cicero at Capua, 49 b.c. 

Page 253. 16. illo. Caesar. 

18. ulteriorem GaUiam. Gallia Transalpina. 

19. Domitio. Domitius Ahenobarbus. citeriorem. Gallia Cisal- 
pina, i.e. Northern Italy. 

Page 254. 11. Afranio et Petreio. They had been sent to Spain 
to govern the provinces while Pompey remained at Rome. 
17. a Forniiis. I.e. 'from Formiae southward." 



VOCABULARY 



Verbs compounded with prepositions are to be found under the simple verb 
except in the few cases where this text does not contain the simple verb, and only 
one compound occurs in it. 

The principal parts of a verbs are not given ; the conjugation is indicated by a 
figure, e.g., landare (i). In other verbs the form of the infinitive sufficiently indi- 
cates the conjugation. 

An asterisk shows that the word marked with it is not in use. 

Roots are printed in small capitals. 

Bracketed words are not defined if they have an independent place in the 
vocabulary. 



A., abbr. of Aulua. 

a, ab, abs, prep, with abl., from, 
azvay from. In expressions of 
place, on, in, at; a tergo, in the 
rear, behind. In expressions of 
time, from, since, after ; ab in- 
censo Capitolio, since the burn- 
ing of the Capitol. With passive 
verbs, by; a quo praemissus. 
sent forward by him. 

ab, see a. 

abdico, see dico. 

abditus, -a, -urn, hidden, concealed ; 
remote, secluded, (p. p. of abdo) 

abdo, see do. 

abeo, see eo. 

aberro, see erro. 

abhinc, adv., ago, since, abhinc vi- 
ginti annos, twenty years ago. 

abhorreo, see horreo. 

abicid, see iacio. 

413 



abiectus, -a, -urn, overcome, over- 
whelmed ; broken down, abject, 
downcast; worthless, vile, low. 
(p. p. of abicio) 

abiungo, see iungo. 

abnuo, -ere, abnui, abnuiturus, 
refuse by a nod, reject, decline. 
(ab + nuo, nod) 

abripio, see rapio. 

abrogo, see rogo. 

abrumpo, see rumpo. 

abs, see a. 

absconditus, p. p. of abscondo. 

abscondo, see do. 

absens, -entis, away, absent, in the 
absence of (pres. p. of absum) 

absolfitio, -onis, f., acquittal, (cf. 
absolvo) 

absolvo, see solvo. 

absterged, -ere, abstersi, abs- 
tersus, wipe off, wipe away. 
(abs + tergeo, wipe) 

abstraho, see traho. 



ABSUM 



414 



ACTUS 



absum, see sum. 

abundantia, -ae, f., affluence, abun- 
dance, (cf. abundo) 

abundo (1), overflow, abound in. 
(cf. unda, wave) 

abutor, see iitor. 

ac, see atque. 

Acastus, -1, m., Acastus, a slave of 
Cicero. 

accedo, see cedo. 

accelero ( 1 ) , hasten, quicken, speed ; 
intransitive, hurry, make haste. 
(ad + celero, hurry) 

accendo, -ere, accendi, accen- 
sus, set on fire, kindle, arouse, 
awaken, encourage, exasperate, (ad 
+ *cando, kindle) 

accido, see cado. 

accido, see caedo. 

accipiS, see capio. 

Accius, -1, m., Accius, a Roman 
poet, born 170 B.C. Only frag- 
ments of his writings are extant. 

accommodo, see commodo. 

accubo, -are, — , — , lie at, lie 
beside ; recline, (ad + cub 6, lie) 

accurate, adv., with care, carefully ; 
exactly, precisely, (accuratus) 

accusatio, -onis, f., complaint, in- 
dictment, accusation, (accuso) 

accusator, -oris, m., prosecutor, 
plaintiff, accuser, (accuso) 

accuso (1), blame, censure, re- 
proach, find fault with ; prosecute, 
arraign, indict, accuse, bring to 
trial, (ad + causa) 

acer, acris, acre, sharp, piercing; 
keen, active, energetic, spirited, 
brave, zealous; violent, harsh, se- 
vere, bitter, fierce. (AC, sharp) 



acerbe, adv., bitterly, harshly, cruelly. 
(acerbus) 

acerbitas, -tatis, f., bitterness, 
harshness, severity ; grief, sorrow, 
anguish, affliction, (acerbus) 

acerbus, -a, -um, sharp, bitter, harsh; 
violent, severe, cruel ; grievous, dis- 
tressing, burdensome, (ac, sharp) 

acervus, -I, m., a heap, pile, mass, 
111 altitude, great quantity. 

Achaia, -ae, f., Achaia, a district in 
the Peloponnesus. Later, the name 
of the Roman province of South- 
ern Greece. 

Achilles, -is, m., Achilles, the hero 
of the Trojan War. 

acies, -ei, f, point, sharp edge; 
brightness, brilliancy ; line of bat- 
tle, battle line, battle array ; battle. 
(AC, sharp) 

Acilius, -1, m., a gens name. 

M\ Acilius Glabrio, consul 67 
B.C. The following year he was 
appointed governor of Cilicia and 
successor of Lucullus in the com- 
mand of the war against Mithridates. 

acriter (superl. acerrime), adv., 
sharply, fiercely, keenly ; eagerly, 
earnestly', zealously ; furiously, se- 
verely, violently, (acer) 

acroama, -atis, n., an entertain- 
ment, for?n of entertainment ; a 
reader, musician. (aKpodfia) 

actio, -onis, f., doittg. action ; official 
conduct; suit, prosecution, (ago) 

Actium, -1, n., Aclium, a promon- 
tory of Acarnania, the scene of 
Antony's defeat in 31 B.C. 

actus, -us, m., doing, achievement ; 
part of a play, act. (ago) 



ACUO 



415 



ADLICIO 



acuo, -ere, acui, acutus, sharpen ; 
irritate, arouse, excite, incite, stir, 
stimulate, (cf. acus) 

acus, -us, f., a needle, (ac, sharp) 

ad, prep, with ace, to, toivard, 
towards. In expressions of place, 
in the vicinity of, at, near, at the 
house of, among. In expressions of 
time, about, toward, till, until, up 
to, to. In other relations, with re- 
gard to, with reference to, as to, in ; 
for, for the purpose of, in order to, 
to ; according to, in accordance 
with. 

a. d., abbr. of ante diem. 

adaequo (1), make equal, match. 
(ad + aequo, make equal) 

adamo, see amo. 

addico, see dico. 

addo, see do. 

adduco, see duco. 

adeo, see eo. 

adeo. adv., to this, thus far, so far, 
to such a point ; in fact, usque 
adeo, even to such a degree. 
atque adeo, a?id in fact, and 
even, or rather, still further. 
(ad -f eo) 

adeps, -ipis, m. and f., fat, corpu- 
lence. 

adfero, see fero. 

adficio, see facio. 

adfigo, see figo. 

adfingo, see fingo. 

adfinis, -e, adjoining, bordering on ; 
connected zvith, implicated in, acces- 
sory to. As subst, a kinsman by 
marriage, (ad + finis) 

adflrmo, see firmo. 

adflicto (1), break to pieces, beat, 



strike, destroy; crush, distress; 
passive, be in sorrow, be in afflic- 
tion, (freq. of adfligo) 

adflictus, -a, -um, broken down, 
disheartened, overwhelmed, pros- 
trate, (p. p. of adfligo) 

adfligo, -ere, adfllxi, adflictus, 
dash at, strike down, overthroiv, 
wreck, smite, overcome, ruin, dis- 
tress, (ad -f fligo, strike) 

adfluens, -entis, abounding, rich, 
overflowing, abundant, (pres. p. 
of adfluo) 

adfluo, see fluo. 

adhibeo, see habeo. 

adhiic, adv., hitherto, heretofore, so 
far, tip to this time; still, yet. 
(ad + hue) 

adimo, see emo. 

adipiscor, -1, adeptus, reach, ob- 
tain, attain, secure, win, gain. 
(ad + apiscor, reach) 

aditus, -us, m., approach, way of 
approach, arrival, coming; access, 
means of access, entrance, aditus 
laudis, pathway to fame, om- 
nium aditus tenebat, he under- 
stood how to approach everybody. 
(cf. adeo) 

adiumentum, -i, n., a means of 
helping, aid, support, assistance. 
(cf. adiuvo) 

adiungo, see iungo. 

adiutor, -oris, m., helper, assistant. 
(adiuvo) 

adiuvo, see iuvo. 

adlego, see lego. 

adlicio, -ere, adlexi, adlectus, 
entice, allure, attract, persuade. 
(ad -f lacio, entice) 



ADMINISTER 



4l6 



ADULTUS 



administer, -tri, m., a helper, as- 
sistant ; a tool (of persons), in- 
strument, abettor, (ad + minister, 
an attendant) 

administra, -ae, f., an assistant, ser- 
vant, handmaid, (ad -f ministra, 
maid-servant) 

administro (1), manage, control, 
direct, conduct, guide, superintend. 
(ad + ministro, wait upon) 

admirabilis, -e, marvelous, won- 
derful, strange, astonishing ; ad- 
mirable, praiseworthy, (admiror) 

admiratio, -onis, f., admiration ; 
wonder, surprise, astonishment. 
(admiror) 

admiror, see miror. 

admitto, see mitto. 

admodum, adv., to the full measure, 
fuhy, quite, completely, altogether, 
entirely ; very, very much, (ad + 
modus) 

admoneo, see moneS. 

admonitus, -us, m., a request, re- 
minder, suggestion ; warning, re- 
monstrance, (admoneo) 

admurmuratio, -onis, f., a mur- 
mur, murmuring (as an expression 
of approval or disapproval), (ad- 
murmuro, murmur) 

adnuo, -ere, adnui, — , nod to, nod 
assent, assent, say yes. (ad -f nuo, 
nod) 

adolesco, -ere, adolevi, adultus, 
grow up, ?nature. (ad + olesco, 
grow) 

adorior, see orior. 

adorno, see orno. 

adquiro, see quaero. 

adripio, see rapid. 



adroganter, adv., haughtily, arro- 
gantly, (adrogo, claim) 

adsensio, -onis, f., an agreement, 
assent, expression of assent, (ad- 
sentio) 

adsentio, see sentio. 

adsequor, see sequor. 

adservo, see servo. 

adsido, -ere, adsedi, — , sit down, 
take a seat, be seated, (ad + sido, 
sit) 

adsidue, adv., constantly, continu- 
ally, unceasingly, uninterruptedly. 
(adsiduus, constant) 

adsiduitas, -tatis, f., constant at- 
tendance, applicatioji, perseverance; 
diligence, constancy, (adsiduus. 
faithful) 

adsigno, see signo. 

adsto, see sto. 

adsuefacio, -ere, adsuefeci, ad- 
suefactus, accustom, train, habit- 
uate ; pass., be accustomed, be in 
the habit of (cf. adsuesco, ac- 
custom) 

adsum, see sum. 

adulescens, -entis, young, youthful. 
As subst., m. or f., a youth, young 
man, young woman, (adolesco ) 

adulescentia, -ae, f., youth ; young 
men. (adulescens) 

adulescentulus, -1, m., a mere boy, 
stripling, lad. (dim. of adule- 
scens) 

adulter, -erf, m., an adulterer, se- 
ducer, paramour. 

adulterium. -1, n., adultery. 

adultus. -a. -um, full-grown, 
mature, fully developed, gj-own up. 
(p. p. of adolesco) 



ADVENTICIUS 



417 



AEQUE 



adventicius, -a, -urn, foreign, ex- 
ternal, additional, outside, (adve- 
nio, come) 

adventus, -us, m., a coming, ar- 
rival, approach, (advenio, come) 

adversarius, -a, -um, opposite, 
opposed ; antagonistic, contrary, 
hostile; unfavorable. As subst., 
adversaiius, -1, m., opponent, 
adversary, antagonist, enemy. 
(adversor, oppose) 

adversiS, -Snis, f., occupation, em- 
ployment, (adverto, turn to) 

adversus, prep, with ace, against. 
(adverto, turn to) 

adversus, -a, -um, turned towards, 
fronting, facing, in front ; unfa- 
vorable, unsuccessful ; opposed, un- 
p rop itio us, a dverse, hostile, r e s a d- 
versae, adversity, affliction, trouble. 
(p. p. of adverto) 

advesperascit, -ere, — , — , it 
grows dark, evening approaches. 
(cf. vesper) 

aedes, -is, f., a temple ; pi., a house, 
dwelling. (AID, burn) 

aedificium, -1, n., a building, struc- 
ture, (aedifico) 

aedificS (1), build, erect, construct. 
(aedes -f facio) 

aedllis, -is, m., an aedile, a com- 
missioner of public buildings. 
(aedes) 

aedflitas, -tatis, f., aedileship, the 
office of an aedile. (aedilis) 

Aegaeus, -a, -um, Aegean, mare 
Aegaeum, the Aegean Sea. 

aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick, dis- 
eased, suffering, feeble; afflicted, 
distressed, troubled, dejected. 
H. & G. ClC. — 27 



aegre (superl. aegerrime), adv., 

feebly, painfully ; hardly, scarcely ; 

reluctantly, unwillingly, (aeger) 
Aegyptus, -1, f., Egypt. 
Aelius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. L. Aelius Tubero, a literary 
friend of Cicero. 

2. Q. Aelius Tubero, a jurist, son 
of the preceding. He conducted 
the suit against Ligarius. 

Aemilius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. L. Aetnilius Paulus, the con- 
queror of Perses at Pydna, 168 B.C. 

2. M. Aemilius Scaurus, consul 
in 115 B.C., when he built the Via 
Aemilia. 

3. L. Aemilius Paulus, the ac- 
cuser of Catiline in 63 B.C. He 
received the consulship in 50 B.C. 
because of his opposition to Caesar, 
whom he afterward joined. After 
Caesar's death he returned to the 
Optimates. 

4. M. Aemilius Lepidus, consul 
with Caesar in 46 B.C., and later a 
triumvir. 

aemulus, -a, -um, emulating, vying 
with, emulous; jealous, envious. 
As subst., m. and f., a rival. 

aequabiliter, adv., equally, uni- 
formly, unvaryingly ; indiscrimi- 
nately, without distinction, (ae- 
quabilis, equal) 

aequalis, -e, equal, like, uniform ; 
of the same age ; contemporary. 
(aequS, make equal) 

aequalitas, -tatis, f., equality; 
likeness, similarity, (aequalis) 

aeque, adv., equally, evenly ; in the 
same manner, just as. (aequus) 



AEQUALITER 



4l8 



AGO 



aequaliter, adv., evenly, uniformly ; 
equally, on an equality, (aequalis) 

aequitas, -tatis, f., evenness ; fair- 
ness, justice, equity ; calmness, re- 
pose, poise, equanimity, (aequus) 

aequus, -a, -um, even, level, equal ; 
fair, just, proper, right, honor- 
able, equitable ; calm, composed, re- 
signed ; favorable, friendly, kindly 
disposed. aequo animo, pa- 
tiently, resignedly, with composure. 

aerarium, -1, n., the treasury. 
(aes) 

aerarius, -a, -um, of the treasury. 
See tribunus for tribunus ae- 
rarius. 

aerumna, -ae, f., hardship, trouble, 
distress, tribulation. 

aes, aeris, n., copper ; bronze, bronze 
tablet ; money, aes alienum, debt. 

aestas, -tatis, f., summer, (aid, 
burn) 

aestus, -us, m.,heat; heaving, swell, 
surge, (aid, bum) 

aetas, -tatis, f., age, old age, lapse 
of tune, life; a period, epoch, gen- 
eration. 

aeternitas, -tatis, f., eternity, ever- 
lasting ages ; immortality ; endur- 
ing renoivn. (aeternus) 

aeternus, -a, -um, endless, never- 
ending, everlasting, perpetual, im- 
mortal. 

Aetolia, -ae, f., Aetolia, a district of 
Greece. 

Aetoli, -6rum, m., the Aetolians, the 
inhabitants of Aetolia. 

Afranius, -1, m., a gens name. 

Lucius Afranius, a prominent 
officer in Pompey's service. He 



was killed by Caesar's soldiers after 
the battle of Thapsus. 

Africa, -ae, f., Africa.- Often, 
merely the Roman province of 
Carthage and the adjoining ter- 
ritory. 

Africanus, -a, -um, of Africa, Afri- 
can. 

Africanus, -1, m., a Roman surname. 
See Cornelius. 

ager, agri, m., land, field, estate, 
farm ; district, territory, domain ; 
pi., the country. 

aggrego, see grego. 

agito (1), set in motion, drive, urge ; 
rouse, stir up, provoke, trouble, 
harass, attack ; consider, discuss, 
propose, (freq. of ago) 

CO — cogito (1), think over, 
consider carefully, ponder ; medi- 
tate, design, plan, purpose, mean. 

ex — co — excogito ( 1 ), think 
out, devise, contrive, invent. 

agnosco, see nosco. 

ago, -ere, egl, actus, put in mo- 
tion, drive ; do, act ; manage, con- 
duct, carry on ; incite, rouse, urge ; 
persecute, vex, assail; perform, 
transact; spend, pass, live ; pass, 
often, be at stake, be in peril, be in 
danger, age, as an interjection, 
come ! come now ! cum all quo 
bene (male) agere, treat one 
well {ill), agere cum populo, 
discuss a measure before the people. 
agere causam, conduct a suit. 
ad agendum, for the discussion 
of public questions. id actum 
est, this 7vas aimed at. quid agis, 
what are you doing ? what are you 



AGRARII 



419 



ALIUNDE 



aiming at? also, how do you do? 
actum est, it is all over, festos 
dies agere, celebrate the holidays. 
gratias agere, thank, vita acta, 
past life. 

co — cogo, -ere, coegi, 
coactus, bring together, collect, 
assemble ; compel, oblige, force, con- 
strain, senatum cogere, assem- 
ble the senate. 

ex — exigo, -ere, exegl, ex- 
actus, drive out ; demand, claim, 
enforce, exact ; collect ; finish, com- 
plete, vigilia. exacta, at the end 
of the watch. 

sub — subigo, -ere, subegl, 
subactus, bringunder, subject, sub- 
due, subjugate, crush ; force, compel. 
trans — transigo, -ere, trans- 
egi, transactus, drive through, 
pierce, transfix; carry through, 
bring to an end, finish, complete ; 
come to a settlement, agree, trans- 
actum est, it is all over. 

agrarii, -orum, m., supporters of the 
land laws, the agrarian party. 
(ager) 

agrestis, -e, of the fields, rural; 
rough, rude, coarse, uncultivated. 
As subst., farmer, countryman, 
peasant, boor, (ager) 

Ahala, -ae, m., a family name. See 
Servilius. 

aio (defective; see grammar), say, 
assert, tell. 

Alba, -ae, f., Alba. 

1. Alba Fucensis, a city of the 
Marsi. 

2. Alba Longa, the early capital 
of the Latin League. 



Albanum, -1, n., an estate at Alba. 

Albanus, -a, -urn, of Alba, Alban. 

alea, -ae, f., a die, dice ; gambling. 

aleator, -oris, m., a gamester, gam- 
bler, (alea) 

Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander the 
Great, son of Philip of Macedon. 

Alexandria, -ae, f., Alexandria, 
the city built by Alexander in Egypt. 

algor, -oris, m., cold. 

alienigena, -ae, m., a foreigner, 
stranger, alien, (alienus, gigno) 

alienus, -a, -urn, belonging to an- 
other ; strange, foreign; unsuit- 
able, incongruous, unseasonable ; 
unfavorable, unfriendly, hostile. 
As subst., alienus, -1, m., a 
foreigner, stranger, aes alienum, 
debt. 

alio, adv., to another place, elsewhere. 
(alius) 

aliquando, adv., at some time, once ; 
at any time, ever ; at last, finally. 
tandem aliquando, finally, at 
last. 

aliquanto, adv., considerably, some- 
what, rather, (aliquantus, con- 
siderable) 

aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid 
(-quod), some one, some thing; 
any one, any thing; some, any ; 
some other. 

aliquo, adv., to some place, sojnewhere. 

aliquot (indecl.), several, some, a 
few. 

aliter, adv., otherwise, differently. 
aliter ac, otherwise than. 

aliunde, adv., from another source, 
from a different quarter, from else- 
where. 



ALIUS 



420 



AMPLECTOR 



alius, alia, aliud, another, other, 
else, different, some other, alius, 
alius, one, another, alii, alii, 
some, others, alius alia ex nave, 
one from one ship, another from 
another, aliud rapere virgines, 
aliud pugnare est, it is one thing 
to steal maidens, it is another thing 



AUobrox, -Ogis, m., one of the 
Allobroges, a tribe of Gauls. 

alo, -ere, alui, altus, nourish, sup- 
port, sustain, maintain ; cherish ; 
increase, strengthen. 

Alpes, -ium, f., the Alps. 

Alsiensis, -is, f., name of a villa 
near Alsium. 

altaria, -ium, n., a high altar, altar. 

alter, altera, alteram, one of two, 
the one, the other, another, the 
second, alter, alter, the one, the 
other, alteri, alteri, one party, 
the other, centesima et altera, 
one hundred and second. 

alternus, -a, -um, every second, 
every other, alternate, alternating, 
reciprocal, (alter) 

alteruter, -utra, -utrum, one of the 
two, one or the other, in alteratro, 
on one side or the other, in one di- 
rection or the other, (alter + 
uter) 

altrix, -icis, f., nurse, (alo) 

altus, -a, -um, high, deep, profound. 
(cf. alo) 

alveolus, -i, m., a dice board ; gam- 
bling, (alveus, a hollow) 

amans, -antis, loving, fond, de- 
voted to, attached to. (pres. p. of 
amo) 



amanter, adv., lovingly, affection- 
ately, (amans) 

Amanus, -1, m., name of a mountain 
range between Syria and Cilicia. 

ambitio, -dnis, f., a going about ; 
candidacy for an office, canvass. 
(ambio, go around) 

ambo, -ae, -o, both. 

amburo, see uro. 

ambustus, -a, -um, half burned, 
scorched, (p. p. of amburo) 

aniens, -entis, mad, crazy, insane, 
foolish, amentis est, it is charac- 
teristic of a crazy man. (a + mens) 

amentia, -ae, f., madness, frenzy ; 
folly, stupidity. 

amicio, see iacid. 

amicitia, -ae, f., friendship, (ami- 
cus) 

amicus, -a, -um, friendly, dear, 
pleasing, agreeable. 

amicus, -1, m., a friend. 

Amisus, -i, f., Amisus, an important 
city of Pontus. 

amitto, see mitto. 

amo (1), love. 

ad — adamo (1), fall in love 
with, take a fancy to, desire eagerly, 
covet. 

amoenitas, -tatis, f., beauty, charm, 
loveliness, beautiful scenery . (amoe- 
nus, charming) 

amor, -oris, m., love, affection ; 
desire, passion. 

ample, adv., largely, widely; abun- 
dantly, magnificently, (amplus) 

amplector, -i, amplexus, embrace, 
encircle; include, contain; love, 
esteem ; favor, court the favor of 
(am + plecto, interweave) 



AMPLIFICO 



421 



ANNONA 



amplified (1), extend, enlarge, in- 
crease, magnify, (amplus) 

amplitudo, -inis, f., size, greatness, 
extent; greatness, dignity, grandeur, 
prominence, (amplus) 

amplius, more, further, in addition, 
besides. 

amplius (compar. of ample and 
amplus) . 

amplus, -a, -um, large, great, spa- 
cious ; illustrious, renowned, dis- 
tinguished, noble. 

an (introducing the second part of an 
alternative question), or, or rather. 
Sometimes the first member is omit- 
ted, especially when it is a general 
expression of surprise, wonder, or 
indignation ; in that case the force 
of an may be expressed by Is it 
not true that? Can it be that? Is 
it possible that? haud scio an, 
nescio an, / am inclined to think, 
it may be, probably, possibly, very 
likely. 

anceps, cipitis, double, twofold; 
doubtful, wavering, uncertain. 
(am + caput) 

ancilla. -ae, f., maidservant, hand- 
maid. 

AncSna, -ae, f., an old and im- 
portant town in Picenum, on the 
Adriatic. 

angiportus, -us, m., a narroiv 
street, lane, alley. 

ango, -ere, anxi, — , press tight, throt- 
tle ; distress, vex, torment, torture. 

angulus, -i, m., a corner, nook, 
angle. 

angustiae, -arum, f., straitness, 
narrowness ; narrotu place, defile, 



neck; difficulty, distress, straits. 
(angustus) 

angustus, -a, -um, narrow, strait, 
contracted, confined; narrow, small, 
petty, base. 

anhelo (1), breathe heavily, pant, 
gasp ; breathe out ; pant after. 

anima, -ae, f., a current of air, 
breath; soul, life. 

animadversio, -Snis, f., attention, 
investigation ; punishment, (ani- 
madvert 5) 

animadverts, -ere, animadvert!, 
animadversus, turn the mind 
toward, give attention ; notice, per- 
ceive, see ; in aliquem animad- 
vertere, to punish any one. (ani- 
mum adverto) 

animSsus, -a, -um, bold, spirited, 
courageous, (animus) 

animus, -1, m., the soul, life ; imagi- 
nation, fancy ; heart, feeling, af- 
fection, passion; courage, spirit; 
arrogance, pride, passion, wrath ; 
design, purpose, intention, bono 
animS, with good intentions, also, 
of good courage. 

anne, an-ne, with the force of 
an. 

Anniana, -ae, f., name of a house 
owned by Milo. 

Annius, -i, m., a gens name. 

1. T. Annius Milo. See p. 349. 

2. Q. Annius Child, a member 
of the Catilinarian conspiracy. 

annSna, -ae, f., the year's produce, 
crop; com, grain, provisions ; the 
price of grain. annSnam le- 
vare, to relieve the scarcity of pro- 
visions. 



ANNUS 



422 



APTUS 



annus, -1, m., a year, quot annis, 
each year, yearly. 

ante, adv. and prep. 

As adv., before, in front, in ad- 
vance, first; before, previously, 
ago. Paulo ante, a short time 
ago. ante quam, sooner than, 
before. 

As prep, with ace, before in 
space and time, before the time of. 
ante civitatem datam, before 
the granting of citizenship, ante 
diem VI Kalendas Novem- 
bris, on the sixth day before the 
Kalends of November, i.e. October 
27th. See grammars for the pe- 
culiar attraction of diem. 

antea, adv., before, formerly, previ- 
ously, hitherto. 

antecello, -ere, — , — , excel, sur- 
pass. 

antefero, see fero. 

antelucanus, -a, -um, before the 
light, cenae antelucanae, all- 
night dinners, i.e. prolonged till 
daybreak. 

antepono, see pono. 

ante quam, see ante. 

antestor, see testor. 

anteverto, see verto. 

Antiochla, -ae, f., Antioch, a city 
of Syria. 

Antiochus, -1, m., Antiochus the 
Great, king of Syria. 

antiquitas, -tatis, f., the past, an- 
tiquity, ancient times, (antiquus) 

antiquus, -a, -um, old, ancient, 
former ; old-fashioned, primitive. 
As subst., the ancients, men of 
old. 



Antonius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. M. Antonius, the triumvir. 
See p. 395. 

2. L. Antonius, brother of Mar- 
cus. He was consul 41 B.C. 

aperio, -ire, aperui, apertus, tin- 
cover, disclose, reveal, i?iake known : 
unfold, explain. 

aperte, adv., openly, unreservedly; 
plainly, clearly. (apertus) 

apertus, -a -um, open, exposed, 
unprotected ; open, avowed, plain, 
manifest, (p. p. of aperio) 

Aplnius, -1, m., a gens name. P. 
Aplnius, unknown except as a vic- 
tim of Clodius. 

apparatus, -a. -um, prepared, 
ready ; elaborate, sumptuous, mag- 
nificent, (p. p. of apparo) 

appareo. see pareo. 

apparo. see par 6. 

appello, see pello. 

Appenninus, -1, m., the Appenine 
mountains. 

appetens. -entis. desirous, covetous. 
(pres. p. of appeto) 

appeto. see peto. 

Appius, -a, -um, of Appius, Ap- 
pian. Via Appia, the road from 
Rome to Capua, made by Appius 
Claudius Caecus. 

Appius, -1, m., a Roman praenomen. 

approbo, see probo. 

appropero, see propero. 

appropinquo (1), draw near, 
come near, approach. (cf. pro- 
pinquus) 

Apr., abbr. of Aprllis. 

Aprilis. -is. of April, (aperio?) 

aptus. -a. -um. fitted, joined ; fit, 



APUD 



423 



ARMA 



suited, suitable, adapted, appropri- 
ate, proper, ad tempus aptae, 
time-serving, (cf. aplscor) 

apud, prep, with ace, at, by, with, 
near ; before, among, in the pres- 
ence of; in the opinion of; at the 
house of; in the writings of; at, 
near, in, off the coast of apud 
Laecam, at the house of Laeca. 

Apuleius, -1, m., a gens name. P. 
Apuleius, a tribune, an opponent of 
Antony. 

Apulia, -ae, f., Apulia, a district of 
Italy on the Adriatic coast. 

aqua, -ae, f., water. 

aquila, -ae, f., an eagle; an eagle, 
the standard of the legion. 

ara, -ae, f, an altar. 

arbitrium, -1, n., judgment, deci- 
sion ; will, power, bidding, pleasure. 
(cf. arbiter, a referee) 

arbitror (1), testify ; believe, think, 
consider, (arbiter) 

area, -ae, f., a chest ; money box, 
safe. (cf. arceo) 

arceo, -ere, arcui, — , inclose, con- 
fine ; keep away, ward off, protect ; 
hinder, prevent. 

co — coerceo, -ere. coercui, 
coercitus, shut in, confine, re- 
strain, curb. 

ex — exerceo, -ere. exercui, 
exercitus, train, practise, employ, 
engage; manage, collect; harass, vex. 

arcesso, -ere, arcessivl, arcessi- 
tus, cause to come, send for, sum- 
mon, invite, (cf. accedo) 

Archias, -ae, m., see Licinius. 

architectus, -i, m., an architect, 
builder. 



ardens, -entis, flashing, glowing ; 
fiery, eager, (pres. p. of ardeo) 

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus, be on fire, 
burn, blaze; be inflamed, be kin- 
dled. 

ardor, -oris, m., blaze, fire, heat ; 
eagerness, zeal. (cf. ardeo) 

area, -ae, f, a building site ; an 
open place, court. 

argenteus, -a, -urn, of silver, made 
of silver, (argentum) 

argentum, -1, n., silver; silver- 
zvare ; money. 

argumentor (1), reason, argue. 
(argumentum) 

argumentum, -1, n., an argument, 
evidence, proof; a sign, mark, 
token, indication, (arguo) 

arguo, -ere, argui, argutus, make 
clear, shozv, prove, declare ; accuse, 
blame, charge, censure. 

co — coarguo, -ere, coargui, 
coargutus, convict, prove guilty ; 
show, demonstrate, prove. 

red — redarguo, -ere. red- 
argui, redargutus, disprove, re- 
fute, show to be false. 

Aricia, -ae, f., a town of Latium, on 
the Appian Way, about sixteen 
miles from Rome and at the foot of 
the Alban Mount. Near by was 
the temple of Diana Aricina. 

Ariminum, -1, n., an Umbrian town, 
now Rimini. It was the northern- 
most town of Italy proper. 

Ariobarzanes, -is, m;, a king of 
Cappadocia. 

Aristocritus, -I, m., a slave of 
Cicero. 

arma, -orum, n., tools, implements, 



ARMENIUS 



424 



AUCTIONARIUS 



equipment; arms, weapons, war. 
in elsdem armis fui, / took up 
arms on the same side. 

Armenius, -a, -urn, of Armenia, 
Armenian. As subst., the Arme- 
nians. 

arm 6 (1), equip, furnish with weap- 
ons, arm. (arma) 

Arretium, -1, m., an Etruscan city, 
now Arezzo. 

Arrius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. Ar- 
rius, mentioned as a friend of Cicero. 

ars, artis, f., skill ; a profession, 
business, art, pursuit; branches 
of learning, learning, artes op- 
timae, the liberal arts. 

artifex, -icis, m. and f., a profes- 
sional man, artist, actor; a de- 
ceiver, cheat. 

arx, arcis, f. , a stronghold, fortress, 
citadel, castle ; refuge, protection; 
head. 

ascendo, see scando. 

ascisco, -ere, ascivi, ascitus, as- 
sociate with one's self, unite, adopt, 
accept. 

Asclapo, -onis, m., a physician of 
Patrae. 

ascribo, see scrlbo. 

Asia, -ae, f., Asia, i.e. Asia Minor. 
Often merely the Roman province 
in Asia Minor. 

Asiaticus, -a, -urn, of Asia, 
Asiatic. 

aspectus, -us, m., sight, view, 
glance; appearance, look, aspect. 
(aspicio) 

aspicio, see specio. 

asporto, see porto. 

asto, see sto. 



at, but, on the other hand ; and yet, 
but at least, nevertheless, at least, 
however ; but, but on the contrary. 
at enim, but no, for. at vero, 
but assuredly. 

Athenae, -arum, f., Athens. 

Atheniensis, -e, Athenian. Plural 
as subst., the Athenians. 

atque (before consonants ac), and 
also, as well as, and especially, and 
further ; as, than, atque adeo, 
and in fact, aliter ac, othertvise 
than. contra atque, different 
from, simul atque, as soon as. 
perinde ac, just as. pro eo ac, 
according as. 

atqul, and yet, but yet, however. 

atrium, -1, n., hall (of a house or 
temple). 

atrocitas, -tatis, f., cruelty, harsh- 
ness, (atrox) 

atrociter, adv., harshly, cruelly. 
(atrox) 

atrox, -OCis, harsh, savage, cruel, 
inhuman, severe, monstrous. 

attendo, see tendo. 

attenuo. see tenuo. 

Atticus, -1, m., a surname. See 
Pomponius. 

attineo, see teneo. 

attingo, see tango. 

Attius, -1, m., a gens name. P. At- 
tius Varus, who after the fall of 
Corfinium went to Africa and man- 
aged Pompey's interests there. 

attribuo, see tribuo. 

auctio, -onis, f., an increase ; an 
auction, (augeo) 

auctionarius, -a, -um. of an auc- 
tion, for auction, (auctio) 



AUCTOR 



425 



AVITUS 



auctor, -oris, m., an authority, 
voucher; an adviser, counselor, 
supporter, endorser, auctor esse, 
approve. 

auctoritas, -tatis, f., authority, 
power, supremacy ; decision, re- 
solve, opinion ; warrant, assurance ; 
influence, weight, pozver, force, sig- 
nificance. senatus auctoritas, 
a term applied to a bill passed by 
the senate but not ratified by the 
people, (auctor) 

audacia, -ae, f., daring, bravery, 
courage ; audacity, i??ipudence, 
effrontery, insolence, (audax) 

audax, -acis, bold, courageous ; 
reckless, desperate, violent. 

audeo, -ere, ausus sum, dare, 
venture, risk. 

audio, -ire, audivi, auditus, hear, 
hear of; listen to ; assent to, approve. 
ex — exaudio, -ire, exaudivi, 
exauditus, hear distinctly. 

ob — oboedio, -ire, oboedivi, 
oboeditus, listen to, obey. 

aufero, see fero. 

augeo, -ere, auxl, auctus, in- 
crease, enlarge, extend ; magnify, 
praise. 

augur, -is, m., an augur, soothsayer, 
diviner ; a member of the college 
of Augurs. 

augustus, -a, -urn, consecrated, 
sacred ; venerable, fnajestic, rever- 
end, noble, (augeo) 

Aulus, -1, m., a praenomen. 

Aurelia, -ae, f., see Orestilla. 

Aurelius, -1, m., a gens name. 
L. Aurelius Cotta, the praetor of 
70 B.C. who proposed the law that 



the iudices be selected from the 
senators, equites, and tribuni aera- 
rii. He was consul in 65 B.C. 

Aurelius, -a, -um, of Aurelius, 
Aurelian. Aurelia via, the 
Aurelian Way, the road from 
Rome to Pisa. Forum Aurelium, 
see Forum. 

auris, -is, f., ear ; critical ear, ap- 
preciative ear, attention, aures 
adhibere, be attentive. aures 
praebere, dedere, listen, give 
attention. 

aurum, -1, n., gold. 

auspicium, -1, n., an indication by 
augury, sign, omen ; guidance, 
authority, (auspex, an augur) 

auster, -tri, m., the south wind ; 
the southern country, the south. 

aut, or. aut, aut, either, or. 

autem, however, but, on the other 
hand, now, and now. 

auxilium, -i, n., aid, assistance, 
help ; relief, remedy ; plural, aux- 
iliary troops, auxiliaries, rein- 
forcements . (cf. augeo") 

avaritia, -ae, f., avarice, greed, 
covetousness. (avarus) 

aveo, avere, — , — , wish, desire, 
long for, be eager. 

aversus, -a, -um, averse to, opposed 
to, disinclined to. (p. p. of averto) 

averto, see vert 6. 

avide, adv., eagerly, ivith eagerness ; 
greedily, (avidus) 

avidus, -a, -um, eager, desirous; 
covetous, greedy, avaricious. 

avis, -is, f., a bird ; a sign, omen. 

avitus, -a, -um, of a grandfather, 
ancestral, hereditary, (avus) 



■ 



AVOCO 



426 



BOSPORANUS 



avoco, see voc5. 

avunculus, -1, m., an uncle (on the 
mother's side), (dim. of avus) 

avus, -1, m., a grandfather (on the 
mother's side) ; an ancestor, fore- 
father. 

B. 

bacchor (1), celebrate the feast of 
Bacchus ; revel, rave, exult. (Bac- 
chus) 

barbaria, -ae, f., savagery, bar- 
barism ; an uncivilized people. 

barbarus, -a, -um, unintelligible ; 
foreign, strange; savage, cruel, 
rude, rough, uncivilized. As subst., 
barbarians. 

barbatus, -a, -um, provided with a 
beard, bearded, (barba, beard) 

beatus, -a, -um, happy, blessed, 
fortunate; rich, wealthy, (beo, 
bless) 

belle, adv., prettily, neatly, nicely, 
well, (bellus, pretty) 

bellicissime. superl. of belle. 

bellicus, -a, -um, of zvar, warlike, 
military, (bellum) 

bello (1), fight, (bellum) 

bellum, -1, n., war. (early form, 
duellum, from duo) 

belua, -ae, f., a wild beast, brute, 
monster. 

bene (comp. melius, superl. op- 
time), adv., well, successfully ; 
quite, (bonus) 

beneficium, -1, n., a service, favor, 
kindness, in beneficiis, among 
those who had served the state. 
(beneficus) 

beneficus, -a, -um, generous, benefi- 
cent, helpful, (bene + fac) 



benevolentia, -ae, f, good will, 
kindness, friendship, favor, loy- 
alty, attachment, (benevolens, 
friendly) 

benevolus, -a, -um, well-wishing, 
kind, kind-hearted. (cf. bene 
and volo) 

benignitas, -tatis, f., kindness, 
friendliness, favor ; generosity. 
(benignus, friendly) 

bestia, -ae, f., a beast, brute, ani- 
mal. 

bibo, -ere, bibi, bibitus, drink. 

biduum, -1, n., a period of two days, 
two days. (cf. bis and dies) 

bini, -ae, -a, two each, two by two. 
(cf. bis) 

bipartito, adv., in two parts, in two 
divisions, (cf. bis and partio, 
divide) 

bis, adv., twice. 

Bithynia, -ae, f., a district of Asia 
Minor. 

Bona Dea, -ae, f., an Italian deity 
of earth and its increase. An 
annual feast was held in her horror 
at which only women were allowed 
to be present. 

bonitas, -tatis, f., goodness, kind- 
ness, uprightness ; virtue, excel- 
lence, (bonus) 

bonus (comp. melior, superl. opti- 
mus), good, worthy, excellent. 
bonl, -orum, m , good men, good 
citizens, bonum, -1, n., a good 
thing, good quality, goodness, bona, 
-orum, n., goods, property, pos- 
sessions, bono animo, kindly dis- 
posed, cui bono ? who profits by it? 

Bosporanus, -a, -um, of the Bos- 



BREVIS 



427 



CALAMITAS 




phorus. As subst, the people living 
on the Bosphorus, the Bosporani. 

brevis, -e, short, brief, little, small. 

brevitas, -tatis, f., shortness, brev- 
ity ; small stature, (brevis) 

breviter, adv., briefly, shortly, con- 
cisely, (brevis) 

Brocchus. -1, m., Titus Brocchus, 
an uncle of Ligarius. 

Brundisium, -1, n. , an important 
coast town of Apulia; now Brin- 
disi. It was, and still is, the port 
of departure for eastern points. 

Brutus, -1, m., a family name. See 
Iunius. 

bustum, -1, n., a tomb. 

C. 

C, abbr. of Gaius. 

cadaver, -eris, n., a dead body, 

corpse, (cf. cado) 
cado, -ere, cecidi, casus, fall ; 
die, perish ; befall, happen ; fail, 
come to nothing. 

ad — accido, accidere, ac- 
cidi, — , fall upon ; happen, occur, 
turn out. 

com — concido, -ere, con- 
cidi, — , fall down ; fail utterly, 
collapse, be destroyed. 

ex — excido, -ere, excidT, — , 
fall out, drop down; disappear, 
perish. 

in— incido, -ere, incidi, in- 
casus, fall upon, fall in with, 
meet; occur, happen. 

ob — occido, -ere, occidi, 
OCCasus, fall dozen, be slain, 
perish ; go down, set (of the sun). 
Caecilius,-i,m.,agens name. L.Cae- 



cilius Riifus, praetor in- 57 B.C., 

active in securing Cicero's recall. 
caecus, -a, -um, blind, dark. 
Caecus, -I, m., see Claudius, 
caedes, -is, f., a massacre, murder, 

butchery, slaughter, (caedo) 
caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesus, cause to 

fall, beat down, fell ; cut down, slay. 
ad — accido, -ere, accidi, 

accisus, cut at, cut down; ruin, 

destroy. 
in — incido, -ere, incidi, in- 

Cisus, cut into ; engrave. 
ob — oqcido, -ere, occidi, 

occisus, kill, massacre. 
Caelius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. Q. Caelius Latiniensis, men- 
tioned by Cicero as a tribune of 
the people who became a legate 
the year following his tribuneship. 

2. M. Caelius, a tribune of the 
people in 52 B.C., friendly to Milo. 

caelum, -1, n., the sky, air, heavens; 
heaven, in caelum tollere, ef- 
ferre, to extol to the skies, de 
caelo tactus, struck by lightning. 

caementum, -I, n., rough stone, 
broken stone, (caedo) 

caerimonia, -ae, f., a sacred cere- 
mony, rite, religious ceremony. 

Caepio, -onis, m., see Servilius. 

Caesar, -is, m., a family name. See 
Iulius. 

Caesetius, -i, m., C. Caesetius, a 
knight. 

Caieta, -ae, f., a town of Latium, 
now Gaeta. 

calamities, -tatis, f., loss, injury, 
damage ; harm, disaster, calamity, 
misfortune, defeat. 



CALAMITOSUS 



428 




alamitosus, -a, -um, ruinous, de- 
structive, calamitous, disastrous ; 
unfortunate, miserable, (calami- 
tas) 

calceus, -1, m., a shoe. (cf. calx, 
heel) 

Calidius. -1, m., a gens name. M. 
Calidius, an orator, contemporary 
with Cicero. 

callidus, -a, -um, shrevid, crafty, 
cun n ing ; skillful. 

calumnia, -ae, f., trickery, chica- 
nery ; a false charge, falsity. 

calx, -cis, f., limestone, lime. 

Camers, -ertis, m. and f., a resident 
of Camertnum. 

Camillus, -1, m., a lawyer at Rome, 
a friend of Cicero. 

campus, -1, m., a plain, level place ; 
field of activity. Campus Mar- 
tius, a level space near the Tiber, 
where the comitia centuriata met. 
campi dies, day of election. 

candidatus, -1, m., a candidate for 
office, (candidus, tuhite') 

canis, -is, m. and f., a dog. 

cand, -ere, cecini, cantus, sing, 
play ; sing of, celebrate in verse, 
praise ; predict, foretell. 

canto (1), sing, play. (freq. of 
cano) 

cantus, -us, m., singing, playing; 
song, music, (cf. cano) 

capillus, -1, m., hair, the hair. 

capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take 
hold of, seize, grasp ; capture, get 
possession of, take ; obtain, acquire, 
get ; take in, receive, hold, be large 
enough for ; captivate, charm, fas- 
cinate ; cheat, mislead, betray ; take 



CAPIO 

up, enter upon ; take in, grasp, 
comprehend; take, enjoy; reap. 
consilium capere, to adopt a 
plan, captus mente, taken cap- 
tive in mind, i.e. insane. 

ad — accipio, -ere, accepi, 
acceptus, take to one's self, re- 
ceive, accept; suffer, have expe- 
rience with; welcome, take up; 
learn, hear, understand. 

com — concipio, -ere. con- 
cept conceptus. take up, re- 
ceive ; imagine, devise, plan, con- 
ceive ; commit, perpetrate. 

ex — excipio, -ere, excepi, 
exceptus, take out, withdraiu; ex- 
cept, make an exception of; receive, 
welcome ; harbor, give an asylum 
to; come next, follow, succeed. 

in — incipio, -ere, incepi. in- 
ceptus, begin, undertake, com- 
mence. 

per — percipio, -ere, per- 
cepi, perceptus, take -wholly, 
lake possession of; learn, find 
out, know, tinder stan d ; get, obtain ; 
feel. 

prae — praecipio, -ere, prae- 
cepi, praeceptus, take before- 
hand, anticipate; order, enjoin, 
direct, instruct, advise, admonish. 

re — recipio. -ere. recepi, re- 
ceptus, take back, recover ; re- 
ceive, welcome; take upon one's 
self, promise, se recipere, to be- 
take one's self, withdraw, retire. 

sub — suscipio. -ere. sus- 
cepi, susceptus. take w 
sume, undertake, begin; incur, 
suffer, undergo. 



CAPITAL IS 



429 



CAUSA 



capitalis, -e, of the head, foremost ; 
involving life, capital ; dangerous, 
deadly, (caput) 

Capitolmus, -a, -urn, of the Capitol, 
Capitoline. clivus Capitolinus, 
the ascent from the Forum to the 
summit of the Capitoline Hill. 
(Capitolium) 

Capitolium, -1, n., the Capitoline 
Hill ; the temple of Jupiter on the 
Capitoline Hill, (caput) 

Cappadocia. -ae, f., a mountainous 
district in Asia Minor, made a prov- 
ince by Tiberius. 

captivus, -1, m., a captive, prisoner. 
(cf. capio) 

Capua, -ae, f., a prosperous city of 
Campania. 

caput, -itis, n., the head; the top, sum- 
mit ; origin, source; civil rights, 
citizenship ; chief thing, principal 
point, id quod caput est, the 
main point. 

Carbo, -orris, m., see Paplrius. 

career, -eris, m., a prison, jail. 

careo, -ere, carui, cariturus, be 
without; deprive one's self, abstain 
from, keep away from ; be deprived 
of; want, lack. 

caritas. -tatis, f., dearness, affection ; 
costliness, high price, (carus) 

carmen, -inis, n., a song, a verse ; 
incantation ; poetry, (cf. cano) 

carus, -a, -urn, dear, precious, highly 
esteemed ; costly. 

Cassianus, -a, -um, of Cassius. 
illud Cassianum, those words of 
Cassius. 

Cassiope, -es, f., a town of Cor- 
cyra. 



Cassius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. L. Cassius Longinus, tribune 
in 137 B.C. 

2. C. Cassius Longinus, a consul 
of 73 B.C., defeated by Spartacus 
the year before. 

3. L. Cassius Longinus, a candi- 
date for the consulship of 63 B.C., 
and one of the Catilinarian con- 
spirators. 

4. Q. Cassius Longinus, tribune 
with Antony in 49 B.C. 

caste, adv., without spot, purely; 
piously, uprightly, virtuously, (ca- 
stus, pure) 

castellum, -1, n., a citadel, fortress, 
stronghold; a defense, refuge, (dim. 
of castrum) 

Castor, -oris, m., brother of Pollux. 
Their temple was in the Forum. 
ad Castoris, to the temple of 
Castor. 

castrensis, -e, of the camp, latro- 
cinium castrense, open brigand- 
age, (castra) 

castrum, -1, n., a fort, fortress ; pi. 
camp. 

casus, -us, m., a fall, falling ; over- 
throw, ruin ; accident, chance ; oc- 
casion, opportunity ; misfortune, 
accident, calaiiiity. (cado) 

Catilina, -ae, m., a family name. 
See Sergius. 

Cato, -orris, m., a family name. 
See Porcius. 

Catulus, -1, m., a family name. See 
Lutatius. 

causa, -ae, f., a cause, reason, mo- 
tive ; a pretext, excuse ; a question, 
matter; a cause, lawsuit; a side, 




CAUSINIUS 



430 



CENO 



parly, faction; a situation, rela- 
tion, position, causa vera, real 
interests, causa, with genitive pre- 
ceding, for the purpose, for the sake. 

Causinius, -1, m., a gens name. C. 
Causinius Schola, a witness at 
Milo's trial. 

caute, adv., carefully, with caution. 
(cautus) 

cautus, -a, -um, careful, cautious. 
(p. p. of caveo) 

cautio, -onis, f., watchfulness, cau- 
tion, precatttion ; safety, security. 
(cf. caveo) 

caveo, -ere, cavi, cautus, be on 
one's guard, look out for ; guard 
against, beware of; followed by ne 
and the subjunctive, or by the sub- 
junctive without ne, do not, look 
out not to. cave ignoscas, do 
not pardon. 

cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus, give 
place, retire, withdraw, retreat, 
yield ; submit, comply ; be inferior 
to. 
, ad — accedo, -ere, access!, 

accessus, move tozvard, draw 
near, approach; be added. 

com — cone edo, -ere, con- 
cessi, concessus, go away, de- 
part ; yield, submit ; admit, concede, 
allow, grant, unum concedere, 
to make one concession. 

de — decedo, -ere, decessi, 
decessus, go away from, retire, 
zuithdrazv, leave. 

dis — discedo, -ere, discessi, 
discessus, go apart, withdraw, re- 
tire, leave. 
ex — excedo, -ere, excess!, 



excessus, go out, withdraw, re- 
tire ; exceed, e vita excedere. 
to die. 

inter— intercedo, -ere, inter- 
cessi, intercessus, come betzveen, 
intervene ; oppose, veto. 

pro — procedo, -ere, pro- 
cess!, processus, go on, go for- 
ward, advance. 

se — secedo. -ere. secessi. 
secessus, withdrazv, retire. 

sub — succedo, -ere, suc- 
cess!, successus, come under, 
come up to; lake the place of, re- 
lieve, succeed ; be successful. 

celeber, -bris, -bre, much fre- 
quented, crowded, thronged, popu- 
lous ; honored, famous. 

celebritas, -tatis, f., a crowd, 
throng, multitude ; renown, dis- 
tinction, publicity, famae cele- 
britas, zvidely extended renown. 
(celeber) 

celebro (1), crowd, throng, Jill, fre- 
quent, attend in crowds; honor, 
praise, spread abroad, proclaim. 
(celeber) 

com — concelebro (1), attend 
in large numbers, throng; celebrate. 

celeritas, -tatis, f., speed, szciflness. 
(celer, swift) 

celeriter, adv., quickly, speedily, 
promptly, rapidly ; soon, in haste. 
(celer) 

cena, -ae. f., dinner, the principal 
meal, eaten at noon in early times, 
but later, at various times in the 
afternoon. 

ceno (1), dine, cenatus, having 
dined, (cena) 



CENSEO 



431 



CIBUS 



censeS, -ere, censui, census, esti- 
mate, assess ; make a motion, move, 
propose, vote; suppose, imagine, 
think, believe; decide, determine, 
decree. 

censor, -oris, m.,a censor. See page 
29. proximis censorious, at the 
time of the last censors, (cf. censeS) 

census, -us, m., a census, census roll. 
(censeo) 

centesimus, -a, -um, the hundredth. 
(centum) 

centum (indecl.), one hundred. 

centuria, -ae, f., a hundred; a cen- 
tury, company. See pages 21 and 
22. (centum) 

centuriatus, -us, m., the position of 
a centurion, centurion ship, (cen- 
turia) 

centurio, -onis, m , a centurion, 
the commander of a century, (cen- 
turia) 

Ceparius, -1, m., a gens name. 
M. Ceparius, one of the conspira- 
tors with Catiline. 

Cermalus, -1, m., name of a ridge 
on the Palatine Hill. 

cerno, -ere, crevi, cretus, sepa- 
rate, distinguish ; perceive, see, be- 
hold, discern, comprehend ; deter- 
mine, decree, resolve, vote. 

de — decerno, -ere, decrevi, 
decretus, determine, decree, re- 
solve, vote, order. 

dis — discerno, -ere, dis- 
crevi, discretus, separate, di- 
vide ; know apart, discern. 

certamen, -mis, n., a decisive con- 
test, struggle, combat; rivalry, 
competition, (certo) 



certe, adv., certainly, surely, no 
doubt ; at any rate, at least, at all 
events, (certus) 

certo, adv., for a certainty, certainly, 
surely, positively, in fact, (certus) 

certS ( I ) vie with ; contend, strug- 
gle, fight; rival, emulate. de 
amSre rei publicae certare, to 
vie in love for the state. 

com — concerto ( 1 ) , strive, 
contend, dispute. 

de — decertS ( 1 ) , fight a de- 
cisive battle, fight it out. de for- 
tunis decertari, one's fortunes 
are involved in the struggle. 

certus, -a, -um, determined, fixed, 
decided, settled; definite, special, 
particular, certain; sure, tried, 
trustworthy, aliquem certiSrem 
facere, to inform any one. certior 
fieri, to be informed, mini certum 
est, / am deter ?ni7ied. cSnsul 
certissimus, sure to be elected 
consul. 

cervix, -icis, f., the neck, shoulder, 
throat. 

ceterus, -a, -um, the other, the rest 
of As subst, the others, the rest, 
all others, all else, everything 
else. 

Cethegus, -1, m., a family name. 
C. Cethegus, one of the conspirators 
.with Catiline. He was one of those 
put to death. 

ChHS, -onis, m., a family name. See 
Annius. 

Chlus, -a, -um, of Chios, an island 
in the Aegean. Chii, -Srum, m., 
the Chians, the people of Chios. 

cibus, -1, m., nourishment, food. 



CICERO 



432 



CLAUDO 



Cicero, -onis, m., a family name. 
See Tullius. 

Cilicia, -ae, f., a district in the south- 
ern part of Asia Minor. It was 
made a Roman province in 66 B.C. 

Cimber, -bri, m., a family name. 
See Gabmius. 

Cimbri, -orum, m., the Cimbri, 
Cimbrians, a Germanic people that 
invaded Cisalpine Gaul, and were 
finally defeated by C. Marius near 
Vercellae in 101 B.C. 

Cimbricus, -a, -um, of the Cimbri. 
res Cimbricae, the story of the 
Cimbri. 

cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctus, sur- 
round, inclose, encircle. 

cinis, -eris, m., ashes. 

Cinna, -ae, m., a family name. See 
Cornelius. 

circiter, adv., and prep, with ace, 
about, near, (circus) 

circum, adv., and prep, with ace, 
around, about, among, near, (cir- 
cus) 

circumcludo, see claudo. 

circumdo, see do. 

circumfundo, see fundo. 

circumscribo, see scribo. 

circumscriptor, -oris, m., a de- 
frauder, cheat, (circumscribo) 

circumsedeo, see sedeo. 

circumspicio, see specio. 

circumsto, see sto. 

circus, -1, m., a circle, ring, race 
course. Circus Maximus, the 
great circus between the Palatine 
and the Aventine hills. 

citerior, -ius, hither, nearer. Gallia 
Citerior, a name of Gallia Cisalpina. 



cito (comp. citius, superl. citis- 
sime), adv., quickly, speedily, soon. 
citius, sooner, rather. (citus, 
quick) 

civllis, -e, of a citizen, of citizens, 
civil, political, partisan. (civis) 

Civis, -is, m. and f., a citizen, fellow- 
citizen. 

Civitas, -tatis, f., citizenship; a 
body of citizens, state, city, town, 
tribe, fortunam huius civita- 
tis, citizenship in this state. 

clades, -is, f., damage, disaster, loss, 
destruction, defeat. 

clam, adv. and prep., secretly, in 
secret, 'without the knowledge of 

clam 6 ( 1 ) , cry out, shout ; call upon, 
invoke; declare. 

re — reclamo (1), cry gut 
against, protest. 

clamor, -oris, m., shout, outcry; 
noise, din, uproar ; applause, (cf. 
clamo) 

clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright, shin- 
ing; loud, distinct, clear; plain, 
manifest, evident ; famous, distin- 
guished, reno-wned, illustrious. 

classis, -is, f., a fleet, naval forces. 

Claudius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. Appius Claudius C a ecus, cen- 
sor in 312 B.C., builder of the Appia 
Via, and the earliest of the Roman 
writers. 

2. Appius Claudius Caecus, con- 
sul in 54 B.C. 

3. C. Claudius, aedile in 99 B.C. 
claudo, -ere. clausi. clausus, 

close, fasten ; shut tip, confine, in- 
vest, besiege; finish. 
circum — circumcludo. -ere. 



CLEMENS 



433 



COHORS 



circumclusi, circumclusus, in- 
close, encircle; hem in, sur- 
round. 

ex — excludo, -ere, exclusl, 
exclusus, shutout, keep out, refuse 
to admit ; hinder, prevent. 

in — includo, -ere, inclusi, 
inclusus, shut up, enclose. 

inter — inter cludo, -ere, in- 
terclusi, intercliisus, cut off, 
block, intercept; hinder, check. 

ob — occludo, -ere, occlusi, 
occlusus. shut up, enclose. 

Clemens, -entis, calm, quiet, tran- 
quil ; gentle, kind, forbearing, mer- 
ciful, gracious. 

clementer, adv., graciously, merci- 
fidly, kindly. ( clemens) 

dementia, -ae, f., kindness, gentle- 
ness, forbearance, clemency, (cle- 
mens) 

clientela, -ae, f., relation of cli- 
entes to their patrons, clientship, 
vassalage ; in plural often = cli- 
entes. 

Clivus, -I, m., a slope, hill, clivus 
Capitolinus, the street leading 
from the Forum to the top of the 
Capitoline Hill. 

Clodianus, -a, -urn, of Clodius. 

Clodius, -I, m., a gens name. 

i . P. Clodius Pulcher, the tribune 
killed by Milo. See page 349. 

2. C. Clodius, brother of P. Clo- 
dius. 

3. C. Clodius, an unknown com- 
panion of P. Clodius. 

4. Sextus Clodius, a resident of 
Interamna. He was a witness at 
the trial of Milo. At the trial of 

h. & g. cic. — 28 



Clodius he testified that Clodius was 
at Interamna at the time when 
the crime was committed. 

5. Clodius Philhetaerus, a slave 
of Cicero. 

Cn. , abbr. of Gnaeus. 

Cnidus, -1, f., a town in Caria, fa- 
mous for its temples and statue of 
Aphrodite. 

coarguo, see arguo. 

coactus, p.p. of cogo. 

coepio, -ere, coepi, coeptus (the 
present system is not found in clas- 
sical Latin), begin, commence. 

coerceo, see arceo. 

coetus, -us, m., a meeting, assembly, 
gathering, concourse, (coeo, come 
together) 

cogitate, adv., thoughtfully, with 
reflection, (cogito) 

cogitatio, -onis, f., reflection, con- 
sideration, meditation ; imagina- 
tion ; an idea, thought, plan, pro- 
ject, purpose, (cogito) 

cogito (1), see agito. 

cognatio, -onis, f., kinship, rela- 
tionship, (cognatus, related) 

cognitio, -onis, f., becoming ac- 
quainted with, knowledge, acquaint- 
ance ; examination, investigation, 
trial, (cognosco) 

cognitor, -oris, m., advocate, attor- 
ney ; defender, protector, supporter ; 
witness, voucher, (cf. cognosco ) 

cognosco, see nosed. 

cogo, see ago. 

cohaereo, see haered. 

cohibeo, see habeo. 

cohors, -tis, f., yard, inclosure ; 
crowd, company, throng; cohort ', 



COHORTATIO 



434 



COMMODE 



i.e. the tenth part of a legion. Co- 
nors praetoria, bodyguard. 

cohortatio, -onis, f., exhortation, 
encouragement, (cohortor) 

cohortor, see horto.r. 

Collina (sc. tribus), -ae, f., the Col- 
line tribe. 

collum, -l, n., the neck. 

colo, -ere, colui, cultus, till, care 
for, cultivate ; live in, dwell in ; 
honor, esteem, love, cherish, care for, 
show respect for ; . honor, worship, 
revere, worship at; devote one^s self 
to, practice, pursue. 

ex — excolo, -ere, excolul, 
excultus. cultivate, improve, re- 
fine, ennoble. 

re — recolo, -ere, recolui. re- 
cultus, cultivate again, work over ; 
renew, resume, revieiu. 

colonia, -ae, f., colony, settlement. 
(^colomis) 

colonus, -1, m., tiller of the soil, 
farmer; colonist, settler, (colo) 

Colophon, -onis, m., a city of Ionia, 
one of the seven cities that claimed 
to be the birthplace of Homer. 

Colophonius, -a, -um, of Colophon. 
Colophonii, -orum, m., the Colo- 
phonians, the people of Colophon. 

color, -oris, m , color, tint, com- 
plexion ; appearance, show. 

comes, -itis, m. and f., companion, 
associate, comrade : attendant, de- 
pendant, (cf. coeo, go together} 

comissatio, -onis, f., carousal, 
revel, revelry, (comissor, revel) 

comitatus, -us, m., company, es- 
cort, retinue, band of companions, 
crowd, (comitor) 



comitium, -l, n., place of meeting ; 
the Comitium, a place near the 
Forum, where public meetings were 
held. See note on page 51, line 4. 
comitia, -orum. n., assembly of 
the people, election. comitia 
consularia, cojisular election. 

comitor (1), accompany, comita- 
tus, accompanying and accompa- 
nied, (comes) 

commeatus, -us , m., going to and 
fro; communication ; provisions, 
supplies. ( commeo) 

commemorabilis, -e, noteworthy, 
praiseworthy, remarkable, metno- 
rable. (commemoro) 

commemoratio, -onis, f., a calling 
to mind, mention, remembrance. 
(commemoro) 

commemoro ( 1), call to mind, men- 
tion, relate ; keep in mind, remem- 
ber, (com + memoro, bring to 
remembrance) 

commendatio, -onis. f., a com- 
mending, recommendation, com- 
mendation ; excellence, worth. 
(commendo) 

commendo. see mando. 

commeo (i),^ and come, resort to, 
visit, frequent. (com + meo, 

go) 

commisceo, see misceo. 

commissum. -1, n., undertaking, 
offense, fault, crime. (p. p. of 
committo) 

committS, see mitto. 

commode, adv., properly, skillfully, 
well ; conveniently, suitably ; pleas- 
antly, kindly; completely. (Case 
form of commodus) 



COMMODO 



435 



CONCUPISCO 



commodo (i), supply, furnish, loan, 
lend, (commodus, full) 

ad — accommodo (i), fit, ad- 
just, adapt, conform, suit. 

commodum, -I, n., convenience, 
comfort, blessing, gain, advantage, 
interest, reward, commodo no- 
stro, at our convenience, tuae 
valetudinis commodo, with con- 
sideration for your health, (com- 
modus) 

commodus, -a, -urn, having the 
same measure ; fit, suitable, appro- 
priate, opportune ; pleasant, favor- 
able, friendly (com + modus) 

commoror, see moror. 

commoveo, see moveo. 

commune, -is, n., community, state. 
(communis) 

communico (i), share, take part 
in, participate in; add, join. 
(communis) 

communis, -onis, f., sharing, par- 
ticipation, felloivship. (com- 
munis) 

communis, -e, having duties in 
common, common, general, public ; 
as a whole, (com -f munus) 

communiter, adv., in common, to- 
gether, in general, (communis) 

commutabilis, e, changeable, fickle. 
(commuto) 

commuto, see muto. 

comparatio, -onis, f., preparation. 
(comparo) 

comparo, see paro. 

compello, see pello. 

comperio, -ire, comperi, com- 
pertus, find out, discover, ascer- 
tain, learn. 



competitor, -oris, m., rival, oppo- 
nent, competitor, (com + peto) 

complector, -1, complexus, clasp, 
embrace ; include, inclose ; love, 
cherish, honor ; sum up, express 
concisely, (com + plecto, plait) 

compleo, see pleo. 

complexus, -us, m., clasp, embrace. 
(complector) 

complures, -a or -ia, several, many. 
(com -|- plures) 

comprehends, see prehendo. 

comprimo, see premo. 

comprobo, see probo. 

conatum, -I, n., an attempt, effort. 
(conor) 

conatus, -us, m., attempt, endeavor, 
effort, undertaking, (conor) 

concedo, see cedo. 

concelebro, see celebro. 

concerto, see certo. 

concido, see cado. 

concilio (i), bring together, recon- 
cile, unite, conciliate ; procure, win, 
acquire, obtain, (concilium) 

re — reconcilio ( i ), recover, re- 
store; win over, conciliate, reconcile. 

concipio, see capiS. 

concito (i), arouse, stir up, move, 
influence; urge, impel, instigate. 
(freq. of concieo, bring together) 

Concordia, -ae, f. , harmony, union, 
concord, unanimity. Concordia, 
-ae, f., the goddess of concord. 
(concors) 

concors, -cordis, harmonious, af- 
fectionate, (com + cor, heart) 

concuplsco, -ere, concupivi (-ii), 
COncupitus, desire earnestly, long 
for, covet, (com + cupio) 



CONCURRO 



436 



CONLATUS 



concurro, see curro. 

concursS (1), run to and fro, run 
about, fly around ; visit, frequent. 
(freq. of concurro) 

concursus, -us, m., running to- 
gether; throng, crowd, concourse, 
assembly, gathering ; assault, charge, 
attack, (concurro) 

condemns, see damno. 

condicio, -Snis, f., agreement, stipu- 
lation, compact, terms, bargain, 
proposals; lot, condition, circum- 
stances, position, state ; understand- 
ing. 

condo, see do. 

condono, see dSno. 

conduco, see duco. 

confectiS, -onis, f., finishing, com- 
pletion ; preparation, composing. 
(conficiS) 

confero, see fero. 

cSnfertus, -a, -um, crowded to- 
gether, dense, compact, in close 
order ; crammed, stuffed, gorged. 
(p. p. of conferciS, crowd to- 
gether) 

cSnfessiS, -onis, f., confession, ad- 
mission, acknowledgment, (cSn- 
fiteor) 

confestim, adv., at once, forthwith, 
without delay, immediately . 

conficio, see faciS. 

cSnfldo, see fldo. 

conflrmo, see flrmS. 

cSnfiteor, see fateor. 

cSnflagro, see flagro. 

cSnfligS, -ere, cSnflixL cSnfll- 
Ctus, dash together; contend, fight, be 
atvariance. (com + fligS. strike) 

conflS, see flo. 



conformatiS, -onis, f., shaping, 
molding, form, fashion ; training, 
culture. (confSrmS) 

conforms (1), form, mold, shape, 
fashion, train. (com + fSrmS, 
shape) 

confringS, see frango. 

confugiS, see fugio. 

congero, see gero. 
! congredior, see gradior. 
i congrego, see grego. 

congressiS, -onis, f., meeting, inter- 
vieiv, conference, (congredior) 

congressus, -us, m., meeting, inter- 
viezv, onset, encounter, fight, (con- 
gredior) 

congruS, -ere, congrui, — , agree, 
harmonize, accord ; combine. 

coniciS, see iaciS. 

coniectura, -ae, f , conjecture, in- 
ference, guess. (coniciS) 

COniunctiS, -Snis, f., union, agree- 
ment; intimacy, friendship, (con- 
iungS) 

coniunctus, -a, -um. closely united, 
connected; intimate, harmonious. 
(p. p. of coniungo) 

coniungS, see iungS. 

coniunx, -iugis, m. or f., a married 
person, husband, wife. (cf. con- 
iungo) 

coniuratiS, -Snis, f., conspiracy, 
band of conspirators, (coniuro) 

coniiiratus, -1, m., associate, ally, 
conspirator, (p. p. of coniuro) 

coniuro, see iuro. 

coniveS, -ere, cSnivi (cSnlxi), 
— , shut the eyes ; 7viuk at, overlook, 
let go unnoticed, not interfere. 

conlatus, p. p. of confers. 



CONLECTIO 



437 



CONSOLOR 



conlectio,, -onis, f., a collection, 
gathering, (cf. conligo, collect) 

conlega, -ae, m., an associate, col- 
league, (cf. conligo) 

conlegium, -I, n., an association, 
body, corporation, guild, club, board. 
(cf. conlega) 

conligo, see lego. 

conloco, see loco. 

conloquor, see loquor. 

Conor, (i), endeavor, undertake, 
attev^pt, try. 

conquiescS, see quiescS. 

conquisltor, -oris, m., a recruiting 
officer, (conquirS, hunt up) 

COnrSborS (i), strengthen, encour- 
age, fortify, corroborate, (com + 
rSboro, strengthen) 

conruS, see ruS. 

consceleratus, -a, -um, wicked, de- 
praved, criminal, villainous, (p. p. 
of conscelero, slain zuilh guilt) 

conscientia, -ae, f., knowledge, con- 
sciousness ; sense of right, sense of 
duty done, sense of guilt, conscious- 
ness of guilt ; conscience, (cSn- 
scid, be conscious) 

conscius, -a, -um, having knowl- 
edge with. As subst, an accessory, 
participant, ally, associate, accom- 
plice, confidant, witness, (com + 
sciS) 

cSnscrlbS, see scribo. 

consecro, see sacro. 

consensiS, -onis, f., agreement, 
unanimity , harmony ; combina- 
tion. (consentiS) 

consensus, -us, m., agreement, 
unanimity, harmony ; general feel- 
ing, universal belief . (consentio) 



consentio, see sentid. 

consequor, see sequor. 

cSnservatiS, -onis, i., preservation. 

conservator, -oris, m., keeper, pre- 
server, defender, (conservo) 

conservS, see servo. 

consessus, -us, m., a session, assem- 
bly, body, (consido, sit down) 

considers (i), look at closely, con- 
sider, reflect upon, contemplate. 

Considius, -I, m., a Roman name. 
i. C. Considius Longus, pro- 
praetor in Africa in 50 B.C. He 
was killed in flight after the battle 
of Thapsus. 

2. Nonidnus Considius, praetor 
in 52 B.C. 

consido, -ere, consedi, conses- 
sus, sit dotvn, be seated ; enca?}ip. 

consilium, -1, n., body of counselors, 
deliberative assembly ; deliberation, 
consultation ; counsel, advice ; de- 
termination, purpose, resolution, 
plan, intention, design, measure; 
understanding, judgment, wisdom, 
discretion. consilium capere, 
to adopt a plan, dicere non est 
mei consili, it is not for me to 
say. consilium publicum, the 
council of the state. 

consists, see sisto. 

consSbrinus, -1, m., first cousin 
(on the mother's side), (com + 
soror) 

cSnsolatiS, -onis, f., solace, conso- 
lation, cornfort ; alleviation. (cSn- 
solor) 

cSnsSlor (1), encourage, cheer, 
comfort, console, comfort one for. 
(com + sSlor, comfort) 



CONSORS 



438 



CONTENTUS 



cSnsors. -sortis, having a common 
lot, having the same fortune, com- 
mon. As subst., sharer, associate, 
colleague, companion, comrade. 
(com + sors) 

conspectus, -us, m., sight, view, 
look ; presence, (cf. cSnspiciS) 

cSnspiciS, see specio. 

conspiratiS, -Snis, f., unanimity, 
harmony ; plot, combination, con- 
spiracy. (cSnspiro) 

cSnspiro, see spiro. 

cSnstans, -antis, firm, steady ; 
steadfast, unchanging, unwavering; 
consistent, harmonious, (pres. p. 
of cSnsto) 

constanter, adv., firmly, ■'steadily, 
resolutely, steadfastly ; unifor?nly, 
all together ; consistently, evenly. 
(constans) 

constantia, -ae, f., firmness, steadi- 
ness, steadfastness ; consistency, har- 
mony^ self- restraint, courage. 
(constans) 

constituS, see statuo. 

consto, see sto. 

constringS, see stringo. 

consuescS, -ere, consuevi, con- 
suetus, become accustomed ; in the 
perfect system, be accustomed, be 
wont, be in the habit of. (com + 
suesco, become used) 

consuetudo, -dinis, f., custom, 
habit, manners, usage, way, prac- 
tice, precedent, ordinary method ; 
companionship, intimacy, friend- 
ship. iudiciSrum consuetudS, 
that which is customary in courts. 
consuetudine devinctus, bound 
by the ties of intimacy, fori con- 



suetudo, the usual appearance of 
the Forum. 

consul, -ulis, m., a consul. See page 
27. consul designatus, a con- 
sul elect, pro cSnsule, see pro- 
consul. 

consularis, -e, of a consul, of the 
consuls, consular. As subst., con- 
sularis, -is, m., an ex-consul. 
(consul) 

consulatus, -us, m., office of a con- 
sul, consulship, (consul) 

consulo. -ere. consului, cSnsul- 
tus, deliberate, take counsel; re- 
solve, determine ; ask advice of, 
consult, counsel zvith; with dative, 
look out for, take thought for, con- 
sult the interests of. 

consulto. adv., purposely, designedly . 
(abl. of consultum) 

cSnsultum. -i. n., deliberation, con- 
sideration ; decree, resolution, de- 
cision. 

consumo. see sumo. 

contamino (1), mingle, unite ; pol- 
lute, stain, defile; dishonor, dis- 
grace. 

contegS. see tego. 

contemno. -ere. contempsi. con- 
temptus. value little, despise, dis- 
dain, hold in contempt; make 
light of, disregard, defy, (com + 
temnS. scorn) 

contends, see tendS. 

contentiS. -onis. f., strain, struggle, 
effort, tension ; strife, struggle, dis- 
pute, controversy ; comparison, con- 
trast, (ef. contends) 

contentus. -a. -urn, content, satis- 
fied, pleased. ( c ontineo ) 



CQNTICESCO 



439 



CORCYRA 



conticesco, -ere, -ticui, — , become 
silent, be still, be hushed; cease, 
stop, (com + taceo) 

continens, -entis, bordering on, 
adjacent; connected, continuous, 
uninterrupted ; self-controlled, con- 
tinent, tetnperate. (pres. p. of 
contineo) 

continentia, -ae, f., self-control, 
self-restraint, moderation, (con- 
tinens) 

contineo, see teneo. 

contingo, see tango. 

continuo, adv., immediately, at once, 
forthwith, without delay. (con- 
tinuus) 

continuus, -a, -urn, continuous, 
unbroken, successive. (cf. con- 
tineo) 

contio, -onis, f., an assembly, meet- 
ing, gathering ; address, speech, 
harangue. 

contionator, -oris, m., demagogue, 
agitator, (contionor, convoke) 

contra, adv. and prep. 

As adv., opposite, in front ; in 
opposition, on the other side; in 
turn, in return, on the other hand ; 
in answer, in reply, contra at- 
que, contra ac, otherwise than, 
contrary to, different from. 

As prep, with ace., over against, 
opposite, facing ; against, in oppo- 
sition to, contrary to, in hostility 
to ; in reply to. 

contraho, see traho. 

contrarius, -a, -urn, opposite ; op- 
posed, contrary, conflicting, contra- 
dictory, (cf. contra) 

controversia, -ae, f., dispute, con- 



troversy, question, debate, (con- 
troversus, disputed) 

contubernalis, -is, m. and f., tent- 
companion, messmate, comrade. 
(com + tabema) 

contumelia, -ae, f., reproach, abuse, 
insult, affront ; injury, violence. 

convalesco, -ere, convalui, — , 
become zoell, grow strong, recover, 
be convalescent, (com + valeo) 

conveho, see veho. 

convenio, see venio. 

conventus, -lis, m., assembly, gath- 
ering, meeting, concourse; league, 
confederation, association, corpora- 
tion, (convenio) 

converts, see verto. 

convicium, -I, n., clamor, outcry ; 
din, noise ; wrangling, altercation, 
abuse, (com + vox ?) 

convinco, see vinco. 

convivium, -l, n., banquet, enter- 
tainment, feast, carousal, (com -j- 
vivo) 

convoco, see voco. 

copia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty, 
large supply, great quantity, large 
number ; multitude, throng; full- 
ness, copiousness ; potuer, ability, 
fluency ; wealth, resources, riches, 
means; armed forces, troops, (com 
+ ops) 

copiosus, -a, -um. well supplied, 
rich, plentiful, (copia) 

coram, adv. and prep, (com + 6s) 
As adv., face to face, in person, 
openly. 

As prep, with abl., before, in the 
presence of. 

Corcyra, -ae, f., an island in the 



CORCYRAEI 



440 



CORNELIUS 



Ionian Sea off the coast of Epirus, 
also the name of a town on the 
island. The island is now called 
Corfu. 

Corcyraei, -orum, m., the inhabi- 
tants of Corcyra. 

Corduba, -ae, f., a large city in 
Spain, the birthplace of the two 
Senecas and of Lucan. The mod- 
ern name is Cordova. 

Corfidius, -1, m., a gens name. L. 
Corfidius, mentioned as a friend of 
Ligarius. 

Corinthus, -1, f., Corinth, a famous 
city of Greece, destroyed by L. 
Mummius in 146 B.C. It was re- 
built by Julius Caesar, and there is 
now a village named Corinto not far 
from the site of the ancient city. 

Cornelius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. P. Cornelius Sapid Africdnus, 
the conqueror of Hannibal at Zama, 
202 B.C. He was also called Maior 
to distinguish him from (2). 

2. P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilid- 
nus Africdnus, the son of L. Ae- 
milius Paul us and adopted by Africa- 
nus Maior. He destroyed Carthage 
in 146 B.C. and Numantia in 133 B.C. 
He was a political opponent of the 
Gracchi. 

3. L. Cornelius Cinna, a sup- 
porter of Marius in his struggles 
with Sulla, and the leader of the 
popular party after the death of 
Marius. He was killed in a mu- 
tiny of his troops while endeavor- 
ing to prevent the return of Sulla 
in 84 B.C. 

4. L. Cornelius Sulla, an officer 



with Marius in the war with Jugur- 
tha and also in the war with the 
Cimbri and Teutones. Later, he 
attached himself to the aristocratic 
faction, defeated the Marian party, 
and reorganized the government in 
the interests of the senatorial fac- 
tion. His death occurred in 78 B.C. 

5. P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 
in 162 B.C. 

6. L. Cornelius Lentulus, un- 
known except as praetor in 89 B.C. 

7. Cn. Cornelius Letitulus, an 
unknown tribune who was made a 
legatus the year following his tri- 
buneship. 

8. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clo- 
didnus, consul in 72 B.C. He took 
some part in operations against the 
pirates. 

9. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, 
consul in 71 B.C. and expelled from 
the senate the following year. He 
joined the conspiracy of Catiline, 
and was among those put to death 
by order of the senate. 

10. P. Cornelius Lentulus Spi zi- 
ther, a wealthy patrician, consul in 
57 B.C., friendly to Cicero at the 
time of his banishment. 

11. L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus, 
consul in 49 B.C. He actively sup- 
ported Pompey, and met the same 
fate in Egypt. 

1 2. P. Cornelius Doldbella, Cic- 
ero's son-in-law. He fought with 
Caesar in the Civil war and secured 
the consulship in 44 B.C. While 
on the way to his province of Syria 
he plundered Grecian and Asiatic 



CORNUTUS 



441 



CRUDELITAS 



cities. To escape arrest for these 
misdeeds, he killed himself in 

43 B - c - 

Cornutus, -1, m., a family name. 
M. Cornutus, praetor in 43 B.C. 

corona, -ae, f., a crown, wreath; 
circle, ring, crowd, audience, spec- 
tators. 

corpus, -oris, n., a body ; a lifeless 
body, corpse ; a person, individual. 
corpore effugere, to escape by 
dodging. 

corrigo, see rego. 

corroboro (1), strengthen, encour- 
age, fortify. (com + roboro, 
strengthen) 

corrumpS, see rumpo. 

corruptela, -ae, f., corruption, se- 
duction ; enticement, allurement. 
(corruptus) 

corruptor, -oris, m., seducer, cor- 
ruptor, briber, debaucher. (cor- 
rumpo) 

corruptus, -a, -um, spoiled, ruined; 
bad, evil, corrupt, profligate. As 
subst., a corrupt man, debauchee. 
(p. p. of corrumpo) 

coss., abbr. of consules. 

cotidianus, -a, -um, daily, (co- 
tidie) 

cotidie, adv., daily, (quot + dies) 

Cotta, -ae, m., a family name. See 
Aurelius. 

eras, adv. ; to-morrow. 

Crassus, -1, m., a family name. See 
Licinius. 

creber, crebra, crebrum, thick, 
close, numerous, frequent ; crowded ; 
often repeated, general. 

crebro, adv., often, repeatedly, fre- 



quently, in quick succession, at short 
intervals, (creber) 

credibilis, -e, to be believed, likely, 
credible, (credo) 

credo, -ere, credidi, creditus, 
lend; consign, trust, entrust ; trust, 
confide in, believe, credo (used 
parenthetically), / suppose, of 
course, quite likely, crede mini, 
believe me, take my word for it, 
take my advice. 

cremo (1), bum, consume. 

creo, (1), produce, create ; choose, 
appoint, elect. 

pro — procreo (1), generate, 
produce, bring into being. 

re — recreo (1), recreate, re- 
vive, restore. 

cresco, -ere, crevi, cretus, spring 
up, grow, increase, swell, enlarge ; 
be strengthened, (creo) 

Cretensis, -e, of Crete, Cretan. 
As subst., the Cretans. 

crimen, -minis, n., judgment, de- 
cision; accusation, charge; fault, 
crime, offense. 

criminor ( I ) , accuse, charge with, de- 
nounce, find fault with, (crimen) 

criminosus, -a, -um, reproach- 
ful, slanderous ; criminal, having 
ground for an accusation, (cri- 
men) 

cruciatus, -us, m., crucifying ; tor- 
ture, tormoit, suffering, agony. 
(crucio, torture) 

crudelis, -e, unfeeling, rough, hard- 
hearted, severe, cruel; pitiless, 
harsh, (crudus, rough) 

crudelitas, -tatis, f., harshness, se- 
verity, cruelty, (criidelis) 



CRUDELITER 



442 



CURRO 




crudeliter, adv., harshly, cruelly, 
severely, (crudelis) 
ruento (1), stain with blood, 
wound, (cruentus) 
ruentus, -a^ -urn, bloody, blood- 
stained, gory ; blood-thirsty, cruel. 
(cf. cnior) 

cruor, -5ris, m., blood, gore. 

crux, crucis, f., a cross, death on 
the cross, destruction. 

cubile, -is, n., couch, bed. (cf. cubo, 
lie dozvii) 

culpa, -ae, f., fault, error, reproach, 
blame. 

cultura, -ae, f., tillage, cultivation, 
culture, care, agri cultura, agri- 
culture, (cf. colo) 

cum, prep, with abl., zvith, together 
with, along with, in company with. 

cum, conj., zvhen, whenever, while, 
after ; since, inastfiuch as, because, 
seeing that ; when, though, although, 
notzvithstanding the fact that, cum, 
turn, not only, but also ; both, and. 
cum primum, as soon as. cum 
praesertim, especially since. 

cumulate, adv., in full measure, 
fully, abundantly, (cumulatus) 

cumulo (1), heap up, pile up ; fill 
full, increase, add to ; complete, 
crozvn. (cumulus) 

cumulus, -1, m., heap, pile, mass; 
addition, increase. 

cunctor (1), delay, linger, hesitate, 
doubt. 

ciinctus, -a, -um, all, all together, 
the zuhole of, entire. 

cupide, adv., eagerly, earnestly, zeal- 
ously, gladly, (cupidus) 

cupiditas. -tatis. f., desire, eager- 



ness; passion, greed, cupidity, lust; 
partisanship, prejudice. (cupi- 
dus) 

cupido. -inis, f., desire, wish, long- 
ing: greed, lust. (cf. cupio) 

cupidus, -a, -um, eager, desirous ; 
loving, fond ; passionate, lustful, 
greedy, covetous, avaricious ; par- 
tisan, prejudiced, (cf. cupio) 

cupio, -ere, cupivi, cupltus, long 
for, wish earnestly, be eager. 

cur, adv., why ? wherefore ? As 
relative, why, zvherefore. 

ciira, -ae, f., care, attention ; charge, 
oversight ; anxiety, solicitude, grief 
sorrozv ; love, loved one. 

ciiratio, -onis, f., charge, oversight; 
treatment, remedy, care, (euro) 

curia, -ae, f., curia, zoard, associa- 
tion (one of the divisions of the 
early tribes) ; senate-house, espe- 
cially the Curia Hostilia, for which 
see page 279. 

Curio, -onis, m., a family name. 
See Scribonius. 

curiosus, -a, -um, painstaking, 
careful, thoughtful; meddlesome, in- 
quisitive, prying, officious, (cura) 

euro (1), care for, look after, attend 
to, treat ; be solicitous, be concerned; 
govern, direct, manage; with ge- 
rundive, cause, have, e.g. pontem 
faciendum curat, he has a bridge 
made, curare ut, to see to it that, 
to take care that, (cura) 

curriculum. -1, n., small car, char- 
iot ; course, career, (dim. of cur - 
rus) 

curro, -ere. cucurri. cursus, run, 
hasten. 



CURRUS 



443 



DECEM 



com — concurro, -ere, con- 
currl (concucurri),concursus, 

run together, rush together, flock to. 
de — decurro, -ere, decurri 
(decucurri), decursus, run 
down, hasten dozvn. 

ob — occur 6, -ere, occurri 
(occucurri), occursus, run to 
meet, meet; resist, oppose; offer, 
present itself, occur. 

prae — praecurro, -ere, prae- 
curri (praecucurri), praecur- 
SUS, run before ; outstrip, excel. 

re — recurro, -ere, recurri 
(recucurri) , recursus, run back, 
return quickly. 

sub — succurro, -ere, suc- 
curri, succursus, run under; 
help, assist; re?nedy, relieve ; come 
to mind, occur. 

currus, -us, m. , a chariot, car ; tri- 
umphal chariot, (cf. curro) 

cursus, -us, m., running, speed; 
way, passage, course, march, jour- 
ney ; career, course, progress, (cf. 
curro) 

custodia, -ae, f., guarding, cus- 
tody, confinement ; keepers, guards. 
(custos) 

custodio, -ire, custodivT, custo- 
ditus, protect, keep, guard, watch, 
defend, (custos) 

custos, -odis, m. and f., guard, 
watch, keeper ; protector, defender. 

Cyru3, -T, m., an architect at Rome. 

Cyzicenus, -a, -urn, of Cyzicus. 
Cyziceni, -orum, m., the inhabi- 
tants of Cyzicus. 

Cyzicus, -I, f., a celebrated and 
prosperous city of Mysia. 



D., abbr. of Decimus. 

damnatio, -onis, f., condemnation 
conviction, (damno) 

damno (i), find guilty, condemn, 
convict, (damnum, harm) 

com — condemns (i), con- 
vict, find guilty, condemn. 

de, prep, with ab\.,from, down from, 
away from, out of. In expressions 
of time, after, during, in the course 
of in. Denoting source, from, of, 
out of, from among. Denoting the 
whole, of, from, out of. Denoting 
material, of, out of, from. Denoting 
cause, for, on account of, fro?n, 
through, by. In other relations, of 
about, concerning, in respect to, in 
reference to, in the case of, in the 
matter of. de sententia, by advice. 
qua de causa, for this reason. 
de aliquo bene mererl, deserve 
well of any one. de Mithridate 
triumphare, to have a triumphal 
procession for a victory over Mith- 
ridates. de improviso, sud- 
denly, de industria, purposely, 
intentionally. 

dea, -ae, f, goddess. Bona Dea, 
see Bona, (deus) 

debeo, see habeo. 

debilis, -e, weak, feeble, helpless, 
crippled. (de + habilis, man- 
ageable) 

debilito, (i), cripple, disable, 
weaken; break, crush, dishearten 
(debilis) 

decedo, see cedo. 

decern (indecl.), ten. 




DECEMBER 



444 



DELABOR 



December, -bris, -bre, of Decem- 
ber, (decern) 

decempeda, -ae, f., a measur- 
ing pole ten feet long, (decern + 
pes) 

decerno, see cerno. 

decerpo, -ere, decerpsi, de- 
cerptus, pluck off, pick off, gather, 
collect ; take from, detract, (de -f 
carp5, pluck) 

decerto, see certo. 

decet, decere, decuit, — , is be- 
coming, is fitting, is proper, is suit- 
able, (cf. decus) 

decima (decuma), -ae, f., a tenth 
part, tithe. 

decimus (decumus), -a, -urn, the 
tenth, (decern) 

Decimus, -l, m., Decimus, a prae- 
nomen. 

declaro (i), ??iake clear; disclose, 
reveal; shotv, prove, demonstrate ; 
announce y proclaim, declare, (de 
-f claro, make clear) 

declinatio, -onis, f., a bending 
aside, leaning, side movement. 
(declino) 

declino (i), turn aside; avoid, 
evade, elude, shun, (de + *clino, 
bend) 

decoctor, -oris, m., spendthrift, 
bankrupt, (decoquS, boil down) 

decoro (i), adorn, beautify, decor- 
ate ; honor, distinguish, praise. 
(decus) 

decretum. -T. n., decree, vote, resolu- 
tion, (decerno) 

decuma, see decima. 

decumus, see decimus. 

decurro, see curro. 



decus, decoris, n., glory, splendor, 
beauty ; ornament, decoration, 
honor, (cf. decet) 

dedecus, -oris, n , disgrace, shame ; 
a deed of shame, stain, disgraceful 
act. (de + decus) 

dedico, see dico. 

deditio, -onis. f., surrender. 
(dedS) 

dedo, see do. 

dediicS, see ducS. 

defatigo (defetigo) (i), tire out, 
fatigue, exhaust. (de -f fa tig 6. 
weary) 

defendo, -ere, defend!, defensus. 
ward off, avert; defend, guard, 
protect ; uphold, justify, maintain, 
assert in defense, (de + *fendo) 

defensiS, -onis, f., defense, (de- 
fends) 

defensor, -oris, m., an averter, 
protector, defender. (defendS) 

defero. see fero. 

defessus, -a, -um, tired out. weary, 
exhausted, (p. p. of defetiscor, 
become weary) 

defetigo, see defatigS. 

deficio, see facio. 

defigS, see figS. 

definiS, -ire. definivi. defmitus. 
fix the limits of, mark out, bound ; 
fix, appoint, determine. (de + 
finiS, limit) 

deflagro. see flagrS. 

deicio, see iaciS. 

dein. adv., then, next. 

deinde, adv., thereafter, thence; 
aftenvards, then, next; besides, 
still, moreover, (de + inde) 

delabor. see labor. 



DELECTATIO 



445 



DESCRIBO 



delectatio, -onis. f., pleasure, de- 
light, enjoyment, (delectS) 

delecto (i), delight, please, charm. 
(freq. of de + laciS, charm) 

delenio, see lenio. 

deleo, -ere, delevi, deletus, erase, 
efface; destroy, overthrow, extin- 
guish. 

dellberatio, -onis, f., deliberation, 
consideration, discussion. (deli- 
bero) 

deliberS (i), weigh well, ponder, 
meditate, consider, deliberate. 

delicatus, -a, -urn, given to pleas- 
ure, luxurious, pampered. 

deliciae, -arum, f., charm, pleas- 
ures, delights ; darling, beloved. 

delictum, -l, xi., fault, defect; wrong, 
crime, (delinquo, do. wrong) 

deligo. see lego. 

Delos, -T, f., an important island in 
the Aegean Sea, famous for the 
worship of Apollo and Artemis. 

delubrum, -l, n., place of cleansing; 
shrine, temple, (de + luo, loose) 

demens, -entis, mad, maddened, 
crazy, insane ; foolish, rash, (de 
+ mens) 

dementer. adv., rashly, foolishly, 
blindly, recklessly, (demens) 

dementia, -ae, f., madness, idiocy, 
folly, (demens) 

demigro (i),go away, migrate, de- 
part, (de + migrS, remove) 

deminuS, see minuS. 

deminutiS, -onis, f., decrease, dimi- 
nution, lessening, loss, sacrifice. 
(deminuo) 

demissus, -a, -um, bozved, downcast. 
(p. p. of demitto) 



demitto, see mitt 6. 

demo, see emo. 

demonstro (i), point out, indi- 
cate, designate, show; speak of, 
mention ; prove, demonstrate, estab- 
lish, (de + monstro, show). 

demum, adv , at last, finally ; only, 
just, precisely ; in fact, assuredly. 
turn demum, then only, not till 
then, (superl. of de) 

denego, see nego. 

denique, adv., at last, finally ; in 
short, in fine, briefly, to sum up ; 
besides, thereafter ; at least, turn 
denique, then at last, then 
only, nunc denique, now at 
last. 

denoto, see noto. 

deniintio, see niintio. 

depello, see pello. 

dependo, see pendS. 

deplorS, see plSro. 

deponS, see ponS. 

depopulor, see populor. 

deporto, see ports. 

deposcS, see posco. 

depravo (i), disfigure, distort ; lead 
astray, corrupt, (de + pravus) 

deprecator, -oris, m., intercessor, 
advocate, mediator, (deprecor) 

deprecor, see precor. 

deprehendo, see prehendS. 

deprimS, see premS. 

depromS, see prSmS. 

derelinquS, see linquS. 

derivS (i), lead off, turn aside ; di- 
vert, transfer, shift upon another. 
(de + rivus, brook) 

descends, see scandS. 

describo, see scribo. 



DESERO 



446 



DICTATURA 



desero, -ere, deserui. desertus, 

disunite; leave, abandon, forsake, 
desert. vadimSnia deserere, to 
forfeit one's sureties. (de + ser 6 , 
bind) 

desertus, -a, -um, deserted, soli- 
tary ; retired, abandoned, (p. p. 
of desero) 

desiderium, -1, n., wish, desire, 
longing; grief regret; object of 
longing, heart's desire, love. 

desidero (1), long for, wish for, de- 
sire; ask, demand, call for, expect ; 
miss, lose, be lacking. 

designo, see signo. 

desilio, see salio. 

desino, see sino. 

desisto, see sisto. 

desperatio, -cnis. f., hopelessness, 
despair, desperation, (despero) 

desperatus, -a, -urn, despaired of, 
hopeless; desperate, abandoned. 
(p. p. of despero) 

despero, see spero. 

despicio, see specio. 

despolio, see spolio. 

destituo, see statuo. 

destringo, see stringo. 

desum, see sum. 

deterred, see terreS. 

detestor, see testor. 

detraho, see traho. 

detrimentum, -1, n., loss, harm, 
damage, injury ; defeat, disaster. 
(detero. rub away) 

deus, -1, m., a god, deity. For pecul- 
iarities of declension, see grammars. 

deveho, see veho. 

deverto. see verto. 

devincio. see vincio. 



devinco, see vinco. 

devoco, see voco. 

devoveo, see voveo. 

Dexippus. -1, m., probably a slave. 

dexter, -tera (-tra), -terum 
(-trum), right, on the right. 

dextera (dextra), (sc. manus), 
-ae, f., the right hand, (dexter) 

die 6 ( I ) , consecrate, set apart, devote. 
ab — abdico (1), abdicate, re- 
sign, se praetura abdicare. to 
resign the praetorship. 

de — dedico (1), consecrate, 
dedicate, devote. 

prae — praedico (1), an- 
nounce, proclaim ; assert, declare; 
praise, boast. 

dico, -ere, dixi, dictus. say, tell, 
speak, utter ; assert, affirm, main- 
tain; appoint, settle, ius dicere, 
to administer justice. senten- 
tiam dicere, to express one's 
opinion, causam dicere. to plead 
one's cause, dicunt, they say. 

ad — addico. -ere. addixi. 
addictus, adjudge, assign, give 
over to; knock down, strike off 
(auction terms). 

in — indico, -ere. indixi, in- 
dictus, proclaim, announce, de- 
clare. 

prae — praedico, -ere. prae- 
dixi. praedictus, tell beforehand, 
predict, say first, state first. 

dictator, -oris, m., dictator, a Ro- 
man officer. See page 29. The same 
title is applied to the highest offi- 
cial of Lanuvium. (dicto, dictate) 

dictatura. -ae. f., office of dictator, 
dictatorship, (dictator) 



DICTITO 



447 



DISCIPLINA 



dictito (i), keep saying, repeat, in- 
sist, (freq. of dicto) 

dies, -ei, m. (sometimes feminine in 
the singular), day. in dies, every 
day, day by day. in singulSs 
dies, every single day. prope 
diem, soon. 

differo, see fero. 

difficilis, -e (superl. difficillimus), 
not easy, difficult, hard; perilous, 
critical ; obstinate, captious, morose. 
(dis + facilis) 

difficultas, -tatis, f., difficulty, 
trouble, distress, embarrassment, 

■ difficult circumstances, (difficilis) 

diffidS, see fido. 

diffluo, see fluS. 

dignitas, -tatis, f., worth, merit; 
greatness, honor, majesty, reputa- 
tion; rank, position, (dignus) 

digressio, -onis, f., parting, sepa- 
ratioit. (digredior, separate) 

digressus, -us, m., parting, separa- 
tion ; departure, (digredior) 

dignus, -a, -um, worthy, deserving; 
fit, suitable, (cf. decet) 

diiudico, see iudicS. 

dilabor, see labor. 

dilacero, see lacero. 

dilanio, (i), tear in pieces, mutilate, 
mangle, (di -j- lanio, rend) 

dilatiS, -onis, f, postponement, ad- 
journment, (di + latio, bearing) 

dflectus, -us, m., selection ; levy, 
enrollment, conscription, draft, (cf. 
diligo) 

diligens, -entis, industrious, care- 
ful, attentive, painstaking, punc- 
tilious, faithful, (pres. p. of di- 
ligo) 



diligenter, adv., carefully, with ex- 
actness, diligently, (diligens) 

diligentia, -ae, f., care, pains, 
watchfulness, faithfulness, (dili- 

• gens) 

diligo, see lego. 

dilucescS, -ere, dHuxi, — , grew 
light, dawn. (inch, of diluceS, be 
clear) 

dfluo, see luo. 

dlmicatiS, -onis, f., fight, combat, 
struggle, contest, rivalry. (di- 
mico) 

dimicS (i), fight, contend, be in 
peril, de vita dimicare, to fight 
at the risk of life. 

dimittS, see mittS. 

direptiS, -onis, f., plundering, pil- 
lage, sack, (diripiS) 

direptor, -oris, m., pillager, ma- 
rauder, (diripio) 

diripio, see rapio. 

discedS, see cedS. 

disceptatio, -onis, f., dispute, con- 
tention, debate, discussion, (dis- 
cepto) 

discepto (i), decide, determine, 
jtidge ; debate, dispute, discuss. 
(dis + captS, try to seize) 

discerno, see cernS. 

discessio, -onis, f., separation, di- 
vision, vote; withdrawal, depar- 
ture, discessionem facere, to 
take a vote. (discedS) 

discessus, -us, m., separation, part- 
ing; departure, removal. (dis- 
cedS) 

discidium.-i, n., separation, discord, 
dissension, (cf. di + scindo) 

disciplina, -ae, f., instruction, 



DISCO 



448 



DIVITIAE 




teaching, training, education ; 
learning, knowledge, culture; a 
system of philosophy ; skill, (di- 
scipulus, a pupil) 

disco, -ere, didici, — , learn, become 
acquainted with. 

discordia, -ae, f., disunion, disa- 
greement, dissension, discord, strife. 
(discors, discordant) 

dlscribo, see scrlbo. 

discrimen, -inis, n., division, sepa- 
ration ; distinction, difference, dis- 
crimination ; turning-point, criti- 
cal moment, crisis ; peril, danger, 
hazard, (discerno) 

disiunctus, -a, -urn, disconnected, 
separate, apart ; opposite, different. 
(p. p. of disiungo) 

disiungo, see iungo. 

dlspergo, see spargo. 

dispertio, see partio. 

dlspicio, see specio. 

disputo, see puto. 

dissemino (1), scatter, spread 
abroad, disseminate, (dis + semi- 
no, sow) 

dissensio, -onis, f., disagreement, 
dissension, strife, (dissentio) 

dissentio, see sentio. 

dissideo, see sedeo. 

dissimilis, -e, (superl. dissimil- 
limus), unlike, different, (dis 
-I- similis) 

cUssimilitudo, -inis, f., unlikeness, 
difference, (dissimilis) 

dissimulator, -oris, m., pretender, 
concealer, equivocator. (dissimu- 
16) 

dissimulo, see simulo. 

dissipo (1), scatter, spread abroad, 



circulate, overthrow, destroy, squan- 
der, dissipate. (dis -f- *supo, 
throw) 

dissolvo, see solvo. 

distraho, see traho. 

distribuo, see tribuo. 

distringo, see stringo. 

disturbs, see turbo. 

diu (comp. diutius, superl. diutis- 
sime), adv., for a long tune, a long 
time, long, quam diu, how long? 
as long as. 

diurnus, -a, -urn, of the day, by 
day. (cf. dies) 

dius (only in the nom.) god, divinity. 
me dius fidius, so help ?ne the 
god of truthfulness. 

diuturnitas, -tatis, f., length of 
time, long continuance, duration. 
(diuturnus) 

diiiturnus, -a, -um, long continued, 
long, lasting, (diu) 

divello, see vello. 

diversus, -a, -um, opposite, opposed, 
contrary, conflicting ; separate, 
apart, remote; different, various, 
unlike, (p. p. of diverto) 

diverto, see verto. 

divido, -ere, divisi, divisus, sep- 
arate, divide; distribute, appor- 
tion; scatter, spread, extend. 

divinitus, adv., from heaven, provi- 
dentially, (dfvlnus) 

divino (1), foresee, foretell, divine, 

cotijecture. (divinus) 
divinus, -a, -um, of a god, divine ; 
superhuman, godlike, admirable, 
excellent; inspired, (divus, a god) 
divitiae, -arum, f., riches, wealth. 
(dives, rich) 



DIVORTIUM 



449 



DOLOR 



divortium, -I, n., separation, divi- 
sion, difference, (diverto) 
do, dare, dedi, datus, give up, 
deliver, surrender ; give, bestow, 
confer; resign, yield, abandon; 
furnish, afford; permit, allow, 
let; undergo, suffer ; write, lit- 
teras dare, to write a letter. 
operam dare, to give attention, 
take heed, duint, an old form of 
the subj. pres. 3d plural. 

ab — abdo, -ere, abdidi, 
abditus, put away, hide, conceal. 
se abdere, to devote one's self to 
bury one's self in. 

abs + com — abscondo, -ere, 
abscondidi, absconditus, hide 
away, conceal. 

ad — addo, -ere, addidi, ad- 
ditus, put to ; add, increase. 

circum — circumdo, -are, 
circumdedi, circumdatus, put 
around, set around ; surround, 
encircle, besiege. 

com — condo, -ere, condidi, 
conditus, put together, found, 
build; lay away, store up, preserve. 
post urbem conditam, since the 
founding of the city. 

de — dedo, -ere, dedidi, de- 
ditus, give up, submit, surrender; 
apply, devote. 

e — edo, edere, edidi, edi- 
tus, put forth, bring forth, pro- 
duce; tell, utter, set forth, disclose. 

per — perdo, -ere, perdidi, 
perditus, ruin, destroy, squan- 
der, dissipate. 

pro — prodo, -ere, prSdidi, 
proditus, put forth; relate, re- 

H. & G. CIC. — 29 



cord, publish, hand down, trans- 
mit; give up, surrender ; reveal, 
disclose, betray. 

re + com — recondo,-ere,re- 
condidi, reconditus, put away 
again, put back, hide, bury. 
gladium recondere, to sheathe 
a sword. 

red — reddo, -ere, reddidit, 
redditus, put back, give back, re- 
store ; give, deliver, hand over; 
render, make. 

trans — trado, -ere, tradidi, 
traditus, hand over, give up, 
surrender, commit, intrust, hand 
down, relate, narrate. 

doceo, -ere, docui, doctus, cause 
to know, teach, inform, show, ex- 
plain, tell. 

e — edoceo, -ere, edocui, 
edoctus, show in detail, inform 
fully, instruct. 

doctrina, -ae, f., teaching, instruc- 
tion; learning, erudition, (cf. 
doceo) 

doctus, -a, -um, trained, experi- 
enced, skilled ; cultivated, learned, 
cultured, (p. p. of doceo) 

documentum, -1, n., lesson, exam- 
ple, pattern; proof evidence, indi- 
cation, token, (cf. doceo) 

Dolabella, -ae, m., see Corne- 
lius. 

doleo, -ere, dolui, doliturus, feel 
pain, suffer; grieve, sorrow, la- 
ment; cause pain, hurt. 

dolor, -oris, m., pain, suffering; 
distress, grief, anguish, sorrow; 
vexation, mortification, chag>'in; 
anger, resentment, animosity. 



DOMESTICUS 



450 



DUCO 




domesticus, -a, -urn of the house ; 
of the family, domestic, private, 
personal; native, internal, civil. 
bellum domesticum, civil war. 
(domus) 

omicilium, -1, n., habitation, dwell- 
ing place, residence, abode, home ; 
place of residence, legal residence. 
(domus) 

domina, -ae, f., mistress, (cf. domi- 
nus) 

dominatio, -onis, f., reign, rule, 
dominion, supremacy, tyranny. 
(dominor) 

dominor (1), rule, control, lord it 
over any one, tyrannize, (dominus) 

dominus, -1, m., master, ruler, 
owner, proprietor. 

Domitius, -1, m., a gens name. L. 
Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul in 
54 B.C. He fought for Pompey at 
Corfinium and at Massilia, and was 
killed in the flight after the battle 
of Pharsalus. 

domitor, -oris, m., tamer, breaker 
(of horses) ; vanquisher, con- 
queror, (cf. domo) 

domo, -are, domul, domitus, 
tame, domesticate, train, break; 
subdue, vanquish, conquer. 

domus, -us, f. (for peculiarities of 
declension see grammars), house, 
dwelling, home ; household, family, 
house, domi (locative), at home. 
domum, homeward, home, domo, 
from home. 

ddno (1), give, present, bestow ; for- 
give, re??iit, pardon, (donum) 
com — condono (1), give up, 
forgive, pardon, overlook. 



donum, -I, n., gift, present, offering; 
presentation. 

dormio, -ire, dormivi, dormitus, 
sleep. 

Drusus, -1, m., a family name. See 
Livius. 

dubitatio, -onis, f., doubt, hesita- 
tion, perplexity, uncertainty, ir- 
resolution, (dubito) 

dubito (1), be uncertain, be per- 
plexed; waver, hesitate, vacillate, 
delay, (dubius) 

dubius, -a, -um, wavering, doubt- 
ful, uncertain, non est dubium 
quin, there is no doubt that. 

duco, -ere, duxi, ductus, lead, 
draw ; guide, direct, conduct ; drag 
out, prolong; reckon, consider, 
think, regard, spiriturn diicere, 
to draw breath, parietem dii- 
cere, to extend a wall, in matri- 
monium diicere, to marry (used 
of the man). 

ad — adduco, -ere, adduxi, 
adductus, lead to, bring to; 
induce, persuade, influence. 

com — condxico, -ere, con- 
duxi, conductus, bring together, 
collect ; hire, employ. 

de — dediico, -ere, deduxi, 
deductus, lead dozen; draw off, 
withdraw ; bring; lead, induce. 
navem deducere, to launch a 
ship, de sententia deducere, to 
dissuade, coloniam deducere, 
to plant a colony. 

e — ediico, -ere, edu^, 
eductus, lead out, bring out, 
march out. gladium educere, to 
draw a sword. 



DUCTUS 



451 



EDOCEO 



in — induco, -ere, indiixi, 

inductus, lead in, bring in, in- 
troduce ; persuade, induce, insti- 
gate, animum inducere, to make 
up one's mind. 

intro — introduco, -ere, in- 
troduxi, introductus, bring 
in, introduce. 

per — per duco, -ere, per-" 
duxi, perductus, lead through, 
conduct ; extend, prolong; bring 
over, persuade, induce. 

pro — produco, -ere, pro- 
duxl, productus, lead forth, 
bring forward; beget, produce; 
lengthen, protract, extend. 

re — reduco, -ere, reduxi, re- 
ductus, to lead back, draw back ; 
restore, replace; draw off, with- 
dratv. 

trans — tradxico, -ere, tra- 
duxi, traductus, lead across, 
transfer, change. 

ductus, -us, m., leadership, com- 
mand, (duco) 

dudum, adv., a time ago, before, 
formerly, iam dudum, this long 
time, now for a longtime, (diu -f 
dum) 

duint, see do. 

dulcedo, -inis, f., sweetness, de- 
lightfulness, attractiveness, charm. 
(dulcis) 

dulcis, -e, sweet ; pleasant, delight- 
ful, charming, precious. 

dum, while, as long as ; till, until ; 
if only, provided that ; with nega- 
tives, yet, as yet. dum modo, if 
only, dum taxat, only, merely. 

duo, -ae, -o, two. 



duodecim (indecl.), twelve. (duo + 
decem) 

duodecimus, -a, -um, tivelflh. 
(duo -f decern) 

dure, adv., harshly, (durus) 

durus, -a, -um, hard ; rough, ud 
cultivated ; harsh, unfeeling, piti 
less, stern. 

dux, ducis, m. and f, leader, guide, 
conductor, commander, ducibus 
dis, under the leadership of the 
gods. (cf. duco) 

Dyrrhachium, -T, n., a town of 
Illyria on the coast of the Adri- 
atic, the usual landing place for 
those who crossed over from Brun- 
disiura. The modern name is 
Durazzo. 

E. 

e, see ex. 

ea, adv., on that side, that way, there. 
(a form of is) 

ebriosus, -a, -um, given to drink- 
ing, addicted to drink. As subst., 
toper, drunkard, (ebrius) 

ebrius, -a, -um, drunk, intoxicated. 

ecquis (-qui), ecqua, ecquid 
(-quod), any? ecquid, any at 
all? 

ecquid, adv., at all? 

eculeus, -1, m., a little horse, colt ; 
a rack, torture horse, (dim. of 
equus) 

edictum, -1, n., order, proclamation, 
edict, manifesto. (edico, pro- 
claim) 

editus, -a, -um, elevated, lofty, high. 
(p. p. of edo) 

edo, see do. 

edoceo, see doceo. 




EDUCO 



452 



ENNIUS 



educo, see duco. 

effeminatus, -a, -um, womanish, 
unmanly, effeminate, enervated. 
(p. p. of effemino, weaken} 

effero, see fero. 

efficio, see facio. 

effigies, -ei, f., representation, por- 
trait, image, statue. 

efflagito, see flagito. 

efflo, see £15. 

effrenate, adv., without restraint, 
violently, (effrenatus) 

effrenatus, -a, -um, unbridled, un- 
restrained. 

effugio, see fugio. 

effundo, see fundo. 

egens, -entis, (pres. p. of egeo), 
needy, destitute. 

egeo, -ere, egul, — , be needy, be in 
want, lack, be without, be destitute. 

egestas, -tatis, f., beggary, poverty, 
destitution, need, (egeo) 

ego, mei, /, me, we, us, etc. 

egredior, see gradior. 

egregius, -a, -um, remarkable, ex- 
traordinary, superior, excellent. 
(e + grex) 

eicio, see iacio. 

elabor, see labor. 

elaboro, see laboro. 

eligo, see lego. 

eloquentia, -ae, f., eloquence. 
(eloquens, eloquent) 

eludo, -ere, elusi, elusus, stop 
playing ; parry, avoid, elude ; de- 
ceive, baffle, mock, make sport of. 
(e + ludo, play) 

emergo, -ere, emersi, emersus, 
bring to light, raise up; intrans., 
come out, come up, rise, emerge; 



get out of difficulty, get one's head 
above water, (e+mergo, dip) 

emitto, see mitto. 

emo, -ere, emi, emptus, take; buy, 
procure. 

ad — adimo, -ere, ademi, 
ademptus, take away; remove 
from, deprive of. 

co — coemo, -ere, coemi, 
coemptus, buy up, purchase. 

de — demo, -ere, dempsi, 
demptus, take away, remove. 

inter — interims, -ere, inter- 
emi, interemptus, take frotn 
among, destroy, kill; distress, 
afflict. 

red — redimo, -ere, redemi, 
redemptus, buy back, ransom, re- 
deem ; contract for, take by contract. 

emolumentum, -1, n., gain, advan- 
tage. 

emorior, see morior. 

enarro (1), set forth in detail, re- 
count, describe, relate, (e + narro, 
tell) 

enim, really, in fact; for, now, be- 
cause, etenim, for of course, for 
you see, for as is evident, neque 
enim (the negative of etenim), 
for of course . . . not. at enim 
(introducing objections), but, it is 
claimed. 

enitor, see nitor. 

Ennius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. 
Ennius, styled the " Father of 
Roman Poetry," born at Rudiae in 
239 B.C. He went to Rome with 
Cato in 204 B.C. and soon became 
famous as a writer in various forms 
of literary composition. Considera- 



ENTELLUS 



453 



EQUES 



... ble , fragments of his works are 

extant. 
Entellus, -l, m., mentioned by Ver- 
gil (V, 387 ff.) as a Sicilian who 
conquered Dares, a Trojan, in a 
boxing contest. 
eo, ire, Ivi (ii), iturus, go, come ; 
move, advance ; prosper, turn out. 
ad saga ire, to assume the garb 
of war. 

ab — abeo, abire, abivi, abi- 
turus, go away, depart; pass 
away, vanish. 

ad — adeo, adire, adii, adi- 
tus, go to, approach; enter tipon, 
begin, undertake ; meet, encounter ; 
undergo, ad rem publicam 
adire, to take part in the affairs 
of state, hereditatem adire, 
to receive an inheritance. 

ex-exeo, exire, exii, ex- 
iturus, go out, come out ; retire, 
depart, withdraw; fall out, be 
drawn (of lots) ; turn out, result. 
tela exire, to avoid the weapons. 

in — ineo, inire, inivi (mil), 
initus, go into, enter upon ; begin, 
undertake, engage in ; make, form, 
devise, ineunte aetate at the 
beginning of manhood. 

inter — intereo, interire, in- 
tern, interiturus, go to ruin, per- 
ish, die, be killed. 

intro — introeo, introire, in- 
troivi, — , go within, enter. 

ob — obeo, obire, obii, obi- 
tus, go to meet ; go about, engage 
in, undertake ; carry out, execute ; 
get at, reach, f acinus obire, to 
commit a crime. 



per — pereo, perire, peril, 
peritiirus, pass away, disappear ; 
perish, die, be lost, go to ruin. 

prae — praeeo, praeire, 
praeii, — , go before ; dictate, pre- 
scribe. 

praeter — praetereo, prae- 
terire, praeterii, praeteritus, 
pass by, pass over, disregard, over- 
look, omit. 

prod — prodeo, prodire, pro- 
diT, proditus, go forth, come for- 
ward, appear, obviam alicui 
prodire, to go out to meet any one. 
red — redeo, redire, redii, 
reditus, go back, return; be 
restored. 

sub — subeo, subire, subii, 
subitus, go under ; succeed, fol- 
loiv, come after ; take upon one's 
self, undergo, submit to. 

eo, adv., thither, to that place, there; 
to such a degree, to that point. 
usque eo, even to such a degree. 
(old case form of is) 

eodem, adv., to the same place, to the 
same point, there also, (old case 
form of idem) 

epigramma, -atis, n., inscription, 
epigram. (e7rt77/)d / u/xa) 

Epirus, -1, f., a country between 
Thessaly and the Adriatic Sea, 
made a Roman province by Aemi- 
lius Paullus. 

epistula, -ae, f., letter, epistle. 

epulum, -1, n., dinner, feast, banquet. 

eques, -itis, m., horseman, rider; 
trooper, cavalryman ; knight, a 
member of the order of knights. 
(equus) 






EQUESTER 



454 



EX 



equester, -tris, -tre, of knights, of 
cavalry, (eques) 

equidem, a.(\v.,for my part, as far as 
I am concerned, at all events ; cer- 
tainly, surely, by all ??ieans, truly ; 
why ! 

equitatus, -us, m., cavalry, horse- 
men, (cf. equito, ride) 
quus, -l, m., horse. 

erga, prep, with ace, towards, in 
relation to, in respect to. 

ergo, adv., accordingly, therefore, 
then, consequently. 

erigo, see rego. 

eripio, see rapio. 

erratum, -1, n., error, mistake, fault. 
(erro) 

erro (i), wander, go astray; be 
mistaken, make a mistake, vehe- 
menter errare, to 7?iake a great 
mistake, to be greatly mistaken. 

ab — aberro ( i ) , wander 
away, go astray ; be not in har- 
mony with, be different from. 

error, -oris, m., going astray ; error, 
mistake, (cf. erro) 

eructo (i), belch, vomit, throw up. 
(e + ructo, belch) 

erudio, -ire, erudivi, eruditus, 
train, teach, instruct, educate, pol- 
ish, (e + rudis.) 

eruditus, -a, -um, trained, edu- 
cated, learned, (p. p. of erudio) 

erumpo, see rumpo. 

escendo, see scando. 

et, and, also, even. et, et, both, 
and. 

etenim, see enim. 

etiam, adv., now also, even now, even 
yet, yet, still ; also, even, likewise, 



furthermore. etiam atque 
etiam, again and again, etiam 
nunc, even now, up to this time, 
still. etiam si, even if, al- 
though, (et + iam) 

Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, a country 
in Italy, north of Latium. 

Etruscus, -a, -um, of Etruria, 
Etruscan. Etriisci, -orum, m., 
the Etruscans. 

etsi, even if, although, (et -f Si) 

evado, see vado. 

evello, see vello. 

evenio, see venio. 

eventum, -1, n., occurrence, event ; 
issue, outcome, result, (evenio, 
happen) 

eventus, -us, m., occurrence, acci- 
dent ; issue, result, (evenio) 

everto, see verto. 

evocator, -oris, m., recruiter, sum- 
mo ner. (evoco) 

evoco, see voco. 

evomo, -ere, evomui, evomitus, 
vomit up, spew out. (e + vomo, 
spew) 

ex (often e before consonants), prep, 
with abl., out of. Denoting place, 
out of, from. Denoting time, from, 
since, after. Denoting source and 
material, from, of, out of Denot- 
ing cause, from, through, by, on 
accomtt of, in consequence of. De- 
noting the whole or a class, of, out 
of, from among. Denoting means, 
out of, by, with, by means of, on. 
Denoting the measure or rule, ac- 
cording to, after, in conformity 
with, aliqua ex parte, in some 
measure, ex tempore, off hand. 



EXAGGERO 



455 



EXISTIMATIO 



§ re publica, for the advantage 
of the state. 

exaggero (i), heap up, pile up; 
enlarge, heighten, magnify, (ex 
-f aggerd, pile up) 

exanimatus, -a, -urn, overcome, 
overpowered, terrified, disheart- 
ened, paralyzed. (p. p. of ex- 
animo) 

exanimo (i), put out of breath, 
fatigue; deprive of life, kill; 
frighten, terrify; unnerve, pros- 
trate, paralyze, (exanimus, life- 
less) 

exardesco, -ere, exarsi, — , take 
fire, blaze up; be exasperated, be 
enraged. (ex + ardesco, take 
fire) 

exaudio, see audio. 

excedo, see cedo. 

excellens -entis, prominent, re- 
markable ; superior, noble, dis- 
tinguished, (pres. p. of excello) 

excellenter, adv., excellently, re- 
markably well, (excellens) 

excello, -ere, excellul, excelsus, 
be superior, excel, surpass. 

excelsus, -a, -urn, lofty, elevated, 
high. (p. p. of excello) 

excido, see cado. 

excipio, see capio. 

excito (i), call out, rouse ; stimu- 
late, inspire, awaken; stir up, ex- 
cite, (freq. of excieo, call out) 

excludo, see claudo. 

excogito, see agito. 

excolo, see colo. 

excrucio ( I ) , torture, torment; har- 
ass, vex, distress, (ex -}- crucid, 
crucify) 



excubiae, -arum, f., watching, keep- 
ing guard ; guards, sentinels, walch- 
men. (cf. excubo, watch) 

excursio, -onis, f., a running 
forth; invasion, raid, incursion. 
(cf. excurro) 

excuso (i), excuse, offer an excuse 
refuse, decline, (ex + causa) 

exemplum, -l, n., sample, pattern, 
model, copy; example, precedent, 
case; warning, lesson ; purport, 
general meaning; transcript, copy. 

exeo, see eo. 

exerceo, see arceo. 

exercitatio, -onis, f., exercise, prac- 
tise; exercise, training, experience, 
opportunity for the exercise of. 
(exercito) 

exercitatus, -a, -um, trained, 
experienced, versed, skilled, (p. p. 
of exercito, train) 

exercitus, -us, m., a trained body 
of men, army, (exerceo) 

exhaurio, see haurio. 

exhibeo, see habeo. 

exigo, see ago. 

exiguus, -a, -um, scanty, small, lim- 
ited, meager ; paltry, mean, insig- 
nificant, (cf. exigo) 

eximie, adv., especially, exceedingly, 
very ?>iuch, particularly. (ex- 
imius) 

eximius, -a, -um, taken out; excep- 
tional, extraordinary, uncommon, 
remarkable ; choice, distinguished, 
excellent, admirable, (cf. eximo) 

existimatio, -onis, f., Judgment, 
opinion, estimate, verdict; good 
name, reputation ; public opinion. 
(existimo) 




EXISTIMATOR 



456 



EXTER 




existimator, -oris, m,, judge, critic. 
(existimo) 

existimo (1), estimate, value, reck- 
on; consider, regard; think, sup- 
pose, ii7iagine. (ex + aestimo, 
value) 
xitiosus, -a, -um, destructive, 
ruinous, deadly, (exitium) 
xitium, -1, n., ruin, destruction, 
extinction, (cf. exeS) 

exitus, -us, m., going out, departure, 
egress, exit; outcome, result, issue ; 
end, close, termination, (cf. exeS) 

exoletus, -1, m., a favorite, (ex- 
olesco, cease) 

exoptS, see opto. 

exornS, see Srno. 

exorsus, -us, m., beginning, first 
part, (exordior, begin) 

expeditus, -a, -um, unfettered, un- 
impeded, unobstructed, unembar- 
rassed, (p. p. of expedio) 

expedio, -ire, expedivi, expedi- 
tus, extricate, set free, liberate ; set 
in order, make ready, prepare ; be 
profitable, be advantageous, be wise, 
be best. 

expellS, see pello. 

experior, -Iri, expertus, try, test, 
prove; find out by experience, find 
to be true. 

expers, -ertis, without a part, hav- 
ing no share, destitute, without. 
(ex + pars) 

expeto, see peto. 

expflS (1), rob, pillage, plunder, 
steal, (ex + pUS, plunder) 

expio (1), cleanse, purify ; make 
amends for, atone for, expiate. 
(ex + piS, purify) 



expleo, see pleo. 

explicS, see plicS. 

explorS, see plSro. 

expono, see pono. 

exports, see porto. 

exposed, see poscS. 

exprimo, see premo. 

expromS, see prSmS. 

expugnatiS, -Snis, f., a taking by 
assault, storming, (expiignS) 

expugno, see piigno. 

exquiro, see quaero. 

exscindo, see scindS. 

exsequiae, -arum, f, funeral, fu- 
neral procession, mourners, (cf. 
exsequor) 

exsilium, -1, n., exile, (exsul) 

exsistS, see sisto. 

exsolvo, see solvS. 

exspectatiS, -Snis, f., a waiting 
for, expecting ; expectation, a?itici- 
pation; longing, desire. (ex- 
spectS) 

exspectS, see spectS. 

exstinguo, -ere, exstinxl, ex- 
stinctus, put out, extinguish; kill, 
annihilate, destroy, (ex + stin- 
guo, put out) 

exstS, see stS. 

exstructio, -Snis, f., structure. 
(exstruS) 

exstruS, see struS. 

exsul, -is, m., exile. 

exsulS (1), be an exile, be in ban- 
ishment, (exsul) 

exsulto, -are, exsultavi, — , leap 
up; rejoice, revel, delight, (freq. 
of exsiliS, jump up) 

extenuS, see tenuo. 

exter, -tera, -terum, outside, outer; 



EXTERMINO 



457 



FACIO 



foreign, strange, extremus (su- 
perl.), outermost, farthest, extreme, 
last, ad extremum, at last, finally. 

extermino, see termino. 

externus, -a, -urn, outside, out- 
ward, external ; foreign, strange. 
extern!, -orum, m., foreigners, 
strangers, (exter) 

extimesco, -ere, extimui, — ,fear 
greatly, be in great terror at, dread; 
show fear, display terror, (ex + 
timed, fear) 

extollo, see tollo. 

extorqueo, see torqueo. 

extra, adv. and prep. 

As adv., on the outside, without. 
As prep, with ace, outside of, 
beyond, aside from. extra 6r- 
dinem, out of the regular order. 
extra causam, not to the point, 
beside the question, (case form of 
exter) 

exuo, -ere, exui, exutus, put off, 
throw off, cast aside, divest, (cf. 
induo) 

exuro, see uro. 

exuviae, -arum, f., clothing, equip- 
ment; spoils, trophies, (exuo) 

P. 

F., abbr. of filiua. 

Fabius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. 
Fabius Maximus, the one named 
Cunctator for the tactics which 
he employed against Hannibal. 

Fabricius, -I, m., a gens name. Q. 
Fabricius, a tribune of 57 B.C. 

fabula, -ae, f., narrative; story, 
tale, fiction, fable ; drama, play. 
(cf. for, speak) 



facile (superl. facillime), adv., 
easily, without difficulty ; readily, 
willingly, (facilis) 

facilis (superl. facillimus), -e, 
easy, not difficult; approachable, 
courteous, affable, (cf. facio) 

facilitas, -tatis, f., ease, facility, 
readiness; courtesy, affability, ac- 
cessibility, (facilis) 

facinorosus, -a, -um, criminal, 
vicious, villainous. As subst., crim- 
inals, scoundrels, (facinus) 

f acinus, : oris, n., a deed, an act; 
wicked deed, crime, outrage, (cf. 
facio) 

facio, -ere, feci, factus (faxint = 
fecerint), make, construct, build ; 
do, carry on, perform ; cause, pro- 
duce, compose; choose, appoint, 
constitute; make, render; sup- 
pose, assume, admit; value, es- 
teem; pass., become, be made, 
happen, etc. votum facere, to 
offer a prayer, sumptum facere, 
to incur expense, fidem facere, 
to inspire belief. potestatem 
facere, to give an opportunity. 
reliquum facere, to leave, ali- 
quem certiorem facere, to in- 
form any one. certior fieri, to be 
informed, fit obviam, come to 
meet, meet, ut fit, as usually 
happens, quid puero misero 
fiet ? what will become of the poor 
boy? The passive of this verb is 
fid, fieri, factus. 

ad — adficid, -ere, adf eci, 
adfectus, do to, treat, use ; affect, 
influence, present, visit with, con- 
fer upon, honor with; weaken^ 




FACTUM 



458 



FAMILIARIS 



break down, praemils adfectus, 

honored with gifts, aetate adfec- 
tus, worn out with old age. 

com — conficio, -ere, con- 
feci, confectus, make up; com- 
plete, accomplish, finish; make, 
compose ; wear out, exhaust, over- 
come ; kill, destroy, exercitum 
conficere, to raise an army. 

de — deficio, -ere, defeci, 
defectus, fall off, withdraw, 
revolt; forsake, abandon, desert; 
fail, cease, be lacking, be exhausted. 
a. re publica. deficere, to revolt 
from the slate. 

ex — efficio, -ere, effecl, ef- 
fectus, make out, do, cause, ac- 
complish, produce, bring about. 

inter — interficio, -ere, inter- 
red, interfectus, kill, destroy, 
put to death. 

per — perficio, -ere, perfeci, 
perfectus, bring to an end, com- 
plete, finish; bring about, cause, 
accomplish, effect, succeed in. 

prae — - praeficio, -ere, prae- 
feci, praefectus, put before, set 
over, place at the head of, put in 
command of. 

pro — proficio, -ere, profeci, 
profectus, make progress ; bring 
about, accomplish ; be helpfid. 

re — reficio, -ere, refeci, re- 
fectus, make over, repair ; re- 
fresh, reinvigorate, relieve, restore. 
factum, -1, n., deed, act, achievement. 

(facio) 
facultas, -tatis, f., capability, power, 
ability ; ease, facility, readiness; 
chance, opportunity ; slock, store, 



abundance ; riches, resources. 
(facilis) 

Faesulae, -arum, f., an Etruscan 
city, now Fiesole. 

Faesulanus, -a, -urn, of Faesulae. 

falcarius, -1, m., a scythe maker. 
inter falcarios, in the scythe 
makers' quarter. 

Falcidius, -1, m., a gens name. C. 
Falcidius, a tribune of the people. 

fallax, -acis, deceitful, deceptive, 
hypocritical, treacherous, (fallo) 

fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsus, deceive, 
dupe, cheat, betray ; fail, disap- 
point ; escape one's notice, pass un- 
noticed ; pass., be mistaken. 

re — refello, -ere, refelli, — , 
disprove, refute, show to be false. 

falso, adv., deceitfully, falsely,* un- 
truly, erroneously, without founda- 
tion, (falsus) 

falsus, -a, -urn, deceptive, deceitful, 
false ; unfounded, groundless, 7?iis- 
leading. (p. p. of fallo) 

falx, -cis, f., sickle, knife. 

fama, -ae, f., saying, report, rumor, 
tradition; public opinion, fame, 
reputation, renown, good name. 
(cf. for, speak) 

fames, -is (abl. fame), f., hunger, 
famine, starvation. 

familia, -ae, f., a household; serv- 
ants, attendants, slaves, band of 
slaves, mater familias (an old 
form of the genitive), mistress of a 
house, matron, (famulus, serv- 
ant) 

familiaris, -e, of a house, of a house- 
hold, of a family, domestic, private ; 
friendly, intimate. As subst., 



FAMILIARITAS 



459 



FERO 



friend, acquaintance, res fami- 
liaris, private property, (familia) 

familiar it as, -tatis, f., friendship, 
intimacy, (familiaris) 

familiariter, adv., on friendly terms, 
intimately, as a friend, (famili- 
aris) 

fanum, -i, n., a shrine, sanctuary. 
(for, speak) 

fas (indecl.) n., divine law, right. 
fas est, it is right, it is proper, it 
is permitted, (for, speak) 

fascis, -is, m., bundle, package ; pi., 
the fasces,- the bundle of rods con- 
taining an ax, carried by the lictors 
before the highest Roman magis- 
trates. 

fastidio, -Ire, fastidivi, fastidi- 
tus, feel disgust; loathe, despise, 
disdain ; be critical, (fastidium, 
nausea) 

fatalis, -e, appointed by fate, or- 
dained by destiny, fated, destined. 
(fatum) 

fateor, -eri, fassus, confess, admit, 
acknowledge, (cf. for) 

com — confiteor, -eri, con- 
fessus, acknozvledge, concede, grant. 
pro — profiteor, -eri, pro- 
fessus, declare publicly, profess, 
avow, declare ; make profession, 
register. 

fatum, -I, n., prediction, oracle; 
fate, destiny; ruin, destruction. 
fata Sibyllina, the Sibylline books, 
said to have been bought by Tar- 
quin. (for, speak) 

fauces, -ium, f., the throat, jaws ; 
entrance, defile, pass. 

faveo, -ere, favi, fautiirus, favor, 



be kindly 'disposed toward, be pro- 
pitious. 

Favonius, -l, m., a gens name. 
M. Favonius, mentioned as one 
opposed to Clodius. 

fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand; 
meteor, comet. 

faxint, see facio. 

febris, -is, f., fever. 

Februarius, -a, -urn, of February. 

felicitas, -tatis, f., good fortune, 
success, manifestation of divine 
favor, (felix) 

feliciter, adv., happily, fortunately, 
successfully, (felix) 

femina, -ae, f., woman, female. 

fere, adv., almost, nearly, about ; gen- 
erally, usually; with negatives, 
hardly, scarcely. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry, 
bring, support; allow, permit, 
endure, suffer, tolerate ; lead, con- 
duct, direct; with reflexive or in pass., 
betake one's self hasten, rush ; as- 
sert, say, report, prae se ferre, 
to show, declare, moleste ferre, 
to take anything hard, be vexed. 
sententiam ferre, to express one's 
opinion, vote, legem or roga- 
tionem ferre, to propose a law. 
ferunt, they say. 

ad — adfero, adferre, attuli, 
adlatus, bring to, carry to ; cause, 
produce, bring forth ; allege, claim, 
report, announce. medicinam 
adferre, to apply a remedy, vim 
adferre, to use violence. 

ante — antefero, anteferre, 
antetuli, antelatus, place before, 
prefer. 



FERO 



460 



FESTUS 



au — auferS, auferre, abstulT, 
ablatus, carry off, take away, 
withdraw, re?nove. 

com — confers, conferre, 
contuli, conlatus, bring to- 
gether, gather ; compare, contrast ; 
devote, apply ; charge, ascribe, im- 
pute ; grant, bestow; invest, se 
conferre, to betake one^s self. 
signa conferre, to join in battle. 

de — defers, deferre, detuli, 
delatus, bring down, carry away ; 
grant, allot, bestow, confer upon; re- 
port, set forth, state ; accuse, charge. 

dis — differo, differre, dis- 
tuli, dflatus, carry apart; put 
off, defer, postpotie, adjourn. 

ex — effero, efferre, extuli, 
elatus, bring out, carry away; 
make known, spread abroad; praise, 
extol ; pass., be lifted up, be puffed 
up, be elated. 

in — InferS, inferre, intuli, 
inlatus, bring in, introduce; 
cause, create, inspire ; make, wage, 
carry on ; bring forward, allege. 
bellum inferre, to wage war. 
vim et manus inferre, to lay 
violejit hands upon, ignem in- 
ferre, to set fire. 

ob — offero, offerre, obtuli, 
oblatus, bring before; present, 
offer, expose; cause, procure. 

per — perferS, perferre, per- 
tuli, perlatus, carry through, 
bring; announce, report; bear, 
suffer, submit to, put up with. 

prae — praefero, praeferre, 
praetuli, praelatus, carry before, 
put before ; prefer, esteem above. 



pro — profero, proferre, prS- 
tuli, prSlatus, 'bring forth, bring 
out; produce, discover, reveal; 
bring forward, cite, mention. 

re — referS, referre, rettuli, 
relatus, bring back; ascribe, 
assign, refer; set down, record. 
gratiam referre, to show grati- 
tude, requite, ad senatum re- 
ferre, to lay before the senate, ad 
unam summam referri, to be 
assigned to the one main point. 

sub — suffers, sufferre, sus- 
tuli, sublatus, undergo, stiffer. 

trans — transfers, transferre, 
transtuli, translatus, bear across, 
carry over, transfer; postpone, 
defer. 

ferocitas, -tatis, f., wildness, fierce- 
ness ; savageness, ferocity, cruelty. 
(ferox) 

ferox, -Scis, wild, bold ; savage, 
cruel, fierce, pitiless. 

ferramentum, -i, n., an iron tool, 
weapon, sword, (ferrum) 

ferreus, -a, -um, made of iron, iron ; 
unfeeling, hard-hearted, (ferrum) 

ferrum, -i, n., iron ; an iron tool, 
weapon. 

fertilis, -e, fruitful, fertile, pro- 
ductive, (cf. ferS) 

ferus, -a, -um, wild, untamed; rude, 
uncultivated, barbarous ; savage, 
cruel, fierce. 

festinatio, -Snis, f., haste, hurry. 
(festinS) 

festinS (1), hasten, hurry, be quick. 
(festinus, quick) 

festus, -a, -urn., festal, gala ; joyful, 
merry. 



FICTUS 



461 



FLAGITIOSUS 



fictus, -a, -um, made up, false, 
trumped up. (p. p. of fingo) 

fidelis, -e, trustworthy, faithful, sin- 
cere, true, (fides) 

fidelitas, -tatis, f., faithfulness, 
fidelity, (fidelis) 

fides, -ei, f., trust, confidence, reli- 
ance ; faith, credence, belief; 
trustworthiness, cottscientiousness, 
faithfulness, honesty, genuineness, 
good faith, integrity, uprightness ; 
pledge, promise, assurance, con- 
firmation ; credit (a commercial 
use of the word), fidem facere, 
to inspire belief fides publica, 
a pledge given in the name of the 
state. 

Fidius, -1, m., a title of Jupiter as 
god of faithfulness, me dius fi- 
dius (sc. iuvet), so may the god 
of faithfulness help me, by the god 
of truth ! 

fido, -ere, fisus sum, trust, confide 
in, have confidence, rely on. (cf. 
fides) 

com — confido, -ere, confi- 
sus sum, trust, be confident, feel 
assurance ; trust to, rely on. 

"dis — diffido, -ere, difflsus 
sum, lose confidence, distrust, de- 
spair of, be discouraged. 

fiducia,-ae, f., cottfidence, assurance; 
security, pledge, (fidus) 

fidus, -a, -um, trustworthy, faithful ; 
sure, trusty. 

figo, -ere, feci, fixus, place, fix, 
fasten. 

ad — adfigo, -ere, adfixi, ad- 
fixus, fasten, attach. 
de — defigo, -ere, defixi, de- 



fixus, drive down, fix, fasten, 
set, thrust ; turn, direct. 

filia, -ae, f., daughter. 

filiola, -ae, f., little daughter (dim. 
of filia) 

filius, -1, m., son. 

fingo, -ere, finxi, fictus, mold, 
form, fashion, shape ; invent, de- 
vise, imagine, concoct; make out, 
pretend. 

ad — adfingo, -ere, adfinxi, 
adfictus, devise in addition, in- 
vent besides ; impute, ascribe. 

finis, -is, m., boundary, limit ; end, 
conclusion ; territory, country. 
quern ad finem? to what limit? 

finitimus, -a, -um, bordering on, 
adjacent, adjoining, next to ; pi. as 
subst., neighbors, (finis) 

fio, fieri, factus, be made, become. 
See facio. 

firmamentum, -i, n., prop, stay, 
support, (firmo) 

firmo (1), make firm, strengthen, for- 
tify ; assure, encourage, (firmus) 
ad — adfirmo (1), strengthen; 
declare, assert, maintain, affirm. 

com — confirmo ( 1 ), strengthen, 
establish; animate, cheer, inspire, 
encourage ; prove, support, corrob- 
orate ; declare, assert. 

in — infirmo (1), weaken, in- 
validate, disprove. 

firmus, -a. -um, firm, steady, reso- 
lute ; true, trusty, faithful. 
Flaccus, -i, m., a family name. See 
Fulvius, Laenius, and Valerius, 
flagitiose, adv., shamefully, basely, 

disgracefully, (flagitium) 
flagitiosus, -a, -um, shameful, dis- 



FLAGITIUM 



462 



FORMA 




graceful, infamous ; profligate, dis- 
solute, (flagitium) 

flagitium, -1, n., a sha??ieful act, 
outrage ; shame, disgrace. 

fl.agi.t5 (1), solicit, urge, demand 
earnestly, importune, require, call 
for. 

ex — efflagito ( 1 ) , demand 
urgently, solicit, insist. 

flagro ( i ) , blaze, bum ; be stirred. 
com — conflagro (1), burn 
up, be consumed. 

de — deflagro (1), burn down, 
be consumed. 

flamen, -inis, m., priest (of a par- 
ticular divinity). 

flamma, -ae, f., blaze, flame, fire ; 
glow, passion, wrath. 

flecto, -ere, flexl, flectus, bend, 
turn, direct; sway, change, affect, 
guide, control. 

fleo, -ere, flevi, fletus, weep, 
lament. 

fletus, -iis, m., weeping, tears, grief, 
lamentation, (cf. fleo) 

flexibilis, -e, pliant, flexible, yield- 
ing, (cf. flecto) 

flo (1), blow. 

com — conflo (1), blow up, 
kindle; excite, arouse, inflame; 
bring together, make up, raise, 
compose ; bring about, cause, pro- 
duce. 

in — inflo (1), breathe into, 
bloxv upon; inspire, encourage; 
puff up, elate, inflate. 

ex — efflo (1), breathe out, 
breathe forth. 

floreo, -ere, florui, — , blossom ; be 
prosperous, flourish, be eminent. 



florens, -entis, prosperous, flourish- 
ing; distinguished, famous, emi- 
nent, (pres. p. of floreo) 

floresco, -ere, florui, — , begin to 
blossom ; grow bright ; become 
famous, (incep. of floreo) 

flos, floris, m., blossom, flower; 
flower, best part. 

fluctus, -us, m., wave, billow, surge ; 
commotion, turbulence, (cf. fluo) 

flumen, -inis, n., stream, river; 
flow, fluency, (fluo) 

fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow, roll, 
glide. 

ad — adfluo, -ere, adfluxl, 
adfluxus, flo w to; abound in, be 
full, be oversowing. 

dis — diifluo, -ere, diffluxi, 
— , flow apart, flow in different 
directions. 

focus, -i, m., hearth, fireside. 

foederatus, -a, -um, allied, con- 
federate, (foedus) 

foedus, -eris, n., league, alliance, 
covenant, treaty, agreement. 

foedus, -a, -um, foul, loathsome, un- 
seemly, repulsive, abominable. 

tons, fontis, m., fountain, spring, 
source. 

for as, adv., outdoors, abroad, outside, 
out, away, (case form of fora, 
door) 

fore, future infinitive of sum. 

forensis, -e, of the forum ; public ; 
ordinary, (forum) 

foris, adv., out of doors, without, 
abroad; in public life, in relations 
outside the home. (case form of 
fora, door) 

forma, -ae, i., figure, form, shape; 



FORMIAE 



463 



FREQUENTC 



appearance, looks, beauty ; a wax 
image. 

Formiae, -arum, f., an old town in 
Latium, on the Appian Way. One 
of Cicero's villas, called Formid- 
num, was near. His death oc- 
curred not far from this place. 

Formianum, -1, n., name of a villa 
at Formiae. 

form id o, -inis, i.,fear, dread, terror. 

formidolosus, -a, -um, alarming, 
terrible, to be dreaded, (formido) 

fors, fortis, f., chance, forte, by 
chance, accidentally ; perhaps. 

forsitan, adv., perhaps, it may be. 
(fors sit an) 

fortasse, adv., perhaps, possibly, per- 
chance. 

forte, see fors. 

fortis, -e, strong, powerful ; sturdy, 
brave, bold, valiant, fearless, cour- 
ageous ; spirited, manly, worthy, 
honorable. 

f ortiter, &dv.,firmly, steadily ; boldly, 
fearlessly. 

fortitudo, -inis, f., strength, power ; 
bravery, firmness, resolution, (for- 
tis) 

fortuna, -ae, f, chance, fortune; 
condition, lot, circumstances ; mis- 
fortune; property, possessions. 

Fortuna, -ae, f., Goddess of Fortune. 

fortunatus, -a, -um, prosperous, 
fortunate, blessed. (fortxinS, make 
happy") 

forum, -1, n., open place, public place, 
market place, exchange. Forum 
Romanum, a name given to the 
space between the Palatine and the 
Capitoline. See page 300. 



Forum Aurelium, -1, n., a town in 

Etruria, on the Aurelian Way. 
foveo, -ere, fovi, fotus, keep 

warm ; cherish, fondle, caress, pet. 
fragilis, -e, brittle, easily broken, 

fragile ; weak, delicate, * frail. 

(frango) 
fragilitas, -tatis, f., brittleness ; 

weakness, frailty, (fragilis) 
frango, -ere, fregi, fi actus, break, 

shatter, wreck, crush, bruise ; over- 
come, crush, dishearten. 
com — confringo, -ere, con- 

fregi, contractus, break in pieces, 

shatter, destroy. 
in — infringo, -ere, infregi, 

Infr actus, break dozvn, destroy; 

weaken, diminish. 
per — perfringo, -ere, per- 

fregi, perfractus, break through, 

break in pieces ; break, violate. 
frater, -tris, m., brother. 
fraterne, adv., in a brotherly way. 

(fraternus, of a brother) 
fraudatio, -onis, f., deception, cheat- 
ing, dishonesty, (fraudo, cheat) 
fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, treachery, 

wickedness, dishonesty. 
freno (1), b?-idle, check, curb, (fre- 

num) 
frenum, -1, n., a bridle. 
frequens, -entis, repeated, frequent, 

common ; crowded, full, thronged ; 

in great numbers, conspectus 

frequens, the sight of you in large 

numbers. 
frequentia, -ae, f., crowd, concourse, 

multitude, throng, (frequens) 
frequento (1), visit often, resort to ; 

attend in great numbers, throng, 




FRETUS 



464 



FUNGOR 



■ 



frequent ; bring together in great 

numbers, (frequens) 
fretus, -a, -um, sustained, upheld ; 

relying, trusting, depending. 
frigus, -oris, n., cold. 
irons,* frontis, f., brow, forehead. 
fructus, -us, m., enjoyment, delight, 

pleasure ; frtut, product, income; 

reward, recompense, return, (cf. 

fruor) 
frumentarius, -a, -um, of grain, 

of provisions, res frumentaria, 

grain supply, provisions, (frii- 

mentum, grain) 
fruor, -I, fructus, enjoy, take pleas- 
ure in, rejoice in. 
per — perfruor, -1, perfruc- 

tus, enjoy fully. 
frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose, 

without effect, vainly. 
fuga, -ae, f., flight, (fugio) 
fugio, -ere, fugl, fugitus, flee ; flee 

from, shun, avoid, escape the 

notice of. 
com — confugio, -ere, con- 

fugi, confugitus, flee, take 

refuge. 
ex— effugio, -ere, effugi, ef- 

fugitus, flee away; flee from, 

avoid, escape. 
pro — profugio, -ere, pro- 

fugi, — ,flee away, flee for refuge ; 

escape, take refuge. 

re — refugio, -ere, refugi, — , 
flee back, recoil, shrink from ; 

escape, flee for refuge. 
fugitivus, -1, m., a runaway, fugi- 
tive slave, deserter, (fugio) 
fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, — , shine, flash, 

glitter. 



fulmen, -inis, n., thunderbolt, light- 
ning. 
Fulvius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, an ac- 
tive supporter of the Gracchi and 
their proposed reforms. He was 
slain in the attack made by Opimius 
on C. Gracchus in 121 B.C. 

2. M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul 
in 189 B.C., the conqueror of the 
Aetolians, and the patron of the 
poet Ennius. 

fumus, -1, m., smoke. 

fundamentum, -1, n., foundation, 
support, (fundo) 

fundo (1), found, lay the founda- 
tions of, establish, (fundus) 

fundo, -ere, fudi, fiisus, pour, 
pour out ; scatter ; vanquish, put 
to rout, rout. 

circum — circumfundo, -ere. 
circumfudi, circumfusus. pour 
around, enclose, surround. 

ex — effundo, -ere, effudi, 
eifusus, pour out, breathe out. 

ob — offundo, -ere, ofhidi, 
offiisus, pour before, cover, over- 
spread. 

pro — profundo, -ere, pro- 
fudi, profusus, pour out; spend 
freely, squander, dissipate. 

fundus, -1, m., the lowest part, bot- 
tom ; farm, estate. 

funesto (1), pollute, defile, desecrate. 
(funestus) 

funestus, -a, -um, deadly, fatal, 
destructive ; sad, mournful, (^fu- 
nus) 

fungor, -i, functus, discharge, per- 
form, do ; have experience with. 



FUNUS 



465 



GENS 



per — perfungor, -1, perfiinc- 

tus, perform, discharge ; pass 

through, be done with, finish. 
funus, -eris, n., funeral procession, 

funeral rites, funeral. 
fur, furis, m. and f., a thief. 
Furfanius, -1, m., a gens name. T. 

Furfanius, mentioned as a victim 

of Clodius. 
furia, -ae, f., madness, insanity; 

fury, passion, rage; personified, 

the Furies, (furo) 
furiosus, -a, -urn, full of madness, 

raging, furious, (furia) 
Furius, -I, m., a gens name. 

1. P. Furius, a member of the 
Catilinarian conspiracy. 

2. L. Furius, consul 136 B.C. 
He is mentioned by Cicero as a 
man of culture. 

furo, -ere, furui, — , rage, rave, be 
mad, be crazy, be excited, be furious. 

furor, -oris, m., madness, rage t 
frenzy, fury, passion; prophetic 
insight, inspiration, (furo) 

furtim, adv., stealthily, slyly, fur- 
tively, (furtum) 

furtum, -1, n., theft, a theft, (cf. fur) 



Gabinius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. A. Gabinius, proposer of the 
law by which Pompey was put in 
charge of the war against the 
pirates. He was consul with L. 
Piso in 58 B.C., and assisted Clodius 
in his opposition to Cicero. 

2. P. Gabinius Capito, a praetor 
of 89 B.C. 

H. & G. CIC. — 30 



3. P. Gabinius Cimber, one of 

Catiline's associates. 
Gabinius, -a, -um, of Gabinius, 

Gabinian. 
Gaius, -1, m., a praenomen. The 

abbreviation is C, a survival of the 

time when the same character was 

used for c and g. 
Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul. 

1. Gallia Cisalpina (also Galli 
Citerior), the country which is no 
Northern Italy. 

2. Gallia TrdnsalpTna (also 
Gallia Ulterior), name of the 
country bounded by the Atlantic, 
Insula Batavorum, the Rhine, the 
Alps, and the Pyrenees. 

Gallicanus, -a, -um, Gallic. 

Gallicus, -a, -um, of the Gauls, 
Gallic, ager Gallicus, name 
given to the territory along the 
Adriatic that was taken from the 
Gauls by the Romans. 

Gallus, -1, m., a Gaul. 

Gallus, -1, m., a family name. See 
Sergius. 

ganeo, -onis, m., profligate, glutton, 
debauchee, (ganea, cook-shop) 

gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, re- 
joice, be glad, be delighted. 

gaudium, -1, n., joy, gladness. 
(gaudeo) 

gavisus, see gaudeS. 

gaza, -ae, f, treasure, riches, wealth. 

gelidus, -a, -um, cold, ice-cold. 
(gelii, ice) 

gemo, -ere, gemui, — , sigh, groan, 
lament. 

gener, -erl, m., son-in-law. 

gens, gentis, f., a house, clan, fam- 



Q 



GENUS 



466 



GRATIA 




ily, race, nation, people, ubinam 
gentium? where in the world? 

genus, -eris, n., origin, birth, de- 
scent ; class, sort, nature, descrip- 
tion, kind, style, method, manner. 

germanitas, -tatis, f., brotherhood, 
the relation of brothers. (ger- 
manus) 

germanus, -a, -um, full, real, own. 

• As subst., own brother, own sister. 

gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, bear, 
carry; do, perform; manage, 
carry on, conduct, se gerere, 
to conduct one's self, act. bellum 
gerere, to wage war. rem pu- 
blicam gerere, to conduct the 
affairs of state, male gerendo 
negotio, through poor manage- 
ment of business, res gestae, 
deeds, achievements, exploits. 

com — congero, -ere, con- 
gessi, congestus, bring together, 
collect, accumulate. 

gestio, -ire, gestivi, gestitus, be 
delighted, rejoice; desire eagerly, 
long. 

gigno, -ere, genui, genitus, beget, 
create, produce. 

Glabrio, -orris, m., a family name. 
See Acilius. 

gladiator, -oris, m., a gladiator ; 
ruffian, thug, cut-throat. (gla- 
dius) 

gladiatorius, -a, -um, of a gladi- 
ator, gladiatorial, (gladiator) 

gladius, -i, m., a sword. 

Glaucia, -ae, m., a family name. 
See Servllius. 

gloria, -ae, f., fame, renown, glory ; 
pride, ambition, boasting. 



glorior (1), glory in, boast of, pride 
one's self, (gloria) 

gloriose, adv., gloriously, magnifi- 
cently, grandly; boastfully, ex- 
ultingly. (gloriosus) 

gloriosus, -a, -um, famous, grand, 
renowned ; boastful, haughty. 
(gloria) 

Gnaeus, -1, m., a praenomen. The 
abbreviation is Cn. 

gnavus, -a, -um, active, energetic. 

Gracchus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Sempronius. 

gradior, -1, gressus^ take steps, 
walk, go. 

com — congredior, -1, con- 
gressus, come together, meet; en- 
gage in combat, join battle, fight. 

e — egredior, -1, egressus, 
go out, go away, depart; disem- 
bark, land. 

in — ingredior, -1, ingressus, 
go into, enter ; enter upon, begin, 
undertake. 

pro — progredior, -1, pro- 
gressus, go forward, advance, 
proceed. 

gradus, -us, m., step, walk ; inter- 
val, degree ; rank, position, grade. 

Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. 

Graeculus, -1, m., a petty Greek, 
Greekling. (dim. of Graecus) 

Graecus. -a, -um, Grecian, of 
Greece, of the Greeks, Greek. As 
subst., a Greek, the Greeks. 

gratia, -ae. f., favor, esteem, regard, 
friendship, love ; a favor, kindness, 
service ; thankfulness, gratitude ; 
personal influence, gratia, with 
preceding genitive, for the sake of, 



GRATIOSUS 



467 



HABEO 



for the purpose of, gratiam (or 
gratias) habere, to feel gratitude, 
be thankful, gratias agere, to 
make an expression of gratitude, 
thank, gratiam referre, to re- 
pay a favor, reward, requite, 
recompense. 

gratiosus, -a, -urn, acceptable, agree- 
able ; in favor, popular, influen- 
tial, (gratia) 

Gratius, -1, m., a gentile name. 
Gratius, the accuser of Archias. 

gratuitS, adv., without pay, for 
nothing; for no particular reason, 
wantonly. (gratultus, without 
pay) 

gratulatio, -onis, f.,joy, rejoicing; 
manifestation of joy, congratula- 
tion ; festival of joy, public thanks- 
giving, (gratulor) 

gratulor (1), be glad, rejoice; con- 
gratulate, (gratus) 

gratus, -a, -urn, dear, pleasing, be- 
loved, acceptable ; pleased, grateful, 
thankful. 

gravis, -e, heavy; harsh, severe; 
hard to bear ; weighty, important ; 
eminent, powerful, influential, of 
authority; venerable, dignified; 
strong, weighty. 

gravitas, -tatis, f., weight, heavi- 
ness ; power, importance, influ- 
ence; dignity, seriousness, force of 
character, (gravis) 

graviter, adv., heavily ; with great 
weight, forcibly ; severely, strongly, 
deeply, graviter ferre, to take to 
heart, be grieved at. 

gravS (1), weigh down, burden; be 
unwilling, hesitate, (gravis) 



grego (1), gather together, (grex) 
ad — aggrego (1), gather to- 
gether, bring together, unite, attach. 
com — congrego ( 1 ) , bring to- 
gether, collect; pass., gather, assem- 
ble. 

se — segrego (1), separate, 
remove. 

grex, gregis, m., a flock, herd, drove; 
clique, horde, gang, band. 

gubernatio, -onis, i., piloting, steer- 
ing; guidance, control, manage 
ment. (guberno) 

guberno (1), steer, pilot ; manage} 
direct. 

gusto (1), taste; appreciate, enjoy. 
(gustus, tasting) 

H. 

habeo, -ere, habui, habitus, have, 
hold, keep, possess; carry, wear; 
hold, keep, restrain, detain ; speak, 
pronounce, utter; think, believe, 
esteem, regard ; with reflexive and 
an adverb, be. senatum habere, 
to hold a meeting of the senate. 
spem habere, to rest one's hopes. 
contionem habere, to address 
the people assembled in a contio. 
quoquo modo se illud habet, 
however that is. 

ad — adhibeo, -ere, adhibui, 
adhibitus, hold to, bring, apply ; 
call in, summon, admit ; furnish, 
offer; use, employ, vim adhi- 
bere, to use violence. 

co — cohibeo, -ere, cohibui, 
COhibitus, hold together ; restrain, 
repress, check, control. 

de — debeo, -ere, debui, de- 




HABITO 



468 



HIC 



bitus, owe, be indebted, be under 
obligation ; ought, should, be due. 

ex- exhibeo, -ere, exhibui, 
exhibitus, hold out, hold forth, 
show, display, exhibit. 

in — inhibeo, -ere, inhibul, 
inhibitus, hold in, curb, check, re- 
strain. 

prae — praebeo, -ere, prae- 
bui, praebitus, hold before, offer ; 
supply, furnish ; shoiu, present. 

pro — prohibeS, -ere, pro- 
hibui, prohibitus, hold before; 
hold back, hinder, restrain, pre~ 
vent; defend, protect, preserve. 

habito (1), dwell, live, abide; in- 
habit, have as one's abode, (freq. 
of habe5) 

habitus, -us, m., condition, state, 
appearance ; dress, attire, habit; 
nature, character, quality, (ha- 
be5) 

haered, -ere, haesi, haesiirus, 
stick, hold fast, cling ; be embar- 
rassed, be perplexed, be at a loss, be 
entrapped, be caught. 

co — cohaereo, -ere, co- 
haesi, cohaesurus, hold together, 
check, restrain, control. 

in — inhaered, -ere, inhaesi, 
inhaesurus, stick fast, cling, ad- 
here. 

haesito (1), stick fast; be caught, 
hesitate, be at a loss. (freq. of 
haereo) 

Hannibal, -is, m., the leader of the 
Carthaginians in the second Punic 
war. 

haruspex, -icis, m., soothsayer, di- 



haud (usually a modifier of a single 
word), adv., not, not at all. haud 
scio an, / am inclined to think, 
probably. 

haurio, -ire, hausT, haustus, draw 
off, drain, empty, remove; drink 
in, receive, imbibe, take in. 

ex — exhaurio, -ire, exhausi, 
exhaustus, draw off; take out, 
take away, remove. 

hebddmas, -adis, f., the seventh day. 

hebesco, -ere, — , — , become dull. 
(hebeo, be dull) 

hem, ah ! alas ! 

Heraclia (Heraclea), -ae., f., the 
name of a Greek city in the south- 
ern part of Italy. (Hercules) 

Heracliensis, -e, of Heraclia. As 
subst, the people of Heraclia. 

Hercules, -is, m., the son of Jupiter 
and Alcmena. me hercule (sc. 
iuves), so may you, Hercules, 
help 7Jie ; in the name of Hercules ; 
most certainly ; assuredly. 

hereditas, -tatis, f., inheritance, 
legacy, (heres) 

heres, -edis, m. and f., heir, heiress. 

hesternus, -a, -urn, of yesterday, 
yesterday's, yesterday, hesterno 
die, yesterday, (heri, yesterday?) 

heus, ho ! here ! see here ! hallo ! 

hiberno(i), pass the winter, spend 
the winter, (hibernus) 

hibernus, -a, -um, of winter. 
hiberna (sc. castra), -orura, n., 
winter camp, winter quarters. 

hie, adv., here, in this place ; now, at 
this time ; in this particular, on 
this point, under these circum- 
stances. 



HIC 



469 



HORRIBILIS 



hie, haec, hoc, this (with reference 
to the speaker), this man, this 
woman, this thing; the present, the 
actual; the following, as follows ; 
he, she, it. hoc est, that is. hoc 
magis, the more for this reason, 
all the more, ille, hie, the former, 
the latter. huiusce, ho see, 
hisce are forms of the same word 
with the addition of a particle -ce, 
which still further strengthens the 
demonstrative force of the pro- 
noun. The -c of the forms hie, 
haec, and hoc is a survival of the 
same particle. 

hicine, adv., here, (hie, here, + 
the enclitic -ne) 

hiems, -emis, f., winter; stormy 
weather, tempest. 

hinc, adv., from this place, from 
here, hence ; from this fact, from this 
source, on this account; next, after- 
wards, hinc, illinc, on this side, 
on that side. 

Hirtius, -1, m., a gens name. A. 
Hirtius, consul in 43 B.C., a friend 
of Caesar, and the supposed writer 
of the eighth book of the Gallic 
War. He fell in the battle at 
Mutina. 

Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 

Hispaniensis, -e, Spanish. (His- 
pania) 

Hispanus, -a, -urn, Spanish. As 
subst., a Spaniard, the Spaniards. 

hodie, adv., to-day ; at this time, 
now. (ho- (stem of hie) + die) 

hodiernus, -a, -um, of to-day, to- 
day's, hodiernus dies, this day, 
to-day. (hodie) 



Homerus, -1, m., Homer. 

homo, -mis, m. and f., a human 
being, man, person ; person, fellow, 
creature. 

honestas, -tatis, f., honor, reputa- 
tion ; uprightness, integrity, char- 
acter, (honos) 

honeste, adv., decently, properly, 
creditably, honorably, (honestus) 

honestd (1), honor, grace, adorn, 
embellish, (honestus) 

honestus, -a, -um, respected, es- 
teemed, honored, distinguished ; 
worthy, honorable, creditable. 
(honos) 

honor (honos), -oris, m., honor, 
esteem, distinction ; praise, glory, 
renown; public honor, public 
office, a high position ; gift, reward. 
honoris causa, with all respect. 

honorificentissimus, superl. of 
honorificus. 

honorificus, -a, -um, honorable, in 
distinguished terms. (honor + 
facio) 

honos, see honor. 

hoi a, -ae, f., hour, a twelfth of the 
time from sunrise to sunset. 

Horatius, -1, m., a gens name. 
M. Horatius, the survivor of the 
combat with the Curiatii. 

horreo, -ere, horrui, — , be rough, 
bristle; tremble, shudder ; tremble 
at, shudder at, dread, be afraid of 
ab — abhorred, -ere, abhor- 
rul, — , shrink from ; be not in line 
with, be at variance zvith, be incon- 
sistent tvith, be averse. 

horribilis, -e, to be dreaded, dread- 
ful, fearful, horrible, (horreo) 




HORTATUS 



470 



IACIO 




hortatus, -us, m., admonition, di- 
rection, e?icouragement, exhorta- 
tion, (hortor) 

Hortensius, -1, m., a gens name. 
Q. Hortensius, the eminent advo- 
cate who was the leader of the 
Roman bar before Cicero won that 
position from him. 

hortor (1), urge, encourage, cheer, 
exhort. 

co — cohortor ( 1 ) , encour- 
age, exhort, rally, address. 

hortus, -1, m., garden. 

hospes, -itis, m., entertainer, host ; 
guest, visitor; stranger, foreigner ; 
guest friend, i.e. one between 
whose family and some family of 
another nation existed an hereditary 
friendship. 

hospitium, -1, n., entertainment, 
hospitality ; friendship ; guest 
friendship, i.e. the relation exist- 
ing between hospites. (hospes) 

hostilis, -e, of the enemy, hostile, 
unfriendly, (hostis) 

hostis, -is, m. and f., stranger, for- 
eigner ; public enemy, public foe, 
the enemy. 

Hostius, -T, m., a gens name. 
Hostius Hostllius, a leader of the 
Romans in the battle with the 
Sabines. 

hue, adv., hither, to this place; to 
this point, to such a point, so far. 

humanitas, -tatis, f., human na- 
ture, humanity ; kindness, sympa- 
thy, philanthropy ; culture, refine- 
ment, civilization, cultivation. 
(humanus) 

humanus, -a. -um, of man. of men, 



human; kind, gentle, courteous, 
polite; cultured, refined, culti- 
vated, (homo) 

humilis (superl. humillimus) , -e, 
low, shallow; low, humble, poor, 
lowly, obscure, mean, (humus) 

humus, -1, f., the ground, the soil. 
huml (locative), on the ground. 

Hydrus, -untis, f., a port of Italy, 
south of Brundisium. 

I. 

iaceo, -ere, iacui, — , lie, be pros- 
trate; be overthrown, lie in death, 
lie dead ; be disproved, be refuted. 
iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus, throw, 
cast, hurl; lay, establish; build, 
construct, throw tip against, charge ; 
throw out, spread, speak, utter. 

ab — abicio, -ere, abieci, 
abiectus, cast away, throw down, 
throw out, cast aside. 

am — amicio, -ire, — , amic- 
tus, throiv around, wrap, envelop, 
surround. 

com — conicio, -ere, conieci, 
coniectus, throw together^* hurl, 
discharge, direct, aim ; put, place, 
station ; conjecture, guess, sortem 
conicere, to cast lots. 

de — deicio, -ere. deieci, 
deiectus, throw down, cast a\: 
turn aside, keep off, ward off, avert ; 
turn out, dislodge, eject; strike 
down, kill. 

e — eicio, -ere. eiecl. eiec- 
tus, cast out, drive out, expel; 
with reflexive, rush cut, rush away. 

in — inicio, -ere. inieci, in- 
iectus. t/irow into, hurl upon; 



IACTO 



47i 



IGNAVUS 



place in, put on, throw on ; inspire, 
cause. 

ob — obicio, -ere, obieci, 
obiectus, throw before, throw in 
the way: offer, present ; throzu up 
against, cast in one's teeth, up- 
braid. 

pro — proiciS, -ere, proieci, 
proiectus, cast forth, throw oat, 
get rid of, expel, banish. 

re — reicio, -ere, reieci, re- 
iectus, throw back, hurl back, cast 
off, reject. 

sub — subicio, -ere, sub- 
ieci, subiectus, throw under, 
place under, set (of fire) ; push up, 
thrust up, hand up. 

iactd (i), throw about, loss, brandish; 
speak, utter, say. se iactare, to 
make a display of one's self, show 
off. (freq. of iacio) 

iactura, -ae, f., a throwing away, 
loss, sacrifice; expetiditure, cost. 
(iacio) 

iactus, -us, m., throwing, casting, 
stroke. 

iam, adv., now, at this time ; just now, 
a moment ago ; forthwith, straight- 
way, at once, immediately, pres- 
ently ; already, by this time, ere 
now; with a negative, no longer. 
iam diidum, for a long time, this 
long time, iam pridem, long 
since, for a long time, iam turn, 
even then, at that very ti?ne. iam 
vero, now, then again, further- 
more. 

Ianiculum, -i, n., the Janiculum, 
a hill on the right bank of the 
Tiber. 



ianua, -ae, f-, entrance, door, gate. 
I arm ar his, -a, -um, of January. 
ibi, adv., there, in that place ; then, 

thereupon ; in that case, (old case 

form of is) 
Id., abbr. of Idus. 
ic5, -ere, Ici, ictus, strike, smite, 

slay, foedus Icere, to make a 

covenant. 
ictus, -us, m., a stroke, blow, (ico) 
idcirco, adv., /or this reason, on this 

account, (id + circo) 
idem, eadem, idem (as adjective), 

the same; as subst., the same one { 

the same thing; often best rendere 

by an adverb, also, too, likewise 

(is + dem) 
identidem, adv., repeatedly, again 

and again, (idem + et + idem) 
ideo, adv., for that reason, therefore. 

(id + e5) 
idoneus, -a, -um, fit, suitable, 

capable, worthy, deserving. 
Idus, -uum, f., the Ides, i.e. the 

15th of March, May, July, and 

October ; the 13th of the other 

months. 
ieiunus, -a, -um, fasting, hungry ; 

insignificant, trifling; poor, mean, 

low, contemptible. 
igitur, adv., therefore, then, accord- 
ingly. 
Ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant, not 

knowing, unaware, unacquainted 

with, (in + gnarus, knowing) 
lgnavia, -ae, f., idleness, shiftless- 

ness ; cowardice, sloth; worthless- 

ness. (ignavus) 
ignavus, -a, -um, slothful, shiftless ; 

cowardly, (in -f gnavus, active^ 




IGNIS 



472 



IMPENSA 



Ignis, -is, m.,fire. 

Ignominia, -ae, f., disgrace, dis- 
honor, infamy, (in + (g)nomen) 

ignoratio, -onis, f., lack of knowl- 
edge, ignorance, (ignoro) 

ignoro (1), not know, be ignorant 
of, not understand. 

ignosco, see nosco. 

igndtus, -a, -um, strange, unknown, 
obscure, (in + (g)notus) 

Ilias, -ados, f., the Iliad. 

ille, ilia, illud, that ; as subst., that 
man, that woman, that thing ; he, 
she, it, they; the well known, the 
famous, ille, hie, the former, the 
latter. 

illinc, adv., from that place, thence; 
on that side, (illim + ce) 

Illyricus, -a, -um, Illyrian, of 
Illyricum. 

imago, -inis, f., copy, likeness, 
image, representation, portrait, 
picture, statue ; idea, conception. 

imbecillitas, -tatis, f., weakness, 
feebleness, helplessness, imbecility. 
(imbecillus, weak) 

imberbis, -e, beardless. (in + 
barba) 

imbuo, -ere, imbul, imbutus, 
moisten, stain, taint ; steep, satu- 
rate, imbue, fill. 

imitatio, -onis, f., imitation, affec- 
tation, (imitor) 

imitator, -oris, m., imitator, fol- 
lower, (imitor) 

imitor (1), imitate, copy, follow. ■ 

immanis, -e, enormous, monstrous ; 
fierce, savage, cruel, barbarous, 
inhuman, brutal. 

immanitas, -tatis, f., greatness, 



enormity; heinousness, brutality, 
barbarism, ferocity, (immanis) 

immaturus, -a, -um, unripe, im- 
mature ; unti?fiely, premature. 
(in -f maturus, ripe) 

immineo, -ere, — , — , overhang, 
impend ; menace, threaten. 

imminuo, see minuo. 

immitto, see mitt 6. 

immo, adv., nay, by no means, on 
the contrary, immo vero, nay 
rather, nay even. 

immoderatus, -a, -um, beyond 
bounds, unrestrained, excessive. 
(in + moderatus) 

immortalis, -e, undying, imperish- 
able, immortal ; endless, eternal. 
(in + mortalis) 

immortalitas, -tatis, f., immortal- 
ity; undying renown, (immor- 
talis) 

immotus, -a, -um, motionless; 
unmoved, unshaken, firm, undis- 
turbed, (in + motus) 

imparatus, -a, -um, not ready, un- 
prepared, (in -f- paratus) 

impedlmentum, -1, n., hindrance, 
obstacle; in the plural, baggage. 
(impedio) 

impedio, -ire, impedivi, impe- 
ditus, entangle, hamper ; hinder, 
embarrass, obstruct, stand in the 
way of, check. 

impeditus, -a. -um, hampered, en- 
tangled ; unzvieldy, difficult to 
manage, (p. p. of impedio) 

impello, see pello. 

impendo, see pendo. 

impensa. -ae, f., expense, outlay, 
charge. 



IMPERATOR 



473 



IN 



imperator, -oris, m., commander- 
in-chief, general; leader, guide. 
(impero) 

imperatorius, -a, -um, of a com- 
mander, befitting a commander. 
(imperator) 

imperitus, -a, -um, unskilled, inex- 
perienced ; ignorant, uninformed. 
(in + peritus) 

imperium, -I, n., command, order ; 
power, control, authority; sover- 
eignty, sway, dominion, govern- 
ment, e?npire ; position of power, 
commission, (impero) 

impero (i), command, order, direct. 

impertio, see partio. 

impetro {\),gain one's end, accom- 
plish, cause, bring about, obtain a 
request, (in + patro, accomplish) 

impetus, -us, m., attack, assault, 
onset, onrush ; fury, violence, vehe- 
mence, impetuosity. 

impietas, -tatis, f., irreverence, 
impiety, disloyalty, treason, (im- 
pius) 

impius, -a, -um, wicked, impious, 
disloyal, traitorous, shameless, (in 
+ pius) 

impleo, see pleo. 

implico, see plico. 

imploro, see ploro. 

impono, see pono. 

importunus, -a, -um, unfit, un- 
suitable; savage, cruel, relentless. 

imprimo, see premo. 

improbitas, -tatis, f., wickedness, 
rascality, lack of principle, (im- 
probus) 

improbo, see probo. 

improbus, -a, -um, bad, vile, wick- 



ed, impious, unprincipled, dishon- 
est, shameless, (in + probus) 

improvidus, -a, -um, not foresee- 
ing; thoughtless, heedless, careless. 
(in + providus, foreseeing) 

imprudens, -entis, not foreseeing, 
not expecting, unsuspecting, una- 
ware ; translated as an adverb, 
unwittingly, (in + prudens) 

impubes, -eris, beardless, youthful. 
As subst., a mere child, (in + 
pubes, grown up) 

impudens, -entis, shameless, impu- 
dent, (in + pudens, modest) 

impudenter, adv., shamelessly, boldly ', 
impudently, (impudent) 

impudentia, -ae, f., shamelessness, 
impudence, (impudens) 

impudicus, -a, -um, shameless, un- 
chaste, (in + pudicus, modest) 

impugnatio, -onis, f., attack, as- 
sault, (impugno, assail) 

impune, adv., without punishment, 
with impunity ; in safety, without 
harm, (impunis, unpunished) 

impunitas, -tatis, f., freedom from 
punishment, lack of punishment, 
impunity ; safety, security, (im- 
punis, unpunished) 

impunitus, -a, -um, unpunished, 
unrestrained. ( in + punitus, 
punished) 

impunis, -a, -um, unclean, filthy, 
impure; rascally, vile, unprinci- 
pled, abandoned.- (in + purus) 

imus, superb of inferus. 

in, prep, with ace. and abl. 

With the ace. : With verbs of 
motion, into, upon, to, toward, 
among. In expressions of time, for, 



INANIS 



474 



INCREPO 



to, into, till. To express purpose, 
for, with a view to, in order to. 
To denote result, to, unto. In ex- 
pressions of manner, according to, 
after, in accordance with. In ex- 
pressions of reference, in relation 
to, about, concerning, regarding. 

With the abl. : To denote place, 
in, on, at, within, among, upon, 
over, under. In temporal expres- 
sions, in, within, in the course of, 
during. In other relations, in, in 
the case of, in the matter of in re- 
lation to, in reference to. 

inanis, -e, e??ipty, unoccupied ; use- 
less, vain, idle. 

inaudltus, -a, -um, unheard of, 
unusual, strange, (in + auditus) 

inauratus, -a, -um, gilded, golden. 
(inauro, gild) 

incendium, -I, n., burning, fire, 
conflagration, (cf. incendo) 

incendo, -ere, incendi, incensus, 
set on fire, bum; rouse, excite, 
inflame. 

incensio, -orris, f., burning, (in- 
cendo) 

inceptum, -l, n., undertaking, begin- 
ning. (incipiS) 

incertus, -a, -um, undetermined ; 
uncertain, doubtful, dubious; un- 
trustworthy, inconsistent. ( in + 
certus) 

incestus, -a, -um, impure, unclean, 
defiled, polluted, vile, lewd, incestu- 
ous, (in + castus, pure) 

incestus, -us, m., unchastity, incest. 

incohS (i), begin, commence. 

incido. see cado. 

incido, see caedo. 



incipio, see capio. 

incitamentum, -I, n., incentive, in- 
ducement, stimulus, (incito) 

incito (i), set in motion, rouse, ex- 
cite, incite, urge on. (in + cito, 
rouse) 

inclino (i), bend, lean, turn ; yield, 
give way ; be inclined. (in -f 
*clln6, bend) 

includo, see claudo. 

incolunris, -e, uninjured, . un- 
harmed, safe, sound. 

incommode, adv., inconveniently, 
uncomfortably, (incommodus) 

incommodum, -I, n., trouble, dis- 
advantage; misfortune, loss, in- 
jury, defeat, (incommodus) 

incommodus, -a, -um, unsuitable, 
unfit; troublesome, annoying, dis- 
agreeable. 

inconsideratus, -a, -um, not con- 
sidered ; thoughtless, heedless, incon- 
siderate, (in + consideratus) 

incorrupte, adv., fairly, justly, with- 
out bias, without prejudice, (in- 
corruptus) 

incorruptus, -a, -um, unspoiled; 
unbribed, fair, just, (in -j- cor- 
ruptus) 

increbrescS, -ere, increbul, — , 
thicken, become frequent; grow, 
increase, (in + crebresco, be- 
come frequent) 

incredibilis, -e, not to be believed, 
beyond belief, incredible; marvel- 
ous, unparalleled, extraordinary. 
(in + credibilis) 

increpo, -are, increpuT. increpi- 
tu"*.. mate a noise, sound, rattle, 
rustle, (in -f crepo, rattle) 



tNCtfMBO 



475 



INFITIATOR 



incumbo. -ere, incubui, incubi- 
tus, lie upon, lean, rest; put forth 
all one's energies, exert one's self. 

indago (i), track, trace out, investi- 
gate. 

inde, adv., from that place, thence ; 
from that time, thereafter, after 
that ; thereupon, theft. 

indemnatus, -a, -urn, uncondemned. 
(in + damnatus) 

index, -icis, m. and f., informer, 
betrayer; accuser, witness. (cf. 
indico) 

indicium, -l, n., information, evi- 
dence, testimony ; token, sign, indi- 
cation, (cf. indico) 

indico (i), point out, make known, 
tell, inform ; betray, accuse, charge. 

indico, see dico. 

indigeo, -ere, indigui, — , need, 
lack ; long for, want, desire, (in- 
du + egeo) 

indigne, adv., unworthily, dishonor- 
ably, shamefully, (indignus) 

indignus, -a, -um, unzuorthy, unfit. 
(in + dignus) 

indued, see duco. 

industria, -ae, f., diligence, activ- 
ity, industry, careful application. 
(industrius) 

industrius, -a, -um, careful, pains- 
taking, diligent, industrious. 

inedia, -ae, f. , fasting, hunger. 

ineo, see eo. 

iners, -ertis, 'without skill, incojn- 
petent ; inactive, slothful, sluggish. 
(in + ars) 

inertia, -ae, f., unskillfulness ; in- 
activity, slothfulness, sluggishness. 
(iners) 



inexpiabilis, -e, not to be atoned 
for, inexpiable ; implacable. 

Infamia, -ae, f., ill report; dis- 
honor, reproach, disgrace. (Infa- 
mis) 

Infamis. -e, of ill repute, disreputa- 
ble, disgraceful, infamous, (in -f 
fama) 

Iniellx, -icis, unfortunate, ill- 
omened, ill-starred, unhappy. 
(in + f elix) 

inferior, inferius, the comparative 
of inferus. 

infero, see fero. 

inferus, -a, -um (superl. infimus 
and imus), low. infer!, -orum, 
m., those in the lower world, the 
dead, the shades, the lower world. 
infirm, -orum, m., the lowest, the 
vilest, sub infimo colle, at the 
bottom of the hill, ab inferis, 
from the world below. 

infestus, -a, -um, disturbed, un- 
safe ; hostile, dangerous, opposed to. 

infidelitas, -tatis, f., unfaithful- 
ness, treachery ; pi, acts of un- 
faithfulness, (infidelis) 

infimus, -a, -um, the superlative of 
inferus. 

infinitus, -a, -um, boundless, with- 
out limit; endless, countless, in- 
finite, (in + finitus) 

infirmitas, -tatis, f., weakness, un- 
steadiness, inconstancy . (Infir- 
mus) 

infirmo, see firmo. 

infirmus, -a, -um, weak, feeble; 
inconstant ; inconclusive, of no 
weight, (in + firmus) 

infitiator, -oris, m., denier, repu- 



INFITIOR 



476 



INNUMERABILIS 



diator. The word strictly means a 
debtor who denies ever having 
received a loan, (infitior) 

infitior (1), deny. 

mflammo (1), set on fire ; kindle, 
arouse, infuriate, (in + flammo, 
kindle) 

Inflo, see flo. 

informo, see formo. 

infringo, see frango. 

ingenium, -1, n., nature, character, 
disposition, temper ; ability, capac- 
ity, talent, genius, intellect. 

ingens, -entis, very large, enor- 
mous, vast, huge, immense. 

ingenuus, -a, -um, freeborn. As 
subst, a free man. 

ingratus, -a, -um, unpleasant, dis- 
agreeable ; thankless, ungrateful. 
(in + gratus) 

ingravesco, -ere, — , — , become 
heavier, grow more serious, become 
worse. (in + gravesco, grow 
heavy) 

ingredior, see gradior. 

inhaereo, see haereo. 

inhio (1), open the mouth, hold the 
open mouth to. (in + hio, open) 

inhumanus, -a, -um, inhuman, 
brutal, barbarous; rude, rough, 
coarse, uncultivated. (in + hu- 
manus) 

inhumatus, -a, -um, unburied. 
(in + hum 6. bury) 

inibi, adv., in that place, therein, 
there, (in + ibi) 

inicio, see iacio. 

inimicitia, -ae, f., unfriendliness, 
hostility, enmity, quarrel, feud. 
(inimicus) 



inimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly, hos- 
tile ; hurtful, injtirious, opposed to. 
(in + amicus) 

iniquitas, -tatis, f., unevenness, 
irregularity ; difficulty; unfair- 
ness, injustice, iniquity. (ini- 
quus) 

iniquus, -a, -um, uneven ; unfair, 
unjust, iniquitous ; unfavorable, 
disadvantageous ; opposed to, ad- 
verse, hostile, (in + aequus) 

initio (1), initiate, consecrate. 

initium, -1, n., entrance ; beginning, 
commencement. 

iniuria, -ae, f., injustice, wrong, 
outrage, insult, violence, iniuria, 
unjustly, wrongfully, (iniurius, 
from in + ius) 

iniuriose, adv., unjustly, unfairly, 
unlawfully, (iniuriosus, unfair) 

iniiistus, -a, -um, unjust, unfair, 
unreasonable, (in + itistus) 

inlecebra, -ae, f., enticement, allure- 
ment, attraction, charm, induce- 
ment. 

inlucesco, -ere, inluzi, — , grow 
light, begin to shine, dawn, (in + 
lucesco, begin to shine) 

inlustris, -e, bright, brilliant, splen- 
did; famous, distinguished, re- 
nowned, illustrious. (i.UC, shine) 

inlustro, see liistro. 

innocens, -entis, harmless, inof- 
fensive ; blameless, guiltless, inno- 
cent, upright, (in + nocens) 

innocentia, -ae, f., blamelessness, 
uprightness, integrity. (inno- 
cens) 

innumerabilis, -e, countless, num- 
berless, innumerable. (in -f nu- 



INOPIA 



477 



INSTRUMENTUM 



merabilis, capable of being 

counted) 

inopia, -ae, f., lack, scarcity, need, 

poverty, deslittition . (inops , poor) 

inquam, inquis, inquit (defective 

verb; see grammars), say. 
inrepo, see repo. 
inretio, -ire, inretivl (ii), inre- 
titus, ensnare, entrap, entangle, 
involve, (in + rete, net) 
inrito (i), incite, instigate; pro- 
voke, ir?-itate, exasperate. 
inrogo, see rogo. 
inrumpo, see rumpo. 
inruo, see ruo. 

inruptio, -onis, f., invasion, incur- 
sion, attack, raid. (inrumpS) 
lnsania, -ae, f., madness, insanity ; 
folly ; excess, extravagance. (Insa- 
nus) 
insanio, -ire, insanivi, — , be mad, 

be crazy, (insanus) 
insanus, -a, -um, mad, crazy, in- 
sane ; violent, raging; excessive, 
extravagant, (in + sanus) 
inscitia, -ae, f., ignorance, stupidity, 
awkwardness. (inscitus, igno- 
rant) 
Inscribo, see scrlbo. 
insepultus, -a, -um, unburied. 

(in + sepultus) 
insequor, see sequor. 
inservio, see servio. 
insideo, see sedeo. 
insidiae, -arum, f., snare, trap, 
ambush, ambuscade; plot, device, 
treachery, deception. (cf. in + 
sedeo) 
insidiator, -oris, m., waylayer, 
plotter, footpad. (insidior) 



insidior (i), lie in ambush, lie in 
wa it for, plot aga inst. (insidiae) 
insidiose, adv., treacherously, deceit- 
fully, (insidiosus) 
insidiosus, -a, -um, treacherous, 
deceitful, dangerous, (insidiae) 
inslgne, -is, n., mark, sign, symbol, 
token ; badge, decoration, (insignis) 
insignis, -e, marked; remarkable, 

extraordinary, (in + signum) 
insimulo, see simulo. 
insolens, -entis, unwonted, un- 
usual; immoderate, excessive; 
arrogant, haughty, insolent. (in 
+ solens, accustomed) 
insolenter, adv., in an unusual man- 
ner ; haughtily, arrogantly, inso- 
lently, (insolens) 
insolentia, -ae, f., unusualness, 
strangeness ; haughtiness, arro- 
gance, insolence, (insolens) 
insolitus, -a, -um, unwonted, un- 
tisual, unaccustomed, (in + soli- 
tus) 
inspects, see specto. 
insperans, -antis, not expecting; 
contrary to one's expectations. 
(in + sperans) 
insperatus, -a, -um, unlooked for, 
unexpected, unforeseen. (in + 
speratus) 
instituo, see statuo. 
Institutum, -I, n., purpose, inten- 
tion, design; practice, usage, cus- 
tom, habit; ordinance, decree, 
regulation. (Instituo) 
insto, see sto. 

instrumentum, -I, n., tool, imple- 
ment; material, apparatus, stock 
in trade, equipment, (instruo) 



INSTRUO 



4 ;8 



INTESTINUS 



InstruS, see struo. 

insula, -ae, f., an island. 

insultS (i), leap tipon, trample on, ^ 
trample under foot ; revile, abuse, 
insult, outrage, (freq. of lnsilio, 
leap 011) 

insum, see sum. 

integer, -gra, -grum, untouched, 
whole, unbroken, entire, complete; 
blameless, irreproachable, spotless, 
pure; undecided, undetermined; 
impartial, unbiased, unprejudiced ; 
unexhausted, sound, fresh, vigorous; 
unimpeachable, loyal, upright, (in 
+ TAG, touch) 

integre, adv., honestly, honorably, 
uprightly, (integer) 

integritas, -tatis, f., integrity, hon- 
esty, uprightness, blamelessness. 
(integer) 

intellego, see legS. 

intendo, see tendS. 

intent 5 (i), stretch, direct, aim, 
wield, brandish; threaten, (freq. 
of intendo) 

inter, prep, with ace, between, 
among. In temporal expressions, 
for, within, in the course of. inter 
se (takes the place of a reciprocal 
pronoun), each other, one another. 

Interamna, -ae, f., a town in Um- 
bria. 

Interamnas, -atis, of Interamna. 

intercedo, see cedo. 

intercessiS, -onis, f., intervention, 
mediation, protest, veto, (inter- 
cedo) 

intercludo, see claudo. 

interdum, adv., sometimes, now and 
then, occasionally, (inter -f dum) 



interea, adv., in the mean time, 
meanwhile, (inter + ea) 

intereo, see eS. 

interfector, -oris, m., slayer, mur- 
derer, (interficio) 

interficio, see facio. 

interim, adv., in the mean time, 
meanwhile, (inter -f im, an old 
ace. of is) 

interims, see emS. 

interior, interius, inner, in the 
inner part of; superl. intimus, 
-a, -urn, inmost, innermost. . in- 
timus, -l, m., an intimate 
friend. 

interitus, -us, m., death, murder ; 
destruction, ruin, overthrow, (in- 
tereS) 

intermortuus, -a, -um, lifeless, 
half dead, faint, stifled, (inter + 
mortuus) 

internecio, -Snis, f., slaughter, 
destruction, extermination. (cf. 
inter, nex) 

internecivus, -a, -um, destructive, 
murderous, of destruction, of anni- 
hilation, (internecio) 

interponS, see pono. 

interrogS, see rogo. 

intersum, see sum. 

intervallum, -I, n. (the space 
between two ramparts), distance 
apart, intermediate distance, dis- 
tance, space, ti?ne, interval, (inter 
+ vallum) 

interventus, -us, m., coming be- 
tween, intervention, (cf. inter- 
venio) 

intestinus, -a, -um, inward, in- 
ternal, intestine, within, (intus) 



INTIMUS 



479 



ITEM 



intimus, -a, -urn, the superlative of 
interior. 

intra, adv., and prep, with ace. 
As adv., on the inside, within. 
As prep, with the ace, within, 
inside, inside of; in the course of, 
during. (*interus) 

introducS, see duco. 

introeS, see eo. 

intueor, see tueor. 

intus, adv., within, (in + tus) 

inultus, -a, -um, unpunished, un- 
avenged, (in + ultus) 

inuro, see uro. 

iniisitatus, -a, -um, unwonted, un- 
usual, extraordinary, (in -f usi- 
tatus) 

inutilis, -e, useless, unserviceable ; 
unfavorable, hurtful, prejudicial. 
(in + utilis) 

invado, see vado. 

inveniS, see venio. 

investigo (i), track, trace out, 
search into, investigate. (in + 
vestigo, track) 

inveterasco, -ere, inveteravl, — , 
grow old ; become established, be- 
come fixed, become rooted ; live 
long, remain long, drag along. 
(invetero) 

invlctus, -a, -um, unconquered ; 
invincible, (in + vlctus) 

invideo, see video. 

invidia, -ae, f., envy, jealousy; 
hatred, odium, tinpopularity . 
(invidus) 

invidiose, adv. , hatefully ; in a man- 
ner to arouse prejudice, (invidio- 
sus) 

invidiosus, -a, -um, causing odium, 



a source of unpopularity, a cause 
of prejudice, (invidia) 

invidus, -a, -um, envious, jealous , 
ill-disposed, hostile, unfriendly. 
(cf. invideo) 

invigilo, see vigilo. 

invlsus, -a, -um, hated, odious, dis- 
pleasing, detested, (invideo) 

invito (i), invite, ask, arouse, urge. 

invitus, -a, -um, unwilling, reluc- 
tant. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self of one's 
self in person, very, precisely. 

Ira, -ae, f., anger, wrath, resentment. 

iracundia, -ae, f., wrath, anger, 
passion, (iracundus) 

iracundus, -a, -um, easily angered, 
irascible, irritable; wrathful, re- 
sentful. (Ira) 

Irascor, -I, Iratus, be angry, get 
into a rage. (Ira) 

is, ea, id, this, that, these, those; 
such, such an one ; he, she, it, they. 
eo, for that reason, therefore. 

Isse, the perfect infinitive of eo. 

iste, ista, istud, that, that of yours, 
that near you ; stick, of such a 
kind; contemptuous, that fellow, 
that. (is + te) 

istlc, adv., there, in that place. 
(istl + ce) 

ita, adv., in this manner, so, in this 
way, thus, as follows; to such a 
degree, so far. 

Italia, -ae, f., Italy. 

Italicus, -a, -um, Italic, Italian, of 
Italy. 

itaque, adv., and so, therefore, accord- 
ingly, (ita + que) 

item, adv., likewise, also, too, as well. 




ITER 



48O 



IUPPITER 




iter, itineris, n., road, way ; route, 
course; journey, march, passage, 
voyage, (cf. eo, go) 

iterum, adv., again, a second time. 
iterum et saepius, again and 
again, repeatedly. 

iubeo, -ere, iussl, iussus, bid, 
order, command, direct. 

iucunditas, -tatis, f., pleasantness, 
char 77i, delight ; e7tjoy77ie7it, pleas- 
ure, (iucundus) 

iucundus, -a, -um, pleasant, agree- 
able, pleasing. 

iudex, -icis, m., jury7na7i ; judge, 
U77ipire, arbiter. (ius -+- Die, 
speak) 

dicialis, -e, of the courts, belo7tg- 
i7ig to the court, judicial, (iudi- 
cium) 

iudicium, -1, n., trial, court ; se7t- 
te7ice, judg77ient, decision, decree. 
(iudex) 

iudico (1), pass judg7ne7it, judge, 
decide; think, co7isider, esti77iate, 
criticise, (iudex) 

di — diiudic 6(1), settle between, 
decide, settle, adjust. 

iugulo (1), cut the throat of, 7/iurder, 
assassinate, (iugulum) 

iugulum, -1, n., collar bo7ie ; throat, 
neck. (dim. of iugum, yoke) 

Iugurtha, -ae, m.,Jugu7'tha,a. king 
of Numidia, captured and taken to 
Rome by Marius in 106 B.C. He 
perished in the Tullianum. 

Iulius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. C. Julius Caesar, the great 
Dictator. 

2. L. Iulius Caesar, consul in 
64 B.C. 



3. C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus, 
the adopted son and heir of Julius 
Caesar; afterward called Augustus. 

4. I. Ifdius Caesar, consul in 
90 B.C. and censor the following 
year. 

iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctus, join, 
U7iite, co7i7tect, bri7ig together ; asso- 
ciate, ally. 

ad — adiungo, -ere, adiunxi, 
adiunctus,y^z« to, wiite to, attach, 
add. Q. Arrio adiuncto, to- 
gether with Qui7itus Arrius. 

com — coniungo, -ere, con- 
iunxi, coniunctus, bring together, 
unite closely, join, bellum con- 
iungere, to unite in waging a war. 

dis — disiungo, -ere, dis 
iunxi, disiunctus, disunite, 
separate, sever, re77iove. 

se — seiungS, -ere, seiunxi, 
seiunctus, distmite, part, sever, 
separate. 
Iunius, -a, -um, of June. 
Iunius, -i, m., a gens name. 

1. D. Itmius Brutus, consul in 
138 B.C., famous for victories in 
Spain. 

2. D. Iu7iius Brutus Albinus, 
a legate with Caesar, in the Gallic 
war and also in the Civil war, and 
later, one of the conspirators by 
whom Caesar was killed. After 
Caesar's death, Brutus attempted 
to control Gallia Cisalpina and was 
attacked in Mutina by Antony. 
Brutus lost his life in flight after 
the fall of Mutina. 

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter, Jove. 
The title Optimus Maximus is often 



IURO 



48l 



LABOR 



applied to him as the foremost 
among the gods. Jupiter is sup- 
posed to be a personifiation of the 
bright clear sky. 
iuro (1), swear, take a7i oath, (ius) 
com-coniuro (1), take an 
oath together, conspire, plot together. 
ius, iuris, n., right, law, justice, 
equity; privilege, prerogative. 
iure, by right, rightfully, justly. 
praecipuo iure, by an especial 
claim, optimo iure, with per- 
fect justice. 
ius, iuris, n., broth, soup. 
iusiurandum, iurisiurandl (both 

words declined), n., oath. 
iussus, -us, m. (only in the abl. 
sing.), order, command, (iubeo) 
iuste, adv., justly rightly, (iiistus) 
iustitia, -ae, f., justice, sense of 
justice, uprightness, righteousness. 
(iustus), 
iiistus, -a, -wax, just, upright, right- 
eous; fair, reasonable, equitable- 
lawful, right, proper ; perfect, com- 
plete, regular, (ius) 
iuventiis, -tutis, i., youth; young 
men, young people, youth, (iuve- 
nis, young) 
iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutus (future 
participle, iuvaturus), aid, assist, 
help ; phase, delight. 

ad — adiuvo, -are, adiuvi, 
adiutus, give assistance, give help, 
support, sustain. 



the first of each Roman month 
(CAL, call) 

Karthaginiensis, -e, Carthagin- 
ian. As subst., the Carthaginians. 

Karthago, -inis, f., Carthage. 

L. 



K. 

KaKoaronaxos, dyspeptic. 
Kal. , abbr. of Kalendae. 
Kalendae, -arum, f, the Calends, 

H. & G. CIC. — 31 



L., abbr. of I^ucius. 
labefacio, -ere, labefeci, labe- 
factus, cause to totter, shake, 
loosen. 
labefacto (1), cause to totter, shake, 
disturb; weaken, ttndermine, over- 
throw, ruin, destroy. (freq. of 
labefacio) 
labes, -is, f, fall; ruin, destruc- 
tion; blot, stain, disgrace, scandal 
(labor) 
Labienus, -i, m ., a family name.' 
T. Labienus, one of Caesar's most 
trusted legates in the Gallic war? 
In the Civil war Labienus joined 
Pompey, but seems to have been 
quite unsuccessful. He fell at the 
battle of Munda. 
labor, -1, lapsus, glide, slide, slip, 
fall, sink ; make a slip, be impru- 
dent, be mistaken; perish, go to 
destruction. 

de — delabor, -1, delapsus, 
glide down, sink down, fall, de- 
scend. 

di — dilabor, -I, dilapsus, 
glide apart, slip down, fall apart; 
scatter, disperse; go to pieces, go to 
ruin, perish. 

e-elabor, -I, elapsus, slide 
out, slip away, escape, fall out, be 
lost. 
labor, -oris, m., toil, effort, exer- 




LABORIOSUS 



482 



LATEO 




Hon, labor; hardship, suffering, 
pain. 

laboriosus, -a, -um, toilsome, labo- 
rious, wearisome, (labor) 

laboro (1), toil, labor ; suffer, be in 
trouble, be afflicted, be harassed ; 
care for, be concerned, be anxious ; 
busy one's self with, care for, strive 
for, attend to. (labor) 

e — elaboro (1), work out, 
accomplish ; take pains, elaborate. 

lacero (1), mangle, tear, rend, mu- 
tilate, lacerate, (lacer, torn) 

dl — dilacero (1), tear to 
pieces. 

lacesso, -ere, lacessivi, lacessi- 
tus, provoke, irritate, exasperate ; 
attack, assail, harass ; arouse, stir, 
stimulate. (*lacio, entice) 
Acrima, -ae, f., a tear. 
actens, -entis, taking milk, suck- 
ing, nursing. (*lacteo, suck) 

lacus, -us, m., lake, pond. 

Laeca, -ae, m., a family name. 
M. Laeca, a member of the Catili- 
narian conspiracy. 

laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, hurt, 
wound, injure; annoy, afflict, 
grieve ; break, violate, betray. 

Laelius, -1, m., a gens name. C. 
Laelius, consul in 140 B.C., a sol- 
dier in the third Punic war. He 
is one of the principal characters 
in Cicero's De Amicitia. 

Laenius, -1, m., a gens name. M. 
Laenius Flaccus, a knight of Brun- 
disium, friendly to Cicero in his 
exile. 

laetitia, -ae, f, joy, gladness, pleas- 
ure, (laetus) 



laetor (1), rejoice, exult, delight. 

laetus, -a, -um, glad, joyful, rejoic- 
ing. 

lamentatio, -onis, f., wailing, weep- 
ing, lamentation, (lamentor) 

lamentor (1), lament, bewail, weep 
for, sorrow for. (lamentum) 

1 amentum. -1, n., weeping, lamenta- 
tion, (cal, call) 

langueS, -ere, — , — , be faint, be 
weary, be listless. 

languidus, -a, -um, faint, weak ; 
dull, languid, listless, spiritless, 
stupid. 

Lanuvinus, -a, -um, of Lanuvium. 
As subst, the people of Lanuvium. 

Lanuvium, -1, n., a town of Latium, 
on the Appian Way. 

lapis, -idis, m., a stone. 

laqueus, -1, m., noose, snare. 

Lar, Laris. m., household divinity. 
Lar familiaris, the guardian god 
of the family ; home, hearth, fire- 
side. 

largior, -Iri, largitus, give freely, 
lavish, bestow; bribe. (largus, 
plentiful) 

largitio, -onis, f, lavish gibing, 
generosity ; bribery, corruption. t 
(largior) 

largitor, -oris, m., liberal giver ; 
spendthrift, prodigal ; briber, (lar- 
gior) 

late, adv., widely, broadly, exten- 
sively, longe lateque, far and 
wide, (latus) 

latebra, -ae, f., hiding-place, lurk- 
ing-place, recess, retreat. (cf. 
lateS) 

lateo, -ere, latui, — , lie hidden, 



LATIARIS 



483 



LENIS 



be concealed, escape notice, be ob- 
scure. 

Latiaris, -e, of Latium. Iuppiter 
Latiaris, Jupiter (as the divin- 
ity of the Latin League). 

Latmiensis, -is, m., a Roman name. 
See Caelius. 

Latinus, -a, -um, Latin. 

Latium, -1, n., Latium. 

lator, -oris, m., bearer ; proposer 
(of a law), mover, (fero) 

latro, -onis, m., robber, highway- 
man, footpad, bandit. 

latro cinium, -1^., freebooling, rob- 
bery, brigandage ; band of robbers. 
(latro cinor) 

latro cinor, -ari, — , be a robber, be 
a bandit, latrocinans, as a rob- 
ber, (latro) 

latus, -eris, n., side, flank, breast. 

latus, -a, -um, broad, wide, extensive. 

laudatio, -onis, f., praise, commen- 
dation, encomium ; panegyric, 
eulogy, funeral oration, (laud.6) 

laudo (1), praise, commend, eulo- 
gize, applaud, approve, extol. 
(laus) 

laureatus, -a, -um, covered with 
bay, crowned with bay leaves. 
(laurea, bay tree) 

laus, laudis, f., praise, commenda- 
tion ; renown, glory, credit. 

lectulus, -1, m., little bed, couch. 
(dim. of lectus) 

lectus, -1, m., bed, couch. 

lectus, -a, -um, choice, excellent, 
superior, (p. p. of lego) 

legatio, -onis, f., office of a legate; 
embassy, legation, ius legationis, 
the rights of ambassadors, (lego) 



legatus, -1, m., ambassador, legate, 
lieutenant, (lego) 

legio, -onis, f., legion, (cf. lego, 
choose) 

legitimus, -a, -um, legal, lawful, 
according to law, established by 
law, fixed by law. (lex) 

lego, -ere, legi, lectus, gather, 
collect ; pick out, select, choose ; read, 
read of peruse ; elect, appoint. 

com — conligo, -ere, conlegi, 
conlectus, bring together, gather, 
collect, acquire; with reflexive, 
recover one's self. 

de — deligo, -ere, delegi, de- 
lectus, pick out, select, choose, 
elect. 

di — duigo, -ere, dilexi, dr 
lectus, single out, select; lo 
esteem, regard. 

e — eligo, -ere, elegi, el 
ctus, pick out, select, choose, elect. 

inter — intellego, -ere, intel- 
lexi, intellectus, distinguish be- 
tween, discern, perceive, under- 
stand, know. 

nee — neglego, -ere, neglexi, 
neglectus, disregard, be indiffer- 
ent to ; despise ; overlook, neglect. 

lego (1), send as a legate, appoint as 
a legate, commission, despatch. 

ad — adlego (1), commission, 
appoint, send. 

lenio, -ire, lenivi, lenitus, soften, 
soothe, assuage, mitigate, (lenis) 
de — delenio, -ire, delenivi, 
delenitus, soothe, pacify ; capti- 
vate, win over. 

lenis, -e, soft, smooth; calm, kind, 
gentle. 




LENITAS 



484 



LIBIDO 



lenitas, -tatis, f., softness, smooth- 
ness ; gentleness, tenderness, (le- 
nis) 

lend, -onis, m., pifnp, procurer, 
seducer ; tool. 

Lentulus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Cornelius. 

lentus, -a, -um, pliant, flexible; 
sticky, tenacious ; slow, sluggish. 

lepidus, -a, -um, charming, grace- 
ful, elegant; effeminate. 

Lepidus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Aemilius. 

Lepta, -ae, m., a surname. Q. 
Lepta, Cicero's praefectus fabrum 
in Cilicia. 

Leucas, -adis, f., name of an island 
and of a town off Acarnania. 

levis, -e, light, having little zueight ; 
slight, trivial, unimportant, worth- 
less ; capricious, inconstant, fickle ; 
swift, nimble, rapid. 

levitas, -tatis, f., lightness; incon- 
stancy, fickleness, lack of principle, 
worthlessness, shallowness, (levis) 

leviter, adv., lightly, slightly, easily. 
ut levissime dicam, to say the 
least, (levis) 

levo (1), lift up, raise ; lighten, re- 
lieve, alleviate; co})ifort, console. 
annonam levare, to relieve the 
market, lower the price of provi- 
sions. 

re — relevo (1), lift zip; re- 
lieve, ease ; alleviate. 

lex, legis, f., law, enactment, statute ; 
stipulation, condition, terms. 

libellus, -1, m., a little book, pam- 
phlet, treatise, (dim. of liber) 

libens, -entis, willing, with pleas- 



ure, readily, gladly, (pres. p. of 
libet) 

libenter, adv., gladly, willingly, with 
pleasure, (libens) 

liber, -bri, m., book. 

liber, -era, -erum, free, unre- 
stricted, tmrestrained, unchecked. 

liberalis, -e, of a freeman, befitting 
freedom; honorable, noble (stu- 
dia); generous, liberal, (liber) 

liberalitas, -tatis, f., nobility ; gen- 
erosity, liberality, (liberalis) 

liberaliter, adv., as a freeman, 
nobly ; generously, kindly, (libe- 
ralis) 

liberatio, -onis, f., release, setting 
free, liberation, acquittal. (li- 
bero) 

liberator, -oris, m., deliverer, lib- 
erator, (libero) 

liber § , adv., without restraint, freely ; 
frankly, openly, boldly, (liber) 

liberi, -orum, m., children (of free 
parents) . 

libero (1), set free, liberate, release; 
extricate, relieve; acquit, absolve. 
(liber) 

libertas, -tatis, f., freedom, liberty, 
independence, atrium Liberta- 
tis, the temple of Liberty, (liber) 

libertinus, -i, m., a freedman. 
(libertus) 

libertus, -i, m., a freedman (with 
reference to the master who freed 
him, e.g. Ciceronis libertus 
Tiro, Cicero's freedman, Tiro). 
(liber) 

libet, -ere, libuit, — , it pleases, is 
pleasing, is agreeable. 

libido, -inis, f., desire; evil desire, 



LIBRARIUM 



485 



LOCUPLETO 



lust, lawlessness, wantonness, lezvd- 
ness, sensuality, (cf. libet) 

librarium, -1, n., bookcase, (liber) 

licentia, -ae, f., freedom, liberty ; 
lazvlessness, license, (licens) 

licet, -ere, licuit (licitum est), 
— , it is permitted, it is allowed, 
one may. licet recognoscas, 
you may reviezv. 

Licinius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. Aulus Licinius Archias, the 
poet whom Cicero defended. See 
page 338. 

2. L. Licinius Crassus, a dis- 
tinguished orator, born 140 B.C. 

3. P. Lichiius Crassus, censor 
in 89 B.C. 

4. L. Licinius Murena, a legate 
-with Sulla in Asia. See page 317. 

5. Licinius, mentioned as a 
keeper of an eating-house. 

6. L. Licinius Lucullus, an offi- 
cer in Sulla's army and later com- 
mander of the forces sent against 
Mithridates. 

Ligarius, -T, m., a gens name. 

1. Q. Ligarius, see page 389. 

2. T. Ligarius, brother of Q. 
Ligarius. 

lignum, -1, n., zvood, firewood, timber. 

limen, -inis, n., threshold, entrance. 

lingua, -ae, f., tongtte, language, 
speech. 

linquo, -ere, liqui, — , leave, for- 
sake, give up, abandon. 

de + re — derelinquo, -ere, 

dereliqul, derelictus, abandon 

entirely, forsake utterly, give up 

altogether. 

re — relinquo, -ere, reliqui, 



relic tus, leave, leave behind; 
abandon, forsake, desert; pass 
over, give no heed to, disregard ; 
leave undone, leave unattended to; 
dismiss, relinquish. 

linter, -tris, f., boat, skiff, canoe. 

linum, -1, n.,fiax; thread, cord. 

liquefacio, -ere, liquefeci, lique- 
factus, make liquidfdissolve, melt. 
liqueo, be fluid '+ facio) 

lis, litis, {., strife, dissension, quar- 
rel ; suit, suit at law, action, liti- 
gation ; damages. 

littera, -ae, f., letter (of the alpha- 
bet); pi., a letter, epistle; letters, 
literature, books ; learning, scholar- 
ship, liberal education. 

litteratus, -a, -um, learned, liber- 
ally educated, cultivated, cultured. 
(littera) 

litura, -ae, f., erasure; correction. 

Livius, -I, m., a gens name. M. 
Livius Drusus, an aristocrat who 
supported some reforms in the in- 
terest of the people. He was mur- 
dered in 91 B.C., probably by his 
political opponents. 

loco (1), put, place, set, arrange ; 
let by contract, contract for, let a 
contract for. (locus) 

com — conloco (1) , place, put, 
arrange; set up, erect; engage, 
hire, employ ; invest. 

Locrensis, -e, of Locrl, a. Greek 
city in Southern Italy. As subst, 
the Locrians, the people of Locri. 

locuples, -etis, rich, zvealthy. (lo- 
cus 4- root of plenus) 

locupleto (1), make rich, enrich. 
(locuples) 




LOCUS 



486 



LYSO 




locus, -1, m. (plural usually loca, 
-orum, n.), a place, spot ; post, 
station, position; degree, rank; 
topic, subject ; chance, opportunity, 

longe, adv., far, far away, distant. 
(longus) 

longinquitas, -tatis, f., distance, 
remoteness, (longinquus) 

longinquus, -a, -urn, far away, 
distant, remote; long-continued, 
lasting, prolonged, (longus) 

longiusculus, -a, -um, a little 
longer, (dim. of longius) 

longus, -a, -um, long, extended; 
lasting, prolonged, tedious ; distant, 
remote, ne longum sit, not to 
?nake the narrative tedious. 

loquor, -1, locutus, speak, talk, 
say. 

com — conloquor, -1, conlo- 
cutus, talk with, confer, converse, 
have an interview. 

lorica, -ae, f., corselet (made of 
thongs), cuirass, (lorum, thong) 

luceo, -ere, luxl, — , shine, glitter ; 
be plain, be clear, be obvious, (cf. 
lux) 

luctuosus, -a, -um, full of sorrow, 
filled with sadness, sad, mournful, 
distressing, (luctus) 

luctus, -us, m., grief, sorrow, dis- 
tress, (lug, mount) 

Lucullus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Licinius. 

lucus, -1, m., open grove, sacred 
grove, park. 

ludibundus, -a, -um, playful, frol- 
icsome, (ludo, frolic) 

ludus, -1, m., play, sport, game, 
diversion, pastime; school, train- 



ing-school; public games, show, ex- 
hibition, (lud, play) 

liigeo, -ere, luxl, luctus, be in 
sorroiv, mottm, lament. 

lumen, -inis, n., light; eye; dis- 
tinguished person, (luc -j- men) 

luo, -ere, lul, — , loose, free ; pay, 
suffer ; atone for. (lu, loose) 

di — dHuo, -ere, dilui, dilu- 
tus, wash away, dissolve ; weaken, 
refute. 

por — polluo, -ere, pollui, 
pollutus, defile, pollute, desecrate. 

lupa, -ae, f., she-wolf; prostitute. 

lupinus, -a, -um, of a wolf, of the 
wolf, (lupus, wolf) 

liistro (1), ?nake bright, illu??iinate ; 
survey, examine; traverse, go over ; 
review, consider ; purify. 

in — inlustro (1), make light, 
illuminate, make clear; make fa- 
mous. 

Lutatius, -I, m., a gens name. 

1. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul 
in 102 B.C. 

2. Q. Lutatius Catulus, son of 
the preceding, consul in 78 B.C. 

lutum, -1, n., mud, mire. 

lux, lucis, f., light, brightness, day- 
light; help, succor ; day. in lu- 
cem proferre, to bring into pub- 
lic view, lucem adferre, to bring 
relief. (LUC, shine) 

luxuria, -ae, f., luxuriance, profu- 
sion ; extravagance, riotous living, 
excess, debauchery. (luxus, ex- 
cess) 

Lyso. -onis, m., a native of Patrae, 
and a friend of Cicero. He cared 
for Tiro in his sickness. 



M 



487 



MALUS 



M. 
M. , abbr. of Marcus. 
M'., abbr. of Manius. 
Macedonia, -ae, f., Macedonia. 
machinator, -oris, m., designer; 

contriver, manager, (machinor) 
machinor (i), devise, design, in- 
vent; contrive, plot, scheme, (ma- 

china, machine) 
macto (1), honor, extol; immolate, 

sacrifice; kill, slaughter, destroy; 

punish, (mactus, honored) 
macula, -ae, f., spot, stain, blot, 

blemish, disgrace. 
maculo (1), stain, defile, pollute. 

(macula) 
madefacio, -ere, madefeci, ma- 

def actus, wet, moisten, soak, 

drench. (madeo, be wet + fa- 

cio) 
Maelius, -1, m., a gens name. Spu- 

ritis Maelius, see page 262. 
maereo, -ere, — , — , be sad, mourn, 

grieve, lament. 
maeror, -oris, m., grief, sorrow, 

sadness. 
maestitia, -ae, f., sadness, sorrow, 

grief, (maestus, sad) 
magis, adv., more, rather ; superl. 

mazime, most, especially, (mag, 

big) 

magistratus, -us, m., office of a 
magistrate, magistracy ; magis- 
trate, (magister, master) 

magnifice, adv., magnificently, nobly, 
grandly ; pompously, haughtily. 
(magnificus) 

magnificus, -a, -um (comp.magni- 
ficentior), noble, grand, mag- 



nificent, eminent, distinguished. 
(magnus + root of facio) 

magnitudo, -inis, f., greatness, great 
size, great extent ; abundance. 
(magnus) 

magnus, -a, -um (comp. maior, 
superl. maximus), 6 w^, large (in 
all senses); noble, grand ; impor- 
tant, momentous ; stately, lofty, im- 
pressive; eminent, powerful, ma- 
ior (sc. natu), older, magni ha- 
bere, to value highly, id quod 
maximum est, the main point. 

Magnus, -1, m., a name given to 
Pompey. 

maior, the comp. of magnus. ma- 
iores (sc. natu), -um, m., ances- 
tors. 

maius, comp. of magnus. 

Maius, -a, -um, of May, May. 

male (comp. peius, superl. pes 
sime), adv., badly, poorly, ill 
hardly, maliciously, unfortunately, 
unsuccessfully, (maius) 

maledictum, -1, n., insulting words, 
abuse, (maledico, abuse) 

maleficium, -1, n., evil deed, harm, 
mischief, injury, wrong, (male- 
ficus, vicious) 

malleolus, -l, m., fire-dart, fire- 
brand, (dim. of malleus, hammer) 

malo, malle, malui, — , wish more, 
wish rather, choose, prefer, (ma- 
gis + volo) 

malum, -1, n., evil; mischief; harm; 
misfortune, trouble, (maius) 

maius, -a, -um (comp. peior, 
superl. pessimus), bad (in all 
senses); tvicked, depraved, crimi- 
nal; injurious, harmful. 




MANCUS 



488 



MARS 



mancus, -a, -um, maimed, crippled, 

imperfect, defective. 
mandatum, -1, n., charge, commis- 
sion, injunction, direction, order. 

(mando) 
mando (1), put into one's hands, 

commit, consign, order, (manus 

+ do) 

com — commendo (1), com- 
mit, entrtist, confide. 
mane, adv., in the morning, early 

in the morning, early. 
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus, 

stay, remain; continue, endure, 

persist ; await, expect. 

per — permaneo, -ere, per- 

mansi, permansus, re?nain, stay; 

hold out, persist. 
re — remaneo, -ere, remansi, 

remansus, stay behind, remain; 

continue, be. 
manicatus, -a, -um, with long 

sleeves, (manicae, long sleeves) 
manifesto, adv., clearly, evidently, 

manifestly, (manifestus) 
manifestus, -a, -um, clear, plain, 

evident, apparent, manifest, overt, 

caught in the act. 
ManHius, -I, m., a gens name. 

C. MdnTlius, a tribune Qf 66 B.C., 

who proposed the law to give 

Pompey control of the war against 

Mithridates. 
Manius, -1, m., a praenomen. 
Manlianus, -a, -um, ofAfanlius. 
Manlius, -1, m., a gens name. 

(1) C. Manlius, a centurion in 

Sulla's army; later, the commander 

of Catiline's forces at Faesulae. 

He was killed with the rest of the 



band when attacked by the forces 
of the state. 

(2) L. Manlius Torqudtus, con- 
sul in 65 B.C. 

mano, -are, manavi, — , run, flow ; 
spread, get abroad. 

mansuete, adv., gently, kindly, 
mildly, calmly, (mansuetus) 

mansuetiido, -inis, f., mildness, 
gentleness, kindness, clemency. 
(mansuetus) 

mansuetus, -a, -um, gentle, kind, 
quiet, (mansuesco, become ac- 
cuslomed to the hand) 

manubiae, -arum, f., booty, spoils, 
prize-money. 

manus, -us, f., hand ; handwrit- 
ing, penmanship ; band, company, 
troops. manu mittere, to set 
free, emancipate. 

Marcellus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Claudius. 

Marcius, -i, m., a gens name. 
L. Marcius, a knight. 

Marcus, -1, m., a praenomen. 

mare, -is, n., sea, the sea. terra 
marique, on land and on sea. 

maritimus, -a, -um, of the sea, on 
the sea, maritime, tiaval. (mare) 

maritus, -1, m., male, married man, 
husband, (mas, male) 

Marius, -i, m., a gens name. C. 
Marius, the conqueror of the 
Teutones and the Cimbri, the 
leader of the popular party, and 
the man who was seven times 
consul. 

marmor, -is, n., marble. 

Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the god of 
war ; war. 



MARTIUS 



489 



MENDICITAS 



Martius, -a, -urn, of Mars, legio 
Martia, the name of a legion 
often mentioned in the fourteenth 
Philippic. 

Massilia. -ae, f., the ancient name 
of Marseilles. 

Massiliensis, -e, of Massilia. As 
subst., the people of Massilia. 

mater, -tris, f., mother. 

mater familias. see familia. 

materia, -ae, f., material, matter, 
stuff, substance, timber; subject, 
topic, theme ; occasion, cause, source. 
(mater) 

materies, -el, f., same as materia. 

matrimonium, -1, n., wedlock, mar- 
riage, matrimony ; matrimonial 
welfare, (mater) 

mature, adv., early, speedily, quickly. 
(maturus) 

maturitas, -tatis, f., ripeness, 
maturity, full development, (ma- 
turus) 

maturo (1), hasten, quicken, hurry. 
(maturus) 

maturus, -a, -um, ripe, mature; 
fit, suitable ; early, speedy. 

matutinus, -a, -um, of the morn- 
ing, early. (Matuta, the goddess 
of the dawn) 

maxime, see magis. 

maximus, see magnus. 

Maxirnus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Fabius. 

maxumus. see maximus. 

Medea, -ae, f., Medea, a sorceress, 
the daughter of Aeetes, the king of 
Colchis. 

medeor, -eri, — , cure, heal, remedy, 
correct. 



medicina, -ae, f., the art of healing, 
medicine, surgery; a medicine, 
remedy, (medicus, healing) 

medicus, -1, m., physician, doctor. 

mediocris, -e, medium, average, 
moderate, ordinary, mediocre ; 
small, slight, insignificant, (me- 
dius) 

mediocriter, adv., ordinarily, mod- 
erately, to some extent, somewhat. 
(mediocris) 

meditor (1), dxvell upon, reflect 
upon, meditate, think of; study, 
practice, rehearse. meditatus, 
(with passive force), practiced. 

medius, -a, -um, middle, midway, 
half-way between, in the middle; 
in the middle of, in the midst of in 
the center of. ex media morte, 
frofn the midst of death, from the 
jaws of death. 

melior, comp. of bonus. 

membrum, -1, n., a part of the body, 
limb, member. 

memini, -isse (defective), re??iem- 
ber, bear in mind. 

Memmius, -1, m., a gens name. 
C. Memmius, see page 264. 

memor, -is, mindful, heedful, re- 
membering, (cf. memini) 

memoria, -ae, f., memory, recol- 
lection, remembrance ; tradition, 
record, memoria tenere, to re- 
member, memoriae proditum, 
handed down by tradition, post 
hominum memoriam, within 
the memory of men. 

mendacium, -1, n., falsehood, lie, 
untruth, (mendax, lying) 

mendicitas, -tatis, f., 



MENS 



490 



MINUO 



poverty, indigence. (mendicus, 
indigent^) 

mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect, 
soul; feeling, disposition; pur- 
pose, design. 

mensis, -is, m., month. 

mentio, -Snis, f., a calling to mind, 
mention. 

mentior, -iri, mentitus, lie, assert 
falsely. 

mercator, -oris, m., trader, mer- 
chant, (mercor, trade) 

mercenarius, -a, -um, serving for 
Pay, hired, paid, ?nerce?tary. 
(merces) 

merces, -edis, f., pay, wages ; re- 
ward, recompense. 

mereor, -eri, meritus, deserve, 
deserve well of, merit; win, gain, 
obtain. 

merito, see meritum. 

meritum, -1, n., desert, merit, 
worth ; favor, kindness, good deed. 
merits, deservedly, (mereor) 

merx, mercis, f., goods, wares, mer- 
chandise. 

Mescinius, -5, m., a gens name. 
L. Mescinius Riifus, Cicero's quaes- 
tor in Cilicia. 

Messala, -ae, m., a family name. 
M. Valerius Messala, consul in 61 

B.C. 

-met (a suffix added to personal 
pronouns), self. 

metator, -oris, m., measurer, sur- 
veyor, (metior, measure) 

Metellus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Caecilius. 

metuS, -ere, metuT, metutus, 
fear. 



metus, -us, m., fear, anxiety, ap- 
prehension. (metuS) 

meus,-a, -um, ?ny, mine. 

miles, -itis, m., soldier. 

miliens, adv., a thousand times, 
countless times, (mille) 

militaris, -e, of soldiers, of war , mili- 
tary, res militaris, the art of 
war. (miles) 

militia, -ae, f., military service, ser- 
vice in the army, warfare, ivar. 
domi mflitiaeque, at home and 
abroad, (miles) 

mille (indecl. in singular; in plural, 
milia, -ium, n.), a thousand. 
mille passuum, a mile. 

MilS, -Snis, m., a family name. See 
Annius. 

minae, -arum, f., threats, menacing 
words. 

minax, -acis, threatening, menacing. 

minime, see parum. 

minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. 

minitor (1), menace, threaten. 
(freq. of minor) 

minor (1), threaten, (minae) 

minor, see parvus. 

Minucius, -i, m., a gens name. 
Minucius, one of the associates of 
Catiline. 

minuo, -ere, minui, minutus, les- 
sen, diminish; weaken. 

de — deminuo, -ere, de- 
minui, deminutus, lessen, di- 
minish; take from, take away, 
curtail, impair. 

in — imminuS, -ere, immi- 
nui, imminutus, lessen, dimin- 
ish; weaken, enfeeble; encroach 
upon, infringe upon, violate. 



MINUS 



491 



MITTO 



minus, see parvus and parum. 

mirifice, adv., wonderfully, marvel- 
ousfy. (mirificus) 

mirificus, -a, -urn, wonderful, mar- 
velous, extraordinary, minis + 
fac) 

miror (1), wonder at, marvel; be 
amazed, be astonished ; regard, 
esteem, admire, (minis) 

ad — admiror (1), wonder at; 
be surprised, be astonished ; ad- 
mire. 

minis, -a, -um, wonderful, surpris- 
ing, marvelous, strange. 

misced, -ere, miscui, mixtus, 
mix, mingle; compound, set on 
foot, concoct. 

com — commisceo, -ere, 
commiscui, commixtus, mix, 
mingle together. 

misellus, -a, -um, poor, unfortu- 
nate, (dim. of miser) 

Misenum, -1, n., a town and prom- 
ontory in Campania. 

miser, -era, -erum, wretched, piti- 
able, poor, unfortunate ; sad, dis- 
tressing ; worthless, vile. 

miserabilis, -e, pitiable, deplorable, 
wretched ; sad, plaintive. (mi- 
seror) 

miserandus, -a, -um, to be pitied, 
pitiable, wretched, (miseror) 

miser e, adv., wretchedly, (miser) 

miseret, -ere, miseruit, — , feel 
pity, me miseret tuT, / pity 
you. (miser) 

miseria, -ae, f., wretchedness, mis- 
fortune, affliction, misery, distress. 
(miser) 

misericordia, -ae, f., mercy, pity, 



compassion, sympathy. (miseri- 
cors) 

misericors, -cordis, tender-hearted, 
compassionate, merciful. 

miseror (1), bewail, complain of, 
bewail the fate of. (miser) 

Mithridates, -is, m., Mithridates 
the Great. See page 3156°. 

Mithridaticus, -a, -um, of Mith- 
ridates, Mithridatic. 

mitis, -e, mellow, ripe, soft ; gentle, 
kind. 

mitto, -ere, misi, missus, cause to 
go, let go ; send, despatch ; release, 
set free; cast, throw, hurl, manu 
mittere, to set free, emancipate. 

a — amitto, -ere, amisi, Omis- 
sus, let go ; lose. 

ad — admitto, -ere, admisi, 
admissus, send to, let go ; permit, 
allow; commit, perpetrate, in se 
f acinus admittere, to commit a 
crime. 

com — committo, -ere, com- 
misi, commissus, bring together, 
co7)ibine, unite; trust, entrust; 
permit, allow ; cause, commit, per- 
petrate ; expose; carry on, do. 
proelium committere, to begin 
battle. 

de — demitto, -ere, demlsi, 
demissus, let down; with reflex- 
ive, descend. 

di — dimitto, -ere, dimisi, 
dimissus, send in different direc- 
tions, send out, send away; dismiss, 
break up, adjourn ; let go, let slip, 
leave, relinquish, lose, abandon. 

e — emitto, -ere, emisi, 
emissus, send out; throw, hurl, 



Mixfus 



492 



MOLESTE 






discharge; set free, let go, let slip ; 
utter, pronounce. 

in — immitto, -ere, immisi, 
immissus, send in, let in, admit, 
insert; throw upon ; send against, 
let loose against. 

ob — omitto, -ere, omisi, 
omissus, let go, abandon; lay 
aside, not to mention, pass over, 
leave unsaid, say nothing of. 

per — permitto, -ere, permisi, 
permissus, entrust, put into the 
hands of, put in charge of; grant, 
allow, permit. 

prae — praemitto, -ere, prae- 
misi, praemissus, send forward, 
send ahead. 

praeter — praetermitto, -ere, 
praetermisi, praetermissus, 
let go by, omit, pass over. 

pro — promitto, -ere, pro- 
misi, promissus, prom ise, assure. 

re — remitto, -ere, remisi, 
remissus, send back, let go back ; 
give back, return, restore; grant, 
pardon. 

trans — transmitto , -ere, 
transmisi, transmissus, send 
across, carry over, transmit ; pass 
over, traverse; entrust, devote. 
mixtus, -a, -um, made up of differ- 
ent elements, heterogeneous, mixed, 
confused, mingled, (p.p. of mis- 
ceo) 
moderate, adv., with self-control, 
with moderation, moderately. 
(moderatus) 
moderatio, -orris, f., guidance, con- 
trol, regulation ; self-control. 
moderatus, -a, -um, self controlled, 



well-balanced. (p. p. of mo- 
deror) 

moderor (1), guide, control, regu- 
late, restrain, govern. (modus) 

modestia, -ae, f., moderation, dis- 
cretion, self-control ; obedience, 
subordination; unassuming con- 
duct, modesty ; honor, dignity, pro- 
priety, (modestus) 

modestus, -a, -um, within due 
liniits ; self-controlled, sober, te??i- 
perate, well-balanced, discreet. 
(modus) 

modice, adv., with moderation, dis- 
creetly, (modicus, moderate') 

modo, adv. and conj. 

As adv., only, merely, simply, 
just ; just now, lately, recently, a 
short time ago. 

As conj., if only, provided that, 
on condition that. 

modus, -I, m., measure; rhythm, 
melody ; due measure, moderation ; 
limit, bounds; way, manner, mode, 
fashion, style. quern ad mo- 
dum, as. huius modi, of this 
kind. eius modi, of this sort, of 
that kind. 

moenia, -ium, n., fortif cations of a 
city, city walls. 

moles, -is, f., mass ; massive struc- 
ture, dike, pier, dam, mole, foun- 
dation ; weight, greatness, size, 
strength, great quantity ; difficulty, 
labor, trouble. 

moleste, adv., heavily, severely; 
with difficulty; with vexation. 
moleste ferre, to take hard, to 
be displeased at, to be troubled. 
(old case form of molestus) 



MOLESTIA 



493 



MULIER 



molestia, -ae, f., annoyance, trouble, 
vexation ; distress, uneasiness. 
(molestus) 
molestus, -a, -urn, grievous, irk- 
some, annoying, displeasing, un- 
pleasant, (moles) 
molior, -in, molitus, endeavor, 
struggle, strive; make, construct; 
attempt, undertake, endeavor to 
accomplish, (moles) 
mollis, -e, tender, delicate, soft; sen- 
sitive; weak, feeble. 
moneo, -ere, monui, monitus, re- 
mind, admonish, warn, advise, urge. 
ad — admoneo, -ere, admo- 
nui, admonitus, remind, sug- 
gest; warn, admonish. 
monitum, -I, n., admonition, coun- 
sel, advice, warning, (moneo) 
mons, montis, m., mountain. 

(MAN, project) 
monstrum, -I, n., supernatural ap- 
pearance, omen, portent, wonder ; 
monstrosity, monster, abomination. 
monumentum, -I, n., memorial, 
monument, public work; tradition, 
chronicle, record, (moneo) 
mora, -ae, f., hesitation, delay, post- 
ponement; cause of delay, hin- 
drance, obstacle. 
moratus, -a, -urn, having morals, 
having institutions, bene mora- 
tus, having good morals, having 
good institutions, (mos) 
morbus, -I, m., sickness, disease, 

malady, (same root as morior) 
morior, -I, mortuus, (future part. 
moriturus), die. mortuus, dead. 
e — emorior, -I, emortuus, 
die off, pass away. 



moror (i), delay, tarry, wait. 

com — commoror (i), linger, 
abide, stay. 

re — remoror (i), delay, de- 
tain, hinder, keep waiting. 
mors, mortis, f., death ; dead body. 
mortalis, -e, subject to death, mor- 
tal, of mortals. As subst., men. 
(mors) 
mortuus, p. p. of morior. 
mos, moris, m., custom, habit, man- 
ner, way; pi., manners, morals, 
character. 
motus, -us, m., motion ; commotion, 
disturbance, upheaval, uprising. 
terrae motus, earthquake, (mo- 
ved) 
moveo, -ere, movi, motus, move, 
set in motion, disturb; stir, influ- 
ence, affect, excite; drive away, 
dislodge. 

com — commoveo, -ere, 
commovi, commotus, move 
violently, shake thoroughly ; move, 
influence, agitate, alarm. 

per — permoveo, -ere, per- 
movi, permotus, move deeply, 
affect, influence ; trouble, agitate. 

re — removeo, -ere, removi, 

remotus, move back ; remove, 

put out of the way. remoto Cati- 

lina, with Catiline out of the way. 

mucro, -onis, m., point of a 

weapon ; blade, swordk 
mulco (i), handle roughly, maltreat. 
muliebris, -e, of a woman, womanly, 
feminine, of women, made up of 
women ; effeminate, womanish. 
(mulier) 
mulier, -eris, f., woman, wife. 




MULIERCULA 



494 



NATURA 




muliercula, -ae, f., little woman 
(as an affectionate, compassionate, 
or contemptuous expression) . (dim. 
of mulier) 

multa, -ae, f., a fine, penalty. 

multitudo, -inis, f., large number, 
great numbers, throng, multitude. 
(multus) 

mult 6, see multus. 

multo (i), fine, punish, (multa) 

multum, see multus: 

multus, -a, -urn, (comp. plus, su- 
perl. plurimus), much, large 
ajnount of; pi., many, numerous. 
multum, much, greatly, exten- 
sively, multo, by far, by much. 
plus, pliiris, more; as subst., 
more, many, several, plurimus, 
-a, -um, most, very many, very 
much, quam plurimi, as many 
as possible, plurimum valere, 
to have great weight. 

mulus, -l, m., mule. 

ulvius, -a, -um, Mulvian. pons 
Mulvius, a bridge over the Tiber 
near Rome. It was constructed 
by M. Aemilius Scaurus in 109 B.C. 
It is now called Ponte Molle. 

municeps, -cipis, m. and f., inhab- 
itant of a free tozvn, citizen, (mu- 
nia, duties, + root of capio) 

municipium, -1, n., free toivn, muni- 
cipality. The term is applied to 
towns which were subject to Rome, 
but retained the privilege of self- 
government, (municeps) 

munio, -ire, munivi, munitus, 
protect with a wall; fortify, pro- 
tect, defend ; build, construct, make. 
(moenia) 



munitus, -a, -um, well fortified, 
protected ; safe, secure, (munio) 

munus, -eris, n., service, offi.ce, func- 
tion, duty, employment ; service, 
favor, kindness ; gift, contribution, 
present ; shozu of gladiators, enter- 
tainment, exhibition. 

Murena. -ae, m., a family name. 
See Licinius. 

murus, -1, m., a wall. 

Musa, -ae, f, Muse, one of the nine 
Muses; pi., the Muses. 

mutatio, -onis, f., change, exchange. 
(miito) 

Mutina, -ae, f., a town of Cisalpine 
Gaul, now Modena. 

muto (1), move, remove; change, 
alter, transform, (freq. of mo- 
veo) 

com— commuto (1), change 
entirely; change, exchange, substi- 
tute. 

mutus, -a, -um, still, mute, dumb, 
speechless, silent. 

Mytilenaeus, -a. -um, of Mytilene, 
a city of Lesbos. 



nam, for, inasmuch as, since ; now. 
nanciscor, -1, nactus, obtain, get, 

secure; light upon, come across, 
find. 
nascor, -1, natus, be born, spring 

up, arise, start, begin, be innate. 
Nasica, -a, m., a family name. See 

Cornelius, 
natio, -onis, f., birth, origin ; stock, 

kind, species; nation, race, tribe, 

clan, (nascor) 
natura, -ae, f., birth; nature, nat- 



NAUFRAGIUM 



495 



NEGO 



ural disposition, natural character, 

character, natural ability, (na- 

scor) 
naufragium, -I, n., shipwreck ; ruin, 

destruction, (navis + fk ag, break) 
naufragus, -a, -urn, shipwrecked, 

wrecked, ruined, (navis -f FRAG, 

break) 

nausea, -ae, f., sea-sickness. 
nauta, -ae, m., sailor, (for navita 

from navis) 
nauticus, -a, -urn, of ships, of sail- 
ors, nautical, naval. 
navalis, -e, of ships, nautical, naval. 

(navis) 
navicularius, -I, m., boat-owner, 

shipmaster, (navicula, a little 

boat) 
navigatio, -onis, f., sailing, voyage, 

traveling by sea. (navis + ag, 

drive) 
navigo (i), sail, sail over the sea. 

(navis + ag, drive) 
navis,-is, f., ship, boat, (na, swim) 
ne, adv., surely, truly, indeed. 
ne, adv. and conj. 

As adv., not. ne — quidem, 

not even, nor. 

As conj., that . . . not, lest, for 

fear that. 
-ne, adv. and conj. 

As adv., used simply as a sign of 

a question. 

As conj., whether. 
Neapolis, -is, f., Naples, a city of 

Campania; now Napoli. 
Neapolitanus, -a, -um, of Na- 
ples, Neapolitan; Neapolitan!, 

-orum, m., the people of Naples, 

the Neapolitans. 



nec, see neque. 

necessarius, -a, -um, unavoidable, 
necessary, indispensable. As subst., 
relative, kinsman, friend, neces- 
sario, of necessity, unavoidably. 
(necesse) 

necesse (indecl.), inevitable, neces- 
sary. 

necessitas, -tatis, f., unavoidable- 
ness, necessity; force, constraint, 
compulsion ;.need, want ; relation- 
ship, friendship, (necesse) 

necessitudo, -inis, f., necessity, 
compulsion ; connection, intimacy, 
friendship, ■ relationship. (ne- 
cesse) 

necne (used in double indirect ques- 
tions), adv., or not. (nec + ne) 

need (i), put to death, kill, slay, 
murder, (nex) 

nefandus, -a, -um, unspeakable, 
unutterable ; infamous, heinous, 
abominable, (ne + fandus, to 
uttered) 

nefarie, adv., wickedly, impiously\ 
abominably, (nefarius) 

nefarius, -a, -um, wicked, impious, 
criminal, infamous, abominable. 
(nefas, sin) 

nef as (inched.), n., sin, impiety, sacri- 
lege, (ne + fas) 

neglegens, -entis, indifferent, heed- 
less, careless, negligent, (pres. p. 
ofneglego) 

neglegenter, adv., heedlessly, care- 
lessly, negligently, (neglegens) 
'neglego, see lego. 

nego (i), say no, deny, refuse. 

de — denego (i), say no, re- 
ject, refuse. 




NEGOTIOR 



496 



NITOR 



negotior ( I ) , do business, trade, be a 
trader, be a banker, (negotium) 

negotium, -1, n., business, employ- 
ment, occupation, undertaking ; 
matter, affair, thing; difficulty, 
trouble, nihil negoti, nothing of 
a task, a matter of no difficulty. 
(nec, not, -f otium) 

nemo (gen. and dat. sing, and all the 
plural supplied by nullus) , -inis, 
m. and f., no one, nobody ; some- 
times used as an adjective with the 
force of an emphatic no. nemo 
non, everybody. non nemo, 
somebody, (ne, no; + homo) 

nempe, adv., certainly, without 
doubt, of course, to be sure, assur- 
edly, why ! 

nemus, -oris, n., grove, forest; 
sacred grove. 

nepos, -Otis, m., grandson ; spend- 
thrift, prodigal. 

Nepos, -otis, m., a family name. 
See Caecilius. 

nequam (indecl.), worthless, shift- 
less, bad, vile. Comp. nequior, 
superl. nequissimus. 

nequaquam, adv., by no means, not 
at all, in no way. 

neque (or nec), and not, nor. 
neque, neque, neither, nor. (ne 
+ que) 

nequior, comp. of nequam. 

nequissimus, superl. of nequam. 

nequeo, see queo. 

nequitia, -ae, f., worlhlessness, shift- 
lessness, inefficiency ; badness, vile- 
ness. (nequam) 

nervus, -1, m., muscle, sinew, ten- 
don ; strength, power, vigor, force. 



nescio, see scio. 

neve (or neu), and not, nor ; that 
not, lest, (ne + ve) 

nex, necis, f., death, ?nurder, 
slaughter, assassination. ('SEC, kill) 

nihil (indecl.), n., nothing; not at 
all, in no respect, (nihilum) 

nihilum (or nflum), -1, n., nothing; 
not at all. nihilo minus, none 
the less, nevertheless. (ne + hi- 
lum, trifle) 

Nflus, -1, m., the Nile, the Egyptian 
river. 

nimirum, adv., without doubt, un- 
questionably, certainly. (w.,not,+ 
mirum) 

nimis, adv., beyond measure, too, too 
much, excessively. 

nimium, see nimius. 

nimius, -a, -urn, beyond measure, 
excessive, too great, too much. 
nimium, too much, too. (nimis) 

nisi, if not, unless, except. nisi 
si, unless. nisi forte, nisi 
vero, unless perhaps (ironical). 
(ne + si) 

nisus, -us, m., exertion, effort; posi- 
tion, posture. 

niteo, -ere, nitui, — , shine, glitter, 
glisten. 

nitidus, -a, -urn, bright, shining, 
glittering ; plump, sleek, spruce. 
(cf. niteo) 

nitor, -i, nisus (nixus). support 
one's self, lean upon ; rest, rely, 
depend upon; strive, struggle, en- 
deavor. 

e — enitor, -i, enisus (enix- 
us), struggle out, climb upward; 
struggle, strive. 






NIX 



497 



NOVEMBER 



nix, nivis, f., snow. 
nobilis, -e, well-knozun, famous, re- 
nowned; of high station, of noble 
birth; superior, excellent. 
nobilitas, -tatis, f., fame, renown, 
celebrity; high rank, noble birth, 
noble origin; aristocracy, nobles, 
nobility ; excellence, superiority. 
(nobilis) 
nocens, -entis, hurtful, harmful; 
guilty, criminal. (pres. p. of 
noceo) 
noceo, -ere, nocui, nociturus, 

harm, Hurt, injure. 
noctu, adv., by night, in the night. 

(abl. of *noctus) 
nocturnus, -a, -urn, of the night, 
in the night, by night, nocturnal. 
(nox) 
nolo, nolle, nolui, — , wish not, not 
wish; not be willing, be unwilling. 
nomen, -inis, n., name, appellation; 
fame, renozun, reputation; pre- 
text, pretense, excuse; authority, 
responsibility, tuo nomine, on 
your account. 
ndminatim, adv., byname, expressly, 

particularly, (nomino) 
nomino (i), call by name, name, 

mention, (nomen) 
non, adv., not. 
Non. , abbr. of Nonae. 
Nonae, -arum, f., the Nones, i.e. 
the seventh of March, May, July, 
October, and the fifth of the other 
months. (nonus, because the 
Nones came on the ninth day be- 
fore the Ides) 
nondum, adv., not yet. (non -f 
dum) 

H. & G. CIC. — 32 



nonne, adv., not ? an indication that 
an affirmative answer is expected. 
nonus, -a, -um, ninth, (novem) 
nosco, -ere, novi, notus, become 
acquainted 'with, learn; in the per- 
fect tenses, be familiar with, know, 
under stand, be acquainted with. 

ad — agnosco (for ad- 
gnosco), -ere, agnovi, agno- 
tus, recognize, discern; acknowl- 
edge; understand. 

co — cognosco, -ere, co- 
gnovi, cognitus, find out about, 
investigate, learn, examine ; recog- 
nize, identify, acknozvledge. 

in — Ignosco, -ere, ignovi, 
ignotus, pardon, forgive. 

re + co — recognosco, -ere, 
recognovi, recognitus, recall, 
review. 
nosmet, we ourselves, us ourselves. 

(nos + met) 
noster, -tra, -trum, our, our own, 

ours, of us. (nos) 
nota, -ae, f., mark, sign; written 
character, letter ; brand, reproach, 
disgrace. 
noto (1), put a mark upon, 
stamp; stamp with disapproval, 
brand, stigmatize, censure, re- 
proach, (nota) 

de — denoto (1), mark out, 
point out, designate, indicate. 
notus, -a, -um, known, well- 
known, familiar ; famous, notori- 
ous, (nosco) 
novem (indecl.), nine. 
Nov. , abbr. of November. 
November, -bris, -bre, of No- 
ve??iber. (novem) 



NOVI 



498 



NYMPHA 



S ' 



novi, see nosco. 

novus, -a, -urn, new, fresh,.recent ; 
strange, unfamiliar; novel, un- 
precedented; latest, last. res 
novae, political revolution, ta- 
bulae novae, reduction or abo- 
lition of debts. 

nox, noctis, f., night. 

nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptus, veil 
one's self; i7iarry. 

nudius (used only with an ordinal 
in expressions of time), nudius 
tertius, it is now the third day, 
day before yesterday. (nunc + 
dies) 

nudo (1), lay bare, expose, uncover ; 
strip, despoil, rob. (nudus) 

nudus, -a, -um, naked, bare, un- 
covered; unprotected, exposed ; 
lightly clad, without a toga ; desti- 
tute of, without, deprived of; mere, 
bare, simple. 

nugae, -arum, f., trifles, follies; 
stuff, itonsense ; vain fellow, frivo- 
lous person. 
^lullus, -a, -um, none, no, not any. 
non nullus, some. As subst., some 
one, some persons, nullus non, 
every one, all. 

num, adv., used in direct questions 
to indicate that a negative answer 
is expected, e.g. : Num negare 
audes, you don't venture to make 
a denial, do you ? In indirect 
questions num = whether, if. 

Numantia, -ae, f., Numantia, an 
important city of Spain, destroyed 
by Scipio. 

numen, -inis, n., nod ; command, 
will, authority; divine will, pozuer 



of the gods, divinity, majesty, god, 
goddess, (nuo, nod) 

numero ( I ) , count, reckon ; con- 
sider, regard, (numerus) 

numerus, -1, m., number; rank, 
position, classification, category. 

Numidicus, -i, m., Numidicus, a 
name given to Q. Caecilius Metel- 
lus for his victories in Africa. See 
Caecilius. 

nummus, -1, m., a coin, money; 
sestertius, sesterce. 

numquam, adv., never, non num- 
quam, sometimes. (ne -f um- 
quam) 

nunc, adv., now; now, as it is, as 
things are. etiam nunc, even 
now, even then, (num + ce) 

nundinum. -1, n., a market-day. 
trinum nundinum, three mar- 
ket-days, the third market-day. 
(novem -f dies) 

niintio (1), report, make known, 
announce, (nuntius) 

de — denuntio (1), announce, 
declare, proclaim ; threaten, men- 
ace, warn. 

re — renuntio (1), bring back 
word, report ; announce, proclaim. 

nuntius, -1, m., messenger ; message. 

nuper, adv., recently, lately, not long 
xago. 

nuptiae, -arum, f., marriage, wed- 
ding, (cf. nubo) 

nusquam, adv., nowhere, in no 
place, (ne + usquam) 

nutus, -us, m., nod; assent, com- 
pliance ; command, will. (cf. 
nuo, nod) 

nympha, -ae, f., a nymph. 



499 



OBTINGO 



O, oh ! ! 

ob, prep, with ace, to, towards ; on 
account of, by reason of, for. 
quam ob rem, wherefore, for this 
reason. 

obduresco, -ere, obdurui, — , 
grow hard, become insensible, (ob 
+ duresco, harden, from duro) 

obeo, see eo. 

obicio, see iacio. 

oblecto ( i ) , delight, please, (ob + 
lacto, flatter) 

obligo (i), bind ; put under obliga- 
tion, pledge, mortgage, (ob + ligo , 
bind) 

oblino, -ere, oblevi, oblitus, be- 
smear, bedaub, (ob + lino, daub) 

oblitus, see oblino. 

oblitus, -a, -um, forgetful, unmind- 
ful, (p. p. of obliviscor) 

oblivio, -onis, f., forgetfulness, ob- 
livion, (cf. obliviscor) 

obliviscor, -I, oblitus, forget ; dis- 
regard, neglect. 

obmiitesco, -ere, obmutui, — , 
become still, be silent, (ob -f- mu- 
tesco) 

oboedio, see audio. 

oborior, see orior. 

obruo, see ruo. 

obscure, adv., mysteriously, darkly, 
obscurely, (obscurus) 

obscuritas, -tatis, f., darkness, ob- 
scurity, indistinctness, uncertainty. 
(obscurus) 

obscuro ( i ) , darken, obscure ; hide, 
conceal, veil, (obscurus) 

obscurus, -a, -um, dark, obscure ; 
disguised, hidden; indistinct, un' 



intelligible ; low, humble, obscure^ 
unknown, (ob -f scu, cover) 

obsecro, see sacro. 

obsecundo (i), comply zuith, favor, 
assist, (ob + secundo, favor) 

obsequium, -i, n., compliance, obe- 
dience, (obsequor) 

obsequor, see sequor. 

observo, see servo. 

obses, -idis, m. and f., hostage; 
pledge, security. 

obsideo, see sedeo. . 

obsidio, -onis, f., siege, blockade. 
(obsideo) 

obsigno, see signo. 

obsisto, see sisto. 

obsolesco, -ere, obsolevi, obso- 
letus, grow old, decay ; get out of 
date, lose force. (obs + olesco, 
grow) 

obstinatus, -a, -um, resolute, de- 
ter mined ; fixed, stubborn, obsti- 
nate, (obstino, persist) 

obsto, see sto. 

obstrepo, -ere, obstrepui, — , 
make a noise, resound, drown out { 
overwhehn. (ob + strepo, roar 

obstupefacio, -ere, obstupefeci] 
obstupefactus, astonish, amaze, 
daze, bewilder. (ob + stupe- 
facio) 

obstupesco, -ere, obstupui, — , 
become stupefied, be bewildered, be 
amazed, be thunderstruck, (ob -f 
stupesco) 

obsum, see sum. 

obtempero, see tempero. 

obtestor, see testor. 

obtineo, see teneo. 

obtingo, see tango. 




OBTRECTO 



500 



OFFENSIO 



obtrectS, see tract 6. 

obviam, adv., in the way, against, 
in face of. alicui obviam fieri, 
to meet, alicui obviam venire, 
to go to meet any one. (ob + 
viam) 

obvius, -a, -urn, in the way. ali- 
cui obvius esse, to meet any 
one. (ob + via) 

occasio, -onis, f., opportunity, suit- 
able time, chance, (ob + cad) 

occasus, -us, m., going down, set- 
ting ; sunset, west; fall, ruin, 
destruction, (ob + cad) 

occidens, -entis, m., sunset, west. 
ab occidente, in the zuest. (pres. 
part, of occido) 

occidio, -onis, f., extermination, 
annihilation, (cf. occido) 

occido, see cado. 

occido, see caedo. 

occludo, see claudo. 

occultator, -oris, m., concealer, 
secreter, harborer. (occulto) 

occulte, adv., secretly, privately. 
(occultus) 

occulto (1), conceal, secrete, (freq. 
of occulo, cover) 

occultus, -a, -um, concealed, cov- 
ered up, secret, hidden, (p. p. of 
occulo, cover) 

occupatio, -onis, f., taking posses- 
sion, seizure ; business, occupation, 
employment, (occupo) 

occupatus, -a, -um, busy, engaged, 
occupied, (p. p. of occupo) 

occupo (1), seize, take possession 
of; engross, take up, engage, (ob 
+ CAP) 

occurro, see curro. 



occursatio, -onis, f., running to 
meet, demonstration, friendly ex- 
pression, (occurso, run to meet) 

oceanus, -1, m., ocean. 

Ocriculanus, -a, -um, of Ocricu- 
lum, an Umbrian town. 

Oct., abbr. of October. 

Octavianus, -a, -um, of Octavius. 

Octavianus, -i, m., Octavian, a 
name assumed by C. Octavius after 
his adoption by Julius Caesar. 

Octavius, -i, m., a gens name. 

1. Cn. Octavius, consul in 87 B.C. 
See page 303. 

2. Cn. Octavius, the conqueror 
of Perseus. 

octavus, -a, -um, eighth, (octo) 

octo (indecl.), eight. 

October, -bris, -bre, of October. 
(octo) 

oculus, -1, m., the eye. 

odi, odisse, — , — (the perfect is 
used as a present, the pluperfect 
as an imperfect, and the future 
perfect as a future), hate, detest, 
dislike, (cf. odium) 

odiosus, -a, -um, hateful, offensive, 
disagreeable, (odium) 

odium, -i, n., hatred, animosity, 
enmity ; odium, detestation; nui- 
sance, abomination. 

offendo, -ere, offendi, offensus, 
strike against, stumble; stumble 
upon, light upon, find ; make a 
mistake, blunder ; do harm, injure, 
offend, hurt the feelings, vex, dis- 
please, (ob -1- *fendo, strike) 

off ensio, -onis, f., stumbling ; hatred, 
aversion, dislike; disaster, misfor- 
tune, defeat, (offendo) 



I 



OFFENSUS 



501 



OPTIME 



offensus, -a, -urn, displeased, vexed, 
offended; offensive, hateful, odious. 
(p. p. of offendo) 

offero, see fero. 

officio sus, -a, -urn, courteous, oblig- 
ing, helpful ; conscientious, loyal. 
(ofticium) 

officium, -l, n., a set-vice, kindness, 
favor ; duty, obligation ; function, 
office, employment. 

offundo, see ftmdo. 

olim, adv., once, formerly, once upon 
a time ; ever ; some day, some time 
(in the future), hereafter. 

omen, -inis, n., sign, token, omen, 
foreboding, harbinger. 

omitto, see mitt 6. 

omnino, adv., altogether, wholly, ut- 
terly, certainly ; at all, in all, only, 
just. (cf. omnis) 

omnia, -e, all, every, all kinds of 
omnes, -him, m., all men. om- 
nia, -ium, n., all things. 

onus, -eris, n., load, burden, freight, 
cargo ; trouble, difficulty. 

opera, -ae, f., work, labor, toil, ser- 
vices, operam dare, to devote 
one's energies, to take pains, to try. 

operio, see pario. 

Opimius, -I, m., a gens name. Z. 
OpTmius, see page 264. 
I opimus, -a, -um, fat; rich, fertile, 
fruitful. 

opinio, -onis, f., belief, opinion, 
supposition, impression ; idea, no- 
tion ; esteem, reputation, praeter 
opinionem, contrary to expecta- 
tion, beyond all expectation, la- 
this opinione, more zuidely than 
people think, (opinor) 



opinor (1), think, suppose, believe ; 
imagine, conjecture, fancy. 

opitulor (1), aid, assist, succor. 

oportet, -ere, oportuit, — , (im- 
personal), ought, should, me hoc 
facere oportet, I ought to do 
this. 

oppeto, see peto. 

oppidd, adv., very, exceedingly. 
(oppidum ?) 

oppidum, -1, n., a town. 

oppono, see pono. 

opportunitas, -tatis, f., timeliness, 
fitness, suitableness ; chance, occa- 
sion, opportunity ; convenience, ad- 
vantage, (opportunus) 

opportunus, -a, -um, timely, suit- 
able, fit, seasonable ; advantageous, 
useful, serviceable. 

oppositus, -a, -um, placed in the 
way, in the zvay of, opposite; op- 
posed, against, (p. p. of oppono) 

oppositus, -us, m., setting against, 
opposition, intervention, (oppo- 
no) 

opprimo, see premS. 

oppugnatio, -onis, f., a storming, 
besieging, siege, assault, attac, 
(oppugno) 

oppiigno, see pugno. 

ops, opis, f., help, aid, support, as- 
sistance, protection ; pi., riches, 
means, resources, property. 

optabilis, -e, to be wished for, de- 
sirable, (opto) 

optimas, -atis, m., a member of the 
aristocratic party ; pi., the opti- 
mates, i.e. the political party op- 
posed to the people, (optimus) 

optime, superl. of bene. 






OPTIMUS 



502 



OS 




optimus, -a, -urn, superl of bonus. 

opt 6 (1), choose, select ; wish, wish 
for, pray for. 

ex — exopto ( 1 ) , wish ear- 
nestly, desire greatly, long for. 

opus, opens, n., work, labor, toil; 
a work, structure, fortification ; 
work of skill, fine workmanship ; 
need, necessity, tanto opere, so 
greatly, so much, magno opere, 
very much, greatly ; urgently. 
quanto opere, how much, how 
greatly, opus est, there is need, 
it is necessary. 

6ra, -ae, f., border, margin, bound- 
ary ; coast, sea-coast ; region, coun- 
try. 

oratio, -onis, f., words, speech, dis- 
course ; address, speech, harangue, 
oration ; subject-matter, subject, 
theme ; oratorical ability, elo- 
quence. (6r6) 

orator, -oris, m., speaker, pleader, 
orator; ambassador, representative. 
(6r6) 

orbis, -is, m., circle, ring, orbis 
terrae, orbis terrarurn, the 
world. 

rbitas, -tatis, f., deprivation, be- 
reavement; childlessness, orphan- 
hood, orphanage, widozchood. (or- 
bus) 

orbus, -a, -um, deprived, bereft, 
destitute ; childless, fatherless, wid- 
owed, 

ordior, -iri, orsus, begin, commence, 
start. 

ordo, -inis, m., line, row, series, 
tier; grade, rank, order; class, 
body. 



oriens, -entis, m., the rising sun 
(sc. sol) ; the east, Orient, (pres. 
p. of orior) 

orior, -iri. ortus. rise, arise ; spring 
up, start, begin, originate ; spring 
from, be born, be descended. 

ad — adorior, -iri, adortus, 
rise up against, attack, assail. 

ob — oborior, -Iri, obortus, 
rise before, spring up, appear. 

ornamentum. -1, n., apparatus, out- 
fit, equipment, furniture ; decora- 
tion, ornament, jewel, treasure. 
(orno) 

ornate, adv., elegantly, ornately, 
elaborately, eloquently, (ornatus 

ornatus, -us, m., attire, apparel; 
equipment, apparatus ; decoration, 
ornament. (6rn6) 

ornatus. -a, -um. furnished, 
equipped, provided ; decorated, 
adorned ; eminent, illustrious, dis- 
tinguished, honorable. (p. p. of 
orno) 

orno ( 1 ) , equip, furnish, supply, pre- 
pare ; decorate, adorn ; honor. 

ad— adorno (1), fit out, fur- 
nish, equip, provide ; adorn, embel- 
lish. 

ex — exorno (i\ equip, fur- 
nish; adorn, decorate, embellish. 

6r6 (1), speak; plead, beg, in;: 
beseech. (6 s) 

Orpheus, -1. m., one of Cicero's 
freedmen. 

ortus. -us. m., risi 

source, ortus solis. sunrise 
east, ^orior^ 

6s, oris, n., month ; face, features, 
ssion. 



OSCITANS 



503 



PAPIRIUS 



oscitans, -antis, listless, sluggish. 
(pres. p. of oscito, yawn) 

ostendo, see tendo. 

ostento (1), show, present to view ; 
display, show off, parade ; threaten, 
menace, (freq. of ostendo) 

Ostiensis, -e, of Ostia, the port of 
Rome, at the mouth of the Tiber. 

ostium, -1, n., mouth; door, entrance. 
Ocean! ostium, the Straits of 
Gibraltar, (cf. 6s) 

otiosus, -a, -um, at leisure, disen- 
gaged, unemployed, idle; uncon- 
cerned, indifferent, neutral ; calm, 
peaceful, peace-loving, (otiuni) 

otium, -1, n., leisure, idleness, ease, 
inactivity ; quiet, repose, rest, peace, 
quiet mode of life. 

ovo, -are, — , — , exult, rejoice; 
have an ovation. 



P., abbr. of Publius. 

pacatus, -a, -um, brought to sub- 
mission, subdued; quiet, peaceful. 
(p. p. of paco) 

pacisco, -ere, — , — , bargain, agree 
upon, arrange. 

paciscor, -1, pactus, bargain, agree 
upon, arrange. 

paco (1), pacify, subdue, overcome. 
(pax) 

Paconius, -1, m., a gens name. 
M. Paconius, a knight. 
i pactum, -i, n., bargain, agreement, 
arrangement, compact; manner, 
way, means, (cf. paciscor) 
I pactus, -a, -um, arranged, agreed 
upon, settled, (p. p. of paciscor) 

paene, adv., almost, nearly. 



paenitet, -ere, paenituit, — , (im- 
personal), repent, regret, me fa- 
ctorum numquam paenitebit, 

I shall never regret the course 
which I have taken. 

paenula, -ae, f., a traveling cloak. 

paenulatus, -a, -um, wrapped in 
a paenula, cloaked, (paenula) 

pagina, -ae, f., a sheet, page. 

palam, adv., openly, plainly. 

Palatium, -1, n., the Palatine, the 
original site of the city of Rome. 
On this hill were the costly resi- 
dences of Quintus Catulus, Marcus 
Cicero, Quintus Cicero, Clodius, 
Catiline, and many other promi- 
nent Romans. The palaces of the 
emperors were also built there. 
(Pales, a goddess of shepherds) 

Palladium, -1, n., the Palladium, 
a small image of Pallas at Troy, 
upon the preservation of which 
depended the safety of the city; 
a palladium, (dim. of Pallas) 

Pamphylia, -ae, f., a small country 
on the southern coast of Asia 
Minor. 

Pansa, -ae, m., a family name. 
C. Vibius Pansa, one of the coft 
suls of 43 B.C. He lost his life i 
an attack upon Antony at Mutina." 
See page 395 ff. 

Papirius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. C. Papirius Carbo, tribune in 
89 B.C. and one of the proposers of 
the law by which citizenship was 
given to the inhabitants of allied 
towns in Italy. 

2. M. Papirius Maso, slain by 
Clodius in a quarrel. 




PAPIUS 



504 



PARTIM 



Papius, -a, -urn, of Papius, Papian. 
lex Papia, the Papian law, a 
measure proposed by Gaius Papius 
in 65 B.C. The purpose of this law 
was to prevent the usurpation of 
the privileges of Roman citizen- 
ship by those who were not en- 
titled to them; the provisions of 
the bill are not clearly understood. 

par, paris, equal, like, similar ; ade- 
quate, suitable ; sufficient for, a 
match for. 

paratus, -a, -um, prepared, ready ; 
furnished, well equipped ; skillful. 
(p. p. of paro) 

parco, -ere, peperci, parsus, 
spare; be considerate of, have re- 
gard for ; cease, stop. 

parens, -entis, m. and f., parent, 
ancestor, (pario) 

pareo, -ere, parui, — , be clear, be 
plain, be manifest, appear ; obey, 
be obedient, submit. 

ad — appareo. -ere, apparui, 
— , be plain, appear. 

paries, -ietis, m., a wall (of a house 
or building). 

ParHia, -ium, n., Parilia, the feast 
of Pales, held annually on April 
21. (Pales, a divinity worshiped 
among the shepherds) 

pario, -ere, peperi, partus (fut. 
part, pariturus) , bring forth, give 
birth to, bear ; get, obtain, acquire, 
secure, procure. 

ob — operio, -ire. openii. 
opertus, cover tip, cover. 

re — reperio, -ire. repperi. 
repertus, find, find out, discover, 
learn. 



Parma, -ae, f., a town in Gallia 

Cisalpina. 

Parmensis, -e, of Parma; Par- 
menses, -ium, m., the inhabitants 
of Parma. (Parma) 

paro (1), make ready, prepare, fur- 
nish ; arrange, plan, make prepa- 
rations for ; secure, obtain. 

ad — appar ( 1 ) , prepare, 
make ready ; make preparations 
for. ' 

com — comparo (1), make 
ready, prepare ; get together, collect. 
se — separo ( 1 ) , part, divide ; 
distinguish, set apart. 

parricida, -ae, m. and f., parricide, 
murderer, (pater, caedo) 

parricidium. -i, n., parricide, mur- 
der, (parricida) 

pars, partis, f., part, portion, share; 
part, some, several; side, party, 
faction; part, rdle, character, 
function; way, manner; degree. 
magna ex parte, in large part. 
aliqua ex parte, in some meas- 
ure, ex hac parte, on this side. 
ex omnibus partibus, on all 
sides, in omnes partes, in all 
directions, in bonam partem, 
in good part, in utramque par- 
tem, in both directions, gravis- 
Rimam rei publicae partem 
suscipere. to undertake a very 
important duty for the state. 

particeps, -cipis. taking part, shar- 
ing, participating. As subst., par- 
ticipant, sharer, associate, colleague. 
(pars + capio) 

partim. adv., partly, in part, par- 
tim, partim, some, others, qui 



PARTIO 



505 



PATRIMONIUM 



partim, partim, some of whom, 
others, partim eorum, some of 
them. (ace. of pars) 

parti 6, -ire, partivl, partltus, 
divide, apportion, (pars) 

dis — dispertiS, -Ire, disper- 
tivi, dispertitus, divide, distrib- 
ute. 

in — impertio, -Ire, imper- 
tlvi, impertltus, give a part to, 
bestow, assign, give. 

panim, adv., too little, not enough; 
not m uch, not very. Com p . minus, 
less, not. quo minus, that . . . 
not. Superl. minime, least, in the 

. slightest degree, very little, not at 
all, by no means, not in the least. 
minime vero, by no means indeed. 

parvulus, -a, -um, very small, petty, 
insignificant, (dim. of parvus) 

parvus, -a, -um, little, small; tri- 
fling, insignificant, unimportant. 
Comp. minor, minus, lesser, 
smaller. Superl. minimus, -a, 
-um, least, smallest; most insig- 
nificant, parvl animl, narrow 
minded, unaspiring, parvi du- 
cere, to consider as of little im- 
portance. 

pasco, -ere, pavi, pastus, feed, 
pasture, tend ; feast, feed upon, 
satisfy. 

passus, -us, m., step, pace (of about 
five Roman feet). mille pas- 
suum, a Roman mile. (cf. pan- 
do) 

pastio, -onis, f., pasturing, graz- 
ing; pasture-land. (cf. pasco) 

pastor, -oris, m., shepherd, herds- 
man, (pasco) 



patefacio, -ere, patefeci, pate- 
factus (pass, pateflo), make 
open, open; reveal, disclose, make 
known, bring to light, (pateo + 
facio) 

pateo, -ere, patul, — , lie open, be 
open; be evident, plain; extend, 
reach. 

pater, -tris, m., father ; pi., ances- 
tors, patres conscrlptl, sena- 
tors, pater familias, father of a 
family, head of a household. 

paternus, -a, -um, of a father, 
fatherly, paternal, (pater) 

patiens, -entis, suffering, support- 
ing, capable of enduring; patient, 
long-suffering. (pres. p. of pa- 
tior) 

patientia, -ae, f., patience, forbear- 
ance, long-suffering, (patiens) 

Patina, -ae, m., a family name. 
T. Patina, mentioned as a friend 
of Clodius. 

patior, -I, passus, suffer, bear, put 
up with, endure; permit, allow, 
tolerate. 

per — perpetior, -I, perpes- 
sus, bear to the end, suffer, endure. 
turpiter perpetl, to suffer dis- 
honor. 

Patrae, -arum, f., a very ancient 
city of Achaia, now Patras. 

patria, -ae, f., fatherland, native 
country, (patrius) 

patricius, -a, -um, of a father; 
patrician, noble, patricil, -orum, 
n\., patricians, nobles, (pater) 

patrimSnium, -I, n., an inheritance 
from a father, inheritance, ances- 
tral estate, (pater) 



PATRIUS 



506 



PENDO 



patrius, -a, -um, of a father, pater- 
nal, fatherly, ancestral. t (pater) 

patronus, -1, m., protector, defender, 
patron, representative, (pater) 

patruus, -1, m., uncle (on the fath- 
er's side), (pater) 

pauci, -ae, -a, few, a few, little. 
pauci, -orum, m., few persons, a 
few. pauca, -orum, n., a few 
things, little, briefly. 

paulisper, adv., a little while, for a 
short time, (paulis, a case form 
of pauhis, + per) 

paululum, adv., a very little, (ace. 
of paululus, very little) 

paulus, -a, -um, little, small, slight, 
insignificant, paulum, -1, n., a 
little, trifle, paulo ante, a short 
time ago. paulo post, a little 
while after. 

Paulus, -1, m., a family name. See 
Aemilius. 

paveo, -ere, pavi, — , be in terror, 
be afraid, tremble with fear. 

pax, pacis, f., peace, harmony; 
tranquillity, rest, pace tua, with 
your permission. 

peccatum, -1, n., error, mistake, 
blunder ; fault, transgression, sin. 

(pecco) 
pecco (1), make a mistake, err ; do 

wrong, transgress, sin. 
pecto, -ere, pexi, pexus, comb. 

pexo capillo, with hair nicely 

arranged. 
pectus, -oris, n., breast; heart, 

soul; mind, understanding. 
pecuarius, -a, -um, of cattle, pe- 

cuaria, -ae, f., stock-raising, care 

of cattle, (pecu, cattle) 



pecunia, -ae, f., money, wealth, a 
siwi of money, (pecu, cattle) 

pecus, -udis, f., beast, animal, 
brute. 

pedester, -tris, -tre, on foot, pedes- 
trian ; on land, by land. pe- 
destres copiae, infantry, (pes) 

peior, comp. of malus. 

peius, comp. of male. 

pello, -ere. pepuli, pulsus, strike, 
beat ; drive out, thrust away, ban- 
ish, expel, discomfit. 

ad — appello (1), address, ac- 
cost; name, call, entitle; entreat, 
request. 

com — compello. -ere. com- 
pull, compulsus. drive together ; 
force, compel. 

de — depello. -ere. depuli, 

depulsus. drive off, drive away, 

expel; ward off, avert; throw 

down. 

ex — expello, -ere. expuli. 

• expulsus. drive out, thrust forth, 
expel. 

in — impello. -ere. impuli, 
impulsus, strike against; move, 
persuade, urge, impel, instigate. 

re — repello, -ere. reppuli. 
repulsus, drive back, ward off; 
defend, pr 

Penates, -ium. m., kemse 
Penates ; home, fireside. 

pendeo, -ere, pependi. — 
be suspended. 

rest ; be in sus ite. 

in — impended, -ere. — , — , 

pendo, -ere. pependi. pensus, 
:gh, weig/t out; 



PENES 



507 



PERGO 



pay, suffer, undergo ; weigh, pon- 
der, consider. 

dependo, -ere, depend!, de- 
pensus, weigh out ; pay, render. 

penes, prep, with ace, in the poiver 
of, in the control of; with. 

penetro (1), enter, penetrate ; reach, 
reach to. 

penitus, adv., inwardly, within, 
deeply ; through and through, 
wholly, completely, entirely. 

pensito (1), weigh out, pay ; pon- 
der, consider, (freq. of penso. 
freq. of pendo) 

per, prep, with ace., through, through- 
out, along, across, over, among; 
during, in the course of; through, 
by, by means of, through the agency 
of; under pretense of ; in the name 
of, by. per se, in itself, per nos, 
by ourselves, by our own unaided 
efforts, per me, for all I care. 
per deos immortales, by the 
immortal gods ! 

peradulescens, -entis, very young. 

peragro (1), travel over, traverse, 
spread over, (per + ager) 

perbenevohis, -a, -um, very kind, 
friendly, (per + benevolus) 

perbrevis, -e, very short, very brief. 
(per + brevis) 

percallesco, -ere, percallui, — , 
become hardened, become callous. 
(inceptive from per + calleo, be 
callous) 

percello, -ere, perculi, percul- 
sus, knock down, strike down, 
smite, overthrow ; discourage, dis- 
hearten. 

percipio, see capio. 



percitus, -a, -um, deeply moved, 
excited, aroused, incensed, (p. p. 
of percieo, stir up) 

"perculsus, p. p. of percello. 

percutio, -ere, percuss!, percuo- 
sus, strike through, pierce, trans- 
fix ; smite, slay, de caelo per- 
cussus, struck by lightning, (per 
+ quatio, shake) 

perdo, see do. 

perducS, see duco. 

perduellio, -onis, f., treason. 
(perduellis, an enemy) 

peregrlnor (1), travel in foreign 
countries, travel, be abroad, (pe- 
regrmus) 

peregrinus, -a, -um, foreign, alien ; 
outlandish, provincial, peregri- 
nus, -1, m., a foreigner, (pere- 
gre, abroad) 

perennis, -e, perpetual, unfailing, 
never-failing, eternal. (per + 
annus) 

pereo, see eo. 

perfectio, -onis, f., finishing, com 
pletion, accomplishment. (per- 
ficio) 

perfectus, -a, -um, finished, com- 
plete ; excellent, perfect, (p. p. of 
perficio) 

perfero, see fero. 

perficio, see facio. 

perfringo, see frango. 

perfruor, see fruor. 

perfugio, see fagio. 

perfugium, -i, n., place of refuge, 
refuge, asylum, shelter. (per- 
fugio) 

perfungor, see fungor. 

pergo, see rego. 



PERHORRESCO 



508 



PERTINAX 



perhorresco, -ere, perhorrul, — , 

become rough; shudder all over, 
quake with fear ; shudder at, fear 
greatly, have a horror of (per + * 
horrgsco, an inceptive from hor- 
reo, be rough) 

perlclitor (1), test, try, prove; 
risk, endanger, iinperil ; be in 
danger, be imperilled, (pericu- 
lum) 

periculose, adv., with peril, with 
risk, (periculosus) 

periculosus, -a, -urn, dangerous, 
perilous, hazardous, (periculum) 

perlculum, -1, n., test, trial ; dan- 
ger, peril, risk ; trial, suit, law- 
suit. 

perinde, adv., precisely, just, ex- 
actly, perinde a.c,just as. (per 
-f inde) 

periniquus, -a, -um, very unfair, 
very unjust, (per -j- iniquus) 

peritus, -a, -um, having experi- 
ence, skilled, trained, versed, of 
large experience. 

perniagnus, -a. -um, very great, ex- 
ceedingly large, (per + magnus) 

permaneo, see maneo. 

permitto, see mitto. 

permodestus, -a, -um, excessively 
modest, very shy, extremely timid, 
very retiring, (per-fmodestus) 

permoveo, see moveo. 

permultus, -a, -um, very much, 
very many, in large numbers. 
(per -f multus) 

permutatio, -onis. f., cotnplete 
change, revolution ; exchange, bill 
of exchange, (permuto, cha?ige 
completely) 



pernicies, -el, f., destruction, ruin, 
overthrow; pest, plague, curse. 

perniciosus, -a, -um, destructive, 
ruinous, pernicious, (pernicies) 

pernocto (1), pass the night, stay 
all night, (per + nocto) 

perpetior, see patior. 

perpetuus, -a, -um, continuous, 
continual, uninterrupted ; lasting, 
permanent; whole, entire, in per- 
petuum (sc. tempus) , forever. 

persaepe, adv., very often, (per 
-f saepe) 

persapienter, adv., very wisely. 
(per -f sapienter) 

perscribS. see scribo. 

persequor, see sequor. 

Perses. -ae, m., Perses or Perseus, 
the last king of Macedonia, de- 
feated by L. Aemilius Paulus at 
Pydna, 168 B.C. 

perseverantia, -ae. f., persistence, 
perseverance, steadfastness, (per- 
severo, persist) 

persolvo. see solvo. 

persona, -ae. f., a mask; party 
character, rdle ; personage, a 
character, (cf. per + sono) 

perspicio, see specio. 

persuaded, see suadeo. 

pertenuis, -e. very slight, very frail, 
very weak, (per -f tenuis) 

perterreo. see terreo. 

pertimesco. -ere, pertimui. — , 
fear greatly, dread ; be thoroughly 
alarmed, (per -f .timesco) 

pertinacia. -ae. f., obstinacy, stub- 
bornness, (pertinax) 

pertinax. -acis. obstinate, stubborn. 
(per -f tenax) 






PERTINEO 



509 



PHILIPPUS 



pertineo, see teneo. 

perturbatus, -a, -um, troubled, 
disturbed, agitated ; confused, ei?i- 
barrassed. (p. p. of perturbo) 

perturbo ( 1 ) , confuse utterly, throw 
into disorder, disturb, trouble. 
(per + turbo) 

pervado, see vado. 

pervagatus, -a, -um, spread out, 
widely extended, well-known, (p. p. 
of pervagor, wander over) 

pervenio, see venio. 

pervulgo (1), spread abroad, make 
common, make public. (per + 
vulgo) 

pes, pedis, m.,foot. 

Pescennius, -1, m., one of Cicero's 
freedmen. 

pessime, superl. of male. 

pestifer, -era, -erum, destruc- 
tive, noxious, pestilent, pestilen- 
tial, (pestis + fer) 

pestilentia, -ae, f., plague, pesti- 
lence, (pestilens, pestilential) 

pestis, -is, f., plague, pestilence, pest ; 
scourge, curse; destruction, ruin, 
overthrow. 

Petilius, -1, m., a gens name. Q. 
Petllius, addressed by Cicero as 
one of the jury which tried Clodius. 

petitio, -onis, f., thrust, blow, at- 
tack; candidacy, canvass; claim, 
suit, complaint, (pet 5) 

peto, -ere, petivi (-ii), petitus, 
aim at, strive for, try to get, seek ; 
attack, assail, assault ; beg, beseech, 
entreat, ask; demand, require; 
obtain, secure. 

ad — appeto, -ere, appetivi 
(-ii), appetitus, strive for, seek 



after; attack, assail; long for, 
desire. 

ex — expeto, -ere, expetivi 
(-ii), expetltus, strive for, seek 
after ; long for, wish ; ask, demand. 
ob — oppeto, -ere, oppetivl 
(-ii), oppetitus, meet, encounter. 
re — repeto, -ere, repetivi, 
repetitus, seek again, demand 
back, claim; repeat, renew; re- 
call, recollect ; inflict, wreak. 

sub — suppeto, -ere, suppe- 
tlvi (-ii), suppetitus,^?^/^;^, 
be in store ; be sufficient, avail. 

Petreius, -1, m., a gens name. M. 
Petreius, a legate with Antonius in 
the army that defeated Catiline. 
He and L. Afranius were Pompey's 
trusted legates in Spain and com- 
manded his forces against Caesar. 
Petreius killed himself after the 
battle of Thapsus. 

petulantia, -ae, f., wantonness, im- 
pudence, (petulans, saucy) 

Pharnaces, -is, m., a son of Mith- 
ridates who succeeded him on the 
throne and was conquered by Caesar 
in 47 B.C. 

Pharsalia, -ae, f., the region about 
Pharsdlus in Thessaly. Here 
Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 B.C. 

Pharsalicus, -a, -um, of Pharsalia. 

Philhetaerus, -1, m., see Clodius. 

Philippus, -T, m., a proper name. 

1. Philippus V., the Macedonian 
monarch who was defeated by the 
Roman army at Cynoscephalae, 
197 B.C. 

2. L. Philippus, consul in 91 
B.C. 



PHILOGONUS 



510 



PLERIQUE 



Philogonus, -1, m., a freedman of 

Q. Cicero, 
philosophus, -1, m., a philosopher. 
Philotimus, -1, m., a freedman of 

Cicero. 
Plcenum, -T, n., a district on the 

eastern coast of Italy. 
Picenus, -a, -urn, of Picenum. 
pie, adv., conscientiously ; religiously, 

dutifully, affectionately, (phis) 
pietas, -tatis, f., faithfulness 

(toward family, country, and the 

gods), filial affection, patriotism, 

piety ; duty, uprightness, loyalty, 

affection, (pius) 
pignero (1), pledge, claim as one's 

own. (pignus) 
pignus, -oris, n., pledge, security ; 

hostage. 
pigritia, -ae, f., laziness, indolence. 

(piger) 
pila, -ae, f., ball ; ball playing. 
pilum, -1, n., javelin, a long heavy 

spear used by the infantry of the 

legion. 
pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint; 

represent, delineate; adorn, deco- 
rate. 
pinguis, -e,fat; rich, fertile ; dull, 

stupid, coarse, awkward, heavy. 
Pisaurum, -1, n., an old Umbrian 

town on the road to Ariminum ; 

now Pesaro. 
PIso, -orris, m., a family . name. 

See Calpurnius. 
Pius, -1., m., a name of Q. Metellus. 

See Caecilius. 
pi., abbr. of plebs. 
placed, -ere, placui, placitus, 
please, be pleasing, suit, satisfy; 



it is thought best, it is determined, 
it is decided, it is voted, senatui 
placuit, the senate decided. 

placo (1), quiet, soothe; appease, 
reconcile, conciliate, win. 

plaga, -ae, f., blow, stroke, lash, 
thrust, wound ; blow, misfortune, 
calamity, disaster. 

Plancius, -1, m., a gens name. Cn. 
Plancius, quaestor of Macedonia. 
He entertained Cicero at Thessalo- 
nica. Cicero defended him against 
a charge of bribery (54 B.C.) in an 
oration that is extant. 

plane, adv., clearly, plainly, dis- 
tinctly ; entirely, wholly, com- 
pletely, quite, (planus, even) 

Plautius, -1, m., a gens name. M. 
Plautius Silvdnus, tribune in 89 B.C. 

plebs, plebis, f., and plebes, -ei 
(-1), f, the commoji people, the 
plebeians, the populace; masses, 
throng, the lower classes. 

plenus, -a, -urn, fill, filed ; whole, 
entire, complete, (cf. pleo) 

*pleo, -ere, plevi, pletus, fill. 
com — compleo, -ere, com- 
plevi, completus, fill up, fill 
full; complete, accomplish, finish. 
ex — expleo, -ere, explevi, 
expletus, fill up, fill full; com- 
plete, accomplish, finish; satisfy, 
appease. 

in — impleS, -ere, implevi, 
imple tus, fill up, fill full ; satisfy, 
appease; complete, finish, discharge. 
plerique, -aeque, -aque (used 
only in the plural), most, the larger 
part, the majority; very many, 
many. (cf. pleo) 



PLERUMQUE 



511 



PONO 



plerumque, adv., generally, usually ', 
for the most part, comtnonly, very 
often, (plerusque) 

plico, plicare, — , — , fold, wind, 
coil. 

ad — applico, -are, applicavi 
(-ui), applicatus, join, connect, 
attach ; direct, apply to. 

ex — explico, -are, explicavi 
(-ui), explicatus (-icitus), un- 
fold, unroll ; set free, release, extri- 
cate ; set forth, explain. 

in — implico, -are, implicavi 
(-ui), implicatus (-icitus), en- 
fold, envelop ; entangle, involve, 
implicate. 

plSrS (1), cry out ; lament, bewail. 
de — deplSrS (1), weep bit- 
terly ; lament, give up for lost, de- 
plore. 

ex — exploro (1), search out, 
examine, investigate, test. 

in — implSro (1), beg, beseech, 
entreat, implore. 

PIStius, -1, m., a gens name. L. 
Plotius, a teacher of rhetoric in 
Rome. 

PIStius, -a, -um, of Plotius. lex 
Plotia, a law relating to cases of 
assault and violence. 

plurimus, -a, -um, the superl. of 
multus. 

plus, pliiris, comp. of multus. 

poena, -ae, f., penalty ; punishment. 

poeniS, see punio. 

poenitor, -Sris, m., punisher, 
avenger, (poenio) 

Poenus, -a, -um, Carthaginian; 
Poeni, -Srum, m., the Cartha- 
ginians. 



poeta, -ae, m., a poet. 

poliS, -Ire, polivi, politus, make 
smooth, polish; adorn, decorate, 
embellish. 

polliceor, -eri, pollicitus, offer, 
promise; propose, suggest. 

polluo, see luo. 

pompa, -ae, f., parade, procession ; 
funeral procession. 

Pompeius, -i, m., a gens name. 
Cn. Pompeius Magnus, born 106 
B.C. He fought with Sulla, defeat- 
ing the Marian forces in Sicily, 
Africa, and Spain. He also crushed 
the pirates and overcame Mithri- 
dates. He was killed in Egypt 
after the battle of Pharsalia, 48 

B.C. 

PompSnius, -i, m., a gens name. 
T. Pomponius Atticus, an intimate 
friend of Cicero, a successful pub- 
lisher and man of business. His 
sister Pomponia was the wife of 
Quintus Cicero. 

Pomptinus, -1, m., a family name. 
C. Pomptinus, a praetor of 63 B.C. 

pondus, -eris, n., weight. 

ponS, -ere, posul, positus, put, 
place, set, lay down ; fix, station, 
lay ; lay aside, take off, remove. 
ante — antepono, -ere, ante- 
posui, antepositus, set before; 
value more highly, prefer, esteem 
above. 

de — depono, -ere, deposui, 
depositus, set down, place ; lay 
aside, remove, put away ; give up, 
resign, abandon. 

ex — exponS, -ere, exposui, 
expositus, set out, expose; set 



PONS 



512 



PORTENTUM 



ashore, disembark ; set forth, relate, 
state, declare. 

in — impono, -ere, imposui, 
impositus, place upon, set upon; 
thrust upon, impose. 

inter — interpono, -ere, in- 
terposui, interpositus, put be- 
tween, place among; insert, inter- 
pose ; assert, allege, put forward ; 
let pass, permit to elapse ; pass., 
pass, elapse, tribus diebus«in- 
terpositis, after three days had 
elapsed, se interponere, to act 
as go-between. 

ob — oppono, -ere, opposui, 
oppositus, place opposite, oppose. 
prae — praepono, -ere, prae- 
posui, praepositus, place in 
front, set before ; put in command 
of, place in charge of 

pro — propono, -ere, pro- 
positi, propositus, put forth, set 
forth; deter?nine upon, resolve, 
propose; threaten, denounce. 

re — repono, -ere, reposui, 
repo situs, put back, restore ; lay 
aside, keep. 

pons, pontis, m., a bridge. 

pontifex, -icis, m., priest, pontiff, 
pontifex. pontifex maximus, 
the chief priest. 

Pontus, -1, m., Pontus, a district in 
Asia Minor, south of the Pontus 
Euxinus. 

popa, -ae, m., a priesfs assistant, 
an under priest. 

popina, -ae, f., tavern, eating house. 

popularis, -e, of the people ; de- 
voted to the interests of the people, 
democratic ; pleasing to the people, 



popular ; belonging to the party of 
the people. As subst., a member 
of the popular party, (populus) 

populariter, adv., commonly, vul- 
garly ; in a manner to please the 
people, (popularis) 

populor (1), lay waste, ravage, 
devastate. 

de — depopulor (1), waste, 
ravage, plunder. 

populus, -1, m., a people, a nation, 
a tribe ; the people, the state ; the 
common people, the masses, popu- 
lus Romanus, the Roman people, 
i.e. all the citizens of Rome, de 
populo, of the throng, obscure, 
unknown. 

Porcius, -I, m., a gens name. 

1. M. Porcius Cato (also called 
Censorius, Priscus, and Maior, to 
distinguish him from the Cato men- 
tioned below), born at Tusculum 
in 234 B.C. His ability in war, 
statecraft, and oratory was greatly 
admired, especially by the Romans 
of later times. 

2. M. Porcius Cato Uticensis, 
great-grandson of Cato the Censor. 
His character won high regard 
among the Romans. He fought 
with Pompey, and afterward killed 
himself at Utica. 

porrigo, see rego. 

porro, adv., forward, onward ; 
henceforth, hereafter; then, next, 
further, moreover. 

porta, -ae, f., gate. 

portentum, -1, n., sign, omen, por- 
tent ; monster, monstrosity, demon. 
(portendo, reveal) 



PORTO 



513 



POTIS 



porto (1;, bear, carry, take, bring. 
abs— asportS (1), carry off, 
carry away, remove. 

de — deporto (1), carry away, 
take down ; bring off, bring home. 

ex — exports ( 1 ) , carry out, 
send out, export. 

re — reports (1), carry back, 
bring back. 

portus, -us, m., harbor, haven, port. 
ex portu vectigalia, revenue 
from port duties. 

poscS, -ere, poposci, — , ask, de- 
mand, request. 

de — deposco, -ere, depo- 
posci, — , request earnestly, de- 
mand. 

ex — exposes, -ere, expo- 
poscT, — , ask earnestly, implore, 
beg. 

possessiS, -Snis, f., seizure; pos- 
session, occupation; pi., property, 
possessions, estates, (cf. possideS) 

possideo, see sedeS. 

possum, posse, potui, — , to be 
able, can. 

post, adv., and prep, with ace. 

As adv., behind, back; after- 
wards, after, later. paulS post, 
a little later, post quam, after, 
after that. 

As prep., after, behind ; after, 
since, post memoriam homi- 
num, 7oithin the memory of men. 
post homines natos, since men 
were created. 

postea, adv., afterwards, later, here- 
after, postea quam, after, after 
that, (post + ea) 

posteaquam, see postea. 

H. & G. CIC. — 33 



posteritas. -tatis, f., future ages, 
the future, generations to come, pos- 
terity, in posteritatem, for the 
future, (posterus) 

posterns, -a. -um, next, later, com- 
ing after, subsequent, future, po- 
ster!, -Srum, m., later generations, 
descendants, posterity, in poste- 
rum, for the future. Comp., 
posterior, -ius, later, folloiving, 
next; inferior, worse. Superl., 
postremus, -a, -um, last; lowest, 
basest, vilest, worst. 

posthac, adv., hereafter, henceforth. 
(post + hac) 

postquam, after. See post. 

postremo, adv., lastly, finally, at 
last, (postremus) 

postremus, -a, -um, superl. of 
posterus. 

postridie, adv., on the following day, 
the next day. (cf. posterus and 
dies) 

postulatio, -Snis, f., demand, re- 
quest, (postulo) 

postulS (1), ask, request ; dejnand, 
require, claim. 

pot ens. -entis. powerful, influen- 
tial, (pres. p. of possum) 

potentia, -ae, f., power, authority, 
influence, (potens) 

potestas, -tatis, f., power, author- 
ity ; ability, capacity ; permission ; 
chance, opportunity, (potis) 

potior, -iri, potitus, take possession 
of, acquire, obtain ; be master of 
control, hold, rerum potiri, get 
control of affairs, (potis) 

potis, -e, able, capable. Comp , po- 
tior, -ius, better, preferable. Su- 



POTISSIMUM 



514 



PRAESENS 



perl., potissimus, -a, -um, chief, 
principal, foremost. 

potissimum, adv., chiefly, princi- 
pally, above all others, rather than 
any o?ie else, especially, (superl. 
ofpote) . 

potius. adv., rather, more. (comp. 
of pote) 

potus, -a, -um, having drunken, 
intoxicated. 

pr., abbr. of pridie. 

prae, prep, with abl., before, in front 
of, in comparison with; for, on 
account of, because of. 

praebeo, see habe5. 

praeceps, -cipitis, headlong, in 
haste, head foremost ; rash, incon- 
siderate, hasty, thoughtless, driven 
headlong, (prae -f caput) 

praeceptum, — 1, n., order, injunc- 
tion, command ; teaching, instruc- 
tion, direction, (praecipio) 

praecipio. see capio. 

praecipue. adv., especially, particu- 
larly, chiefly, (praecipuus) 

praecipuus, -a. -um, special, par- 
ticular, peculiar ; superior, beyond 
all others, extraordinary. (prae 
+ CAP, take) 

praeclare, adv., very clearly, very 
plainly ; nobly, grandly, admira- 
bly, gloriously, (praeclarus) 

praeclarus, -a, -um. very bright, 
very brill? ant ; admirable, remark- 
able, excellent; very renowned, 
famous, distinguished, illustrious. 
(prae + clarus) 

praeco, -onis, m., crier, herald; 
eulogist, (cf. prae and voco) 

praeconium, -1, n., heralding, pro- 



claiming, publishing; celebration, 
eulogy, (praeconius, of a herald) 

praecurro, see curro. 

praeda, -ae, f., spoil, booty, plunder. 

praedator. -oris, m., plunderer, 
robber, (praedor, spoil) 

praedicatio, -onis, f., procla- 
mation ; praise, co??imendation. 
(praedico) 

praedico, see dico. 

praedico, see dico. 

praeditus, -a, -um, having, possess- 
ing, enjoying ; gifted, endozved, pos- 
sessed, furnished, (prae + datus) 

praedium. -1, n.,farm, estate. 

praedo, -onis, m., robber, pirate. 
(praeda) 

praeeo, see eo. 

praefectura, -ae, f., office of a pre- 
fect ; district governed by a prefect, 
prefecture, (praefectus) 

praefectus, -1, m., cavalry captain ; 
governor, prefect, (praeficio) 

praefero, see fero. 

praeficio, see facio. 
i praemitto, see mitto. 

praemium, -1, n., advantage; re- 
ward, prize. 

Praeneste. -is, n., a strongly forti- 
fied city of Latium, about twenty 
miles from Rome; now Palestrina. 

praepono. see pond. 

praeripio, see rapid. 

praescribo, see scribo. 

praesens. -entis, present, in per- 
son ; immediate, impending ; pow- 
erful, influential; favoring, helping, 
propitious ; direct, straight from ; 
prompt, resolute. (pres. p. of 
praesum) 



PRAESENTIA 



515 



PREHENDO 



praesentia, -ae, f., presence ; pres- 
ent time, present circumstances. 
(praesens) 

praesentic, see sentio. 

praesertim, adv., especially, par- 
ticularly. 

praesideo, see sedeo. 

praesidium, -1, n., defense, protec- 
tion ; help, aid, assistance ; body 
of troops, armed force, guard, 
garrison ; fortification, stronghold. 
(cf. praesideo) 

praestabilis, -e, excellent, desir- 
able; preferable. 

praestans, -antis, excellent, su- 
perior, surpassing, remarkable. 
(pres. p. of praesto) 

praesto, see sto. 

praesto, adv., at hand, ready. 

praestolor (i),- wait for, await. 

praesum, see sum. 

praeter, prep, with ace., before, in 
front of; besides, in addition to; 
besides, except ; contrary to, against; 
above, beyond, more than. (comp. 
of prae ?) 

praeterea, adv., further, besides, in 
addition, and besides, (praeter 
+ ea) 

praetereo, see eo. 

praeteritus, -a, -um, past, prae- 
terita, -orum, n., the past, by- 
gones, (praetereo) 

praetermitto, see mitt 6. 

praeterquam, adv., except, besides, 
further than, (praeter + quam) 

praetextatus, -a, -um, wearing 
the toga praetexta, in childhood. 
(praetexta) 
I praetextus, -a, -um, bordered, 



edged, toga praetexta, the toga 
edged with purple, worn by chil- 
dren and magistrates, in prae- 
texta (sc. toga), in childhood. 
(p. p. of praetexo, border) 

praetor, -oris, m., leader, com- 
mander; praetor. See page 27. 

praetorius, -a, -um, of a praetor 
or commander. Conors prae- 
toria, body-guard, (praetor) 

praetura, -ae, f., office of a praetor, 
praetorship. (prae + h go) 

prandeo, -ere, prandi, pransus, 
take breakfast, lunch. 

pransus, -a, -um, having eaten, 
filed, satiated, (p. p. of prandeo) 

pravitas, -tatis, f., crookedness, de- 
formity ; tvickedness, viciousness, 
depravity, (pravus) 

pravus, -a, -um, crooked ; wicked, 
vicious, depraved, perverse. 

Frecianus, -a, -um, of Precius. 

Precius, -1, m., a Roman who made 
Cicero his heir. 

precor (1), pray, supplicate, be- 
seech, entreat, beg; call upon, 
invoke. 

de — deprecor (1), avert by 
prayer, remove by eiiireaty, plead 
to have removed, protest against, 
deprecate. 

prehendo, -ere, prehendi, pre- 
hensus, seize, grasp, hold. 

com — comprehends, -ere, 
comprehend!, comprehensus, 
take hold of, seize ; arrest, capture ; 
detect,'find out, discover ; perceive, 
grasp, comprehend. 

de — deprehendo, -ere, de- 
prehendi, deprehensus, capture, 



PREMO 



5 I6 



PRIVO 



seize, grasp ; catch in the act, come 
upon, surprise, detect ; find out, dis- 
cover ; comprehend, understand. 

re — reprehendo, -ere, re- 
prehend!, reprehensus, hold 
back, seize; censure, reprove, re- 
buke. 
premo, -ere, press!, pressus, 
press ; press hard, pursue closely ; 
, weigh down, burden, overwhelm, 
■ crush ; check, restrain. 

com — comprimo, -ere, com- 
press!, compressus, press to- 
gether ; put down, crush ; curb, 
restrain, check. 

de — deprimo, -ere, depress!, 
depressus, press down ; sink, 
overwhelm. 

ex — exprimo, -ere, ex- 
press!, expressus, press out ; 
elicit, extort ; form, model, portray, 
represent, delineate. 

in — imprimo, -ere, impress!, 
impressus, press upon; stamp, 
imprint, engrave, mark, impress. 

ob — opprimo, -ere, oppress!, 
oppressus, press against; over- 
whelm, overthrozv, crush, sink. 

re — reprimo, -ere, repress!, 
repressus, press back; restrain, 
curb, check. 
pretium, -I, n., price, money, value, 
worth, operae pretium est, it 
is worth while. 
*prex, *precis (used only in the 

plural), f., a prayer, entreaty. 
prid., abbr. of pridie. 
pridem, adv., for a long time, iam 
pr!dem, now for a long time, this 
long time. 



pridie, adv., the day before, pridie 
Kalendas, the day before the 
Calends. 

Prllius, -!, m. (sc. lacus), a name 
of an Etruscan lake, probably Lago 
di Castiglione. 

primo, adv., at first, first, (primus) 

primus, -a, -um, superl. of prior. 

princeps, -cipis, first, foremost, 
leading. As subst., chief, leader, 
leading man. 

principatus, -us, m., ^position of 
leader, leadership, control, (prin- 
ceps) 

principium, -!, n., beginning, com- 
mencement, principio, in the first 
place, to begin, (princeps) 

prior, prius (comp. of a positive 
not in use), former, previous, ear- 
lier, before. Superl. primus, -a, 
-um, first, foremost ; eminent, dis- 
tinguished, noble, excellent. in 
prlmis (sometimes written impri- 
mis), among the first, especially, 
parti ctdarly, chiefly. 

pristinus, -a, -um, former, early, 
old-time. 

prius, adv., sooner, before, prius 
quam, before. Superl. primum, in 
the first place, first, the first time. 
cum primum, as soon as. ut 
primum, as soon as. quam pri- 
mum, as soon as possible. 

prius, adv. ; also neuter of prior. 

privatus, -a, -um, personal, indi- 
vidual, private, privatus. -!, m., 
a private citizen, a person in pri- 
vate life. (p. p. of privo). 

privignus, -!, m., a stepson. 

privo (1), deprive, rob; release. 



PRO 



517 



PROLATO 



pro, prep, with abl., before, in front 
of; for, in behalf of for the benefit 
of; in the place of, for, in return 
for ; in view of, considering ; in 
comparison with, alongside of; be- 
cause of, on account of; in viezu 
of, according to, in the place of, as. 
pro eo ac, according as. pro 
nihilo, as nothing, pro consule, 
acting for the cousttl, proconsul. 

pro, Of Ah! 

proavus, -1, m., great-grandfather, 
ancestor, (pro -f avus) 

probitas, -tatis, f., uprightness, 
honesty, integrity, worth, probity. 
(probus) 

pfobo (1), approve, endorse, ac- 
cept; inspect, test ; esteem highly, 
be pleased with ; make clear, show, 
prove, demojistrate. (probus) 

ad — approbo (1), approve, 
favor, endorse, sanction. 

com — comprobo (1), ap- 
prove, sanction ; prove, establish. 

in— -improbo (1), disapprove, 
reject ; blame, censure. 

probus. -a, -um, superior, excellent; 
upright, honest, honorable. 

procedo. see cedo. 

procella, -ae, f., storm, hurricane, 
tempest ; violence, commotion. 

processio, -onis, f., advance, (pro- 
cedo) 

procreo, see creo. 

procul, adv., at a distance, far away, 
afar off, from afar. 

procuratio, -onis, f., management, 
conduct, superintendence. (pro- 
euro) 

prodeo, see eo. 



prddigium, -1, n., sign, omen, por- 
tent ; prodigy, monster. 

prodigus, -a, -um, wasteful, lavish, 
prodigal. 

proditor, -oris, m., betrayer, trai- 
tor, (prodo) 

prodo, see do. 

prodiico, see duco. 

proelium, -1, n., battle, combat, fight. 

profectio, -onis, f., a going atvay, 
departure, (proficiscor) 

profecto, adv., for a fact, actually, 
really, indeed, (pro + facto) 

profero, see fero. 

professio, -onis, f., declaration, 
avowal, public acknowledgment ; 
registration, (profiteor) 

proficio, see facio. 

proficiscor, -1, profectus, set out, 
start, go, depart ; arise, proceed ; 
begin, commence, (proficio) 

profiteor, see fateor. 

profligo, see fligo. 

profugio, see fugio. 

profundo, see fundo. 

profundum, -1, n., a depth, abyss. 
(profundus) 

profundus, -a, -um, deep, bottom- 
less, (pro + fundus) 

profusus, -a, -um, lavish, extrava- 
gant ; profuse, excessive, (p. p. of 
profundo) 

progredior, see gradior. 

prohibeo, see habeo. 

proicio, see iacio. 

proinde, adv., hence, therefore, ac- 
cordingly ; just, exactly, precisely, 
in like manner, (pro + inde) 

prolato, -are, — , — , extend, en- 
large ; put off, defer, delay, post- 



PROMISSUM 



5 I8 



PROSPERE 



pone, (prolatus, p. p. of pro- 
fero) 

promissum, -1, n., a promise, (pro- 
mitto) 

promitto, see mitto. 

promo, -ere, prompsi, proin- 
ptus, bring forward, produce. 
(pro + emo) 

de — depromo, -ere, de- 
prompsi, depromptus, draw 
forth, bring out ; appropriate. 

ex — expromo, -ere, ex- 
prompsi, expromptus, bring 
out, exhibit, display ; express. 

promptus, -a, -um, brought for- 
ward ; disclosed, exposed ; ready, 
quick, prompt, (promo) 

promulgo (1), bring forjvard, pro- 
pose ; propose a bill. 

propago (1), enlarge; generate, 
propagate, rear ; extend, prolong. 

prope, adv., near, nigh; nearly, 
almost. Comp. proprius, superl. 
proxime. Often prope has the 
force of a preposition and is used 
with the ace., e.g. proxime deos, 
nearest to the gods, prope diem, 
soon, presently. 

propero ( I ) , hurry, hasten ; quicken. 
(properus, quick) 

ad — adpropero (1), hasten, 
quicken, accelerate. 

propinquus, -a, -um, near, neigh- 
boring; related, kindred. pro- 
pinquus, -1, m., relative, kinsman. 
(prope) 

propior, -ius, nearer, closer. Su- 
perl. proximus, -a, -um, very 
near, nearest, next; latest, last; 
following, ensuing. proximi, 



-orum, m., relatives, kindred, (cf. 
prope) 

propius, see prope. 

propono, see pono. 

propraetor, -oris, m., a propraetor, 
one who governs a province in 
the year following his praetorship. 
(pro -f praetor) 

proprius, -a, -um, one's own, indi- 
vidual, special, particular, pecul- 
iar ; characteristic, appropriate ; 
permanetit, lasting, enduring. 
propriae imperatorum, belong- 
ing only to generals. 

propter, adv., and prep, with ace. 
As adv., near, close by, at hand. 
As prep., near, next to; on ac- 
count of for, for the sake of be- 
cause of. 

propterea, adv., on this account, 
therefore, for this reason, propte- 
rea quod, because, (propter -f 
ea) 

propudium, -1, n., shayjieful con- 
duct, disgrace, scandal ; vile wretch. 

prdpugnaculum. -1, n., bulwark, 
tower, fortress, rampart ; defense, 
protection, propugnacula im- 
peri, the defenses of the state, i.e. 
the army and navy, (propugno) 

propugnator. -oris, m., defender, 
champion, (propugno) 

propulso, -are, — , propulsatus. 
ward off, repulse, avert, (freq. of 
propello) 

proscriptio. -onis, f., advertise- 
ment of sale of goods ; proscrip- 
tion, confiscation, (proscribo) 

prosequor, see sequor. 

prospere, adv., according to hope, 



PROSPICIO 



519 



PUGNO 



favorably, successfully, prosper- 
ously, (prosperus, fortunate) 

prospicio, see specio. 

prosterno, see sterno. 

prosum, see sum. 

protinus, adv., at once, forthwith, 
immediately, (pro + temis) 

providentia, -ae, f., foresight ; fore- 
thought, precaution ; providence. 
(provideo) 

provided, see video. 

provincia, -ae, f., office, duty, 
cha7'ge ; province, i.e. the territory 
governed by a magistrate from 
Rome; government of a province, 
provincial government. 

provincialis, -e, of a province, pro- 
vincial, (provincia) 

provoco, see voco. 

proxime. see prope. 

proximus, see propior. 

prudens, -entis, foreseeing, fore- 
knowing; with full knowledge, de- 
liberate ; wise, discreet, prudent. 
(for providens) 

prudentia, -ae, f., foresight ; prac- 
tical wisdom, prudence, good sense, 
discretion, (priidens) 

pruina, -ae, f., frost. 

piibes, -eris, grown up, adult. 

pubes, -is, f., men grown, young 
men. 

publicanus, -a, -um, of the revenue. 
As subst, a tax collector, farmer of 
the revenue. (publicus) 

publicatio, -onis, f., confscation. 
(publico) 

public e, adv., in the name of the 
state, officially, as a state ; gener- 
ally, in general, (publicus) 



Publicius, -1, m., Publicius, men- 
tioned by Cicero as a dissolute 
idler. 

publico (1), seize for public use, 
confiscate, (publicus) 

publicus, -a, -um, of the people, of 
the state, belonging to the state, 
public, official ; common, general. 
res publica, rel pxiblicae, f., 
the matters of the state, the inter- 
ests of the state ; the stale, the 
commonwealth, iudicium publi- 
cum, a trial conducted by the state. 
in publicum, in public, out into 
the streets, (for populicus) 

Publius, -1, m., a praenomen. 

pudet, -ere, puduit (puditum 
est) , — , be asha?ned. me pudet 
factorum, / am ashamed of my 
deeds. 

pudicitia, -ae, f., chastity, honor, 
virtue, modesty, (pudicus, mod- 
est) 

pudor, -oris, m., sense of shame ; 
sense of right, sense of honor, con- 
scientiousness ; sense of propriety, 
modesty. 

puer, -eri, m., boy, lad; slave; 
pi., children, ex pueris, from 
childhood. 

puerllis. -e, of a child, of childhooi 
youthful, (puer) 

pueritia, -ae, f., boyhood, childhood, 
youth, (puer) 

pugna, -ae, f., fight, encounter, quar- 
rel. 

pugno (1), fight, contend, struggle. 
(pugna) 

ex — expugno ( 1 ) , take by as- 
sault, take by storm, capture. 



d, ttHM 

d, 



PULCHER 



520 



QUAESTORIUS 




re — repugno (1), oppose, re- 
sist. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, hand- 
some, attractive, beautiful ; glori- 
ous, noble, illustrious. 

Pulcher, -chri, m., a surname. 
See Clodius. 

pulchre, adv., nobly, excellently, hon- 
orably ; successfully. (pulcher) 

pulsus, p. p. of pello. 

pulvinar, -aris, n., couch of the 
gods (for the feasting of the gods 
on especial occasions) ; shrine, 
temple, (pulvinus. cushion) 

punctum, -1, n., a prick, point. 
punctum temporis, a point of 
time, instant, (pungo) 

pungo, -ere, pupugi. punctus, 
prick, pwtcture, pierce; sting, 
trouble, mortify, annoy, distress. 

Punicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian, 
Punic. 

punio, -ire, punivl, pmritus, 
punish, (poena) 

purgo (1), cleanse, purify ; exoner- 
ate, exculpate, free from blame. 

purpura, -ae, f., purple color, pur- 
ple ; purple clothing, garments of 
purple. The color meant is really 
a dark red. 

urpuratus, -a. -um, clothed in 
purple. As subst., courtier, royal 
attendant, (purpura) 

purus, -a, -um. clean, pure, un- 
stained, unsullied, imspotted. 

puto (1), clean, cleanse, clear up; 

reckon, estimate, regard; think, 

judge, consider, believe, suppose. 

(putus, pure) 

dis — disputo ( 1 ) , examine, 



investigate ; discuss, argue, main- 
tain. 



Q., abbr. of Quintus. 

qua, adv., where, (abl. of qui) 

quadriduum, -1, n., period of four 
days, four days' 1 tiiiie. 

quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quae- 
situs, search for, seek, look for ; 
find, get, obtain ; ask, inquire, i?i- 
quire about, demand ; investigate, 
conduct an investigation, be presi- 
dent of a commission of investiga- 
tion. 

ad — adquiro, -ere, adqui- 
sivi, adquisitus, acquire, gain, 
add. 

ex— exquiro, -ere, exqui- 
sivi, exquisitus, search out, in- 
vestigate, inquire into. 

re— requiro, -ere, requisivi, 
requisitus, seek again; ask, de- 
mand; miss, lack. 

quaesitor, -oris, m., investigator, 
one -who conducts an investigation, 
president of a commission of inves- 
tigation, (quaero) 

quaeso, / beg, pray, tell me. (the 
original form of quaero, before 
rhotacism occurred) 

quaestio, -onis, f., examination, 
investigation ; examination by 
torture; commission, court, trial; 
subject of investigation, question, 
case, cause, (cf. quaero) 

quaestor, -oris, m., quaestor. See 
page 28. 

quaestorius. -a, -um, of a quaestor. 
(quaestor) 



QUAESTUS 



521 



QUEROR 



quaestus, -us, m., acquisition, gain, 
profit, advantage ; business, em- 
ployment, pecuniam in quaestu 
relinquere, to leave funds profit- 
ably invested, (quaero) 

qualis, -e, interrog., of what sort? 
of what kind? what kind of? 
rel., stick as, as. talis, qualis, 
suck, as. talis is often unex- 
pressed, when qualis = suck as. 

quam, adv., how? how muck? as, 
than. It is used to strengthen 
superlatives, e.g. quam plurimi, 
as many as possible, quam diu? 
kozv long? quam diu, as long as. 
tarn, quam, so, as ; so much, as. 
tarn is often unexpressed, when 
quam = as, as much as. 

quamquam, in dependent clauses, 
although, though ; in independent 
clauses, and yet, however, yet after 
all. (quam + quam) 

quamvis, adv. and conj., as you 
will, as much as you will ; kozu- 
ever, however much, although. 
(quam + vis, from volo) 

quando, adv., interrog., when ? rel., 
when, since, because; indef., at 
any time, ever, si quando, if 
ever, zvhenever. 

quantum, adv., interrog., how much? 
how far ? rel., so much as, as far 
as. (quantus) 

quantus, -a, -um, interrog., kozv 
great? how much? rel., as. tan- 
tus, quantus, as great, as; as 
much, as. tantus is often unex- 
pressed, when quantus = as great 
as, as much as. tanto, quant 6 
(with comparatives), the, the. 



quanti, of what value, how highly ; 
quanti faceretis me, how highly 
you regarded me. 

quantuscumque, -tacumque. 
-tumcumque, of whatsoever size ; 
however insignificant, however 
small, (quantus + cumque) 

quapropter, adv., interrog., where- 
fore, for what reason ? rel., where- 
fore, for that reason, therefore. 
(qua + propter) 

quartanus, -a, -um, of the fourth ; 
quartana (sc. febris), -ae, f., 
quartan fever, an ague occurring 
every fourth day. (quartus) 

quartus, -a, -um, fourth, quartus 
decimus, fourteenth. (quat- 
tuor) 

quasi, adv., as if, just as if; as it 
were, so to speak ; a kind of like. 
quasi vero, as if indeed. 

quasso (1), shake violently, zoave ; 
skiver, shatter, dash to pieces, de- 
stroy, (freq. of quatio, shake') 

quatenus, adv., to what point ? kozv 
far? how long? (qua + tenus, 
up to) 

quattuor (indecl.), four. 

-que (always enclitic), and. 

que 6, -ire, quivi, quitus, be able 
can. 

ne — nequeo, -ire, nequivi 
— , be not able, be unable, can not.' 

querella (querela), -ae, f., com- 
plaint, lament ; occasion for com- 
plaint, (queror) 

querimonia, -ae, f., complaint, la- 
ment ; accusation, reproach, (que- 
ror) 

queror, -1, questus, complain, 




QUI 



522 



QUISQUAM 




lament; find fault with, complain 
of. 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, that ; 
whoever, whatever, eo, quo (with 
comparatives), the, the. 

qui, adv., interrog., in what way? 
how? rel., in which way, how. 
(old case form of qui) 

quia, since, because, inasmuch as. 
(old case form of qui) 

quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
cumque, whoever, whatever, every 
one who, everything tvhich, all 
that, (qui + cumque) 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam (as 
adj., quoddam), a certain one, 
a certain thing ; some one, one, a 
man, something, a thing ; a kind 
of, often best rendered by as one 
might say, what might be called. 
(qui -f dam) 

quidem, adv., certainly, indeed, in 
fact, assuredly; at least, at any 
rate ; concessive, to be sure, doubt- 
less, 7to doubt ; often used to make 
a single word prominent, when it 
may be best rendered by as for or 
by accenting the word emphasized, 
e.g. mini quidem ipsi, as for 
myself; mea quidem sententia, 
in my opinion, ne . . . quidem, 
not even, (qui + dem) 

quies, -etis, f., rest, quiet, sleep, 
repose. 

uiesco, -ere, quievi, quietus, 
become still, go to rest, sleep ; be at 
rest, be quiet, be silent. 

quietus, -a, -urn, at rest, at peace, 
undisturbed, untroubled, (p. p. of 
quiesco) 



quin, in direct questions, why not? 
in dependent clauses, but that, that 
not, that, who not. quin etiam, 
nay even, nay more, in fact, (old 
case form of qui + ne) 

quinam, see quisnam. 

quinquaginta (indecl.), fifty. 

quinque (indecl.), five. 

quintus, -a, -um, fifth, (quinque) 

Quintus, -i, m., a praenomen. 

quippe, adv., of course, as you see, 
obviously, plainly, certainly ; often 
ironical, surely, indeed, doubtless. 

Quirites, -ium, m., citizens of Rome, 
felloiv- citizens. 

quis (qui), quae, quid, as subst., 
who ? tvhich ? what? as adj., what ? 
what sort of? quid est quod. 
why is it that ? quid multa, why 
speak further ? Quid ? Again. 
quid ergo, what then ? 

quis, qua, quid (used as an indef. 
pron. with si, nisi, ne, and num), 
any one, any, anything. 

quisnam (quinam) , quaenam, 
quidnam, who in the world? 
what, pray. The -nam adds in- 
sistence, usually indicated in Eng- 
lish by the tone of voice, (quis 
+ nam) 

quispiam, quaepiam. quidpiam 
(quodpiam, as adj.), as subst., 
any one, some one, anything, some- 
thing; as adj., some, any. (quis 
+ piam) 

quisquam. quaequam, quidquam 
(also quicquam), as subst., any 
one at all, anything whatsoever ; 
as adj., any at all, any whatscr 
any. (quis -f quam) 



QUISQUE 



523 



RAPIO 



quisque, quaeque, quidque (as 
adj., quodque), as subst, each 
one, every one, anything ; as adj., 
each, every, nobilissimus quis- 
que, all the noblest men. quis- 
que unus, each one. (quis 

+ que) 
quisquis, — , quidquid or quic- 
quid (as adj., quodquod), as 

subst., whoever, every one who, 
whatever ; as adj., whatever, what- 
soever, (quis + quis) 

quivis, quaevis, quidvis (as adj., 
quodvis), as subst., whoever you 
wish, any one you will, any one 
whatever ; as adj., any possible, 
any at all. (qui + vis) 

quo, adv., wherefore, because; in 
order that, that. quo minus, 
that not. (case form of qui) 

quo, adv., interrog., whither? to 
what place ? which way ? at what? 
as rel., whither, where. quo 
usque, how far ? 

quoad, adv., as far as, as long as, 
until, quoad longissime, just 
as far back as. (quo -f ad) 

quocumque, adv., whithersoever, in 
whatsoever direction, to whatever 
place, (quo + cumque) 

quod, that, in that, as for the fact 
that, the fact that ; because, inas- 
much as, since ; as far as. quod 
si, and if but if 

quondam, adv., once, formerly ; at 
limes, soinetimes ; some day (in the 
future) . 

quoniam, since, as, whereas, (quom 
+ iam) 

quoque, also, as well, too, even. 



quot (indecl.), interrog., how many? 
rel., as many as. quot annis, 
each year, yearly. 

quotiens, adv., how often ? how 
many times? as often as, repeat- 
edly. 

quotienscumque, adv., just as 
often as, every time that, (quo- 
tiens + cumque) 

quotus, -a, -um, which in order? 
quotus quisque, how many ? 



R. 

radix, -icis, f., root; foot, base. 

raeda, -ae, f., a fottr-wheeled car- 
riage. 

raedarius, -i, m., driver, coachman. 
(raeda) 

rapina, -ae, f., robbery, pillage, 
plundering ; booty, spoil, plunder. 
(rapio) 

rapio, -ere, rapui, raptus, seize, 
carry off, drag away ; rob, plun- 
der, pillage ; hurry along, hasten, 
drag onzaard. 

ab— abripio, -ere, abripui, 
abreptus, snatch away, tear away, 
remove forcibly. 

ad — adripio, -ere. adripui, 
adreptus, grasp, seize, 'lay hold 
on ; take, appropriate. 

di — diripio, -ere, diripui 
direptus, tear asunder, tear in. 
pieces ; ravage, pillage. 

e — eripio, -ere, eripui, 
ereptus, tear out, snatch away ; 
rescue, save, deliver; with re- 
flexive, break away, rush away, 
escape. 




RATIO 



524 



REDEO 



prae — praeripio, -ere, prae- 
ripui, praereptus, carry off, 
snatch away ; forestall, anticipate. 
sub — surripio, -ere, sur- 
ripui, surreptus, snatch away ; 
steal. 

ratio, -onis, f., a reckoning, co??i- 
putation, calculation, account; 
business, business interests, business 
relations ; ?natter, affair ; respect, 
consideration, relation, regard ; 
plan, design, purpose; manner, 
method, style; reason, judgment, 
wider -standing ; theory, theoretical 
knowledge, science, art ; principles, 
plan, system, omni rati one, in 
every way. ratio pecuniarum. 
system of exchange. vitae ra- 
tiones, plans of life. ratio 
studiorum, a course of studies. 
in dissimili ratione, in a differ- 
ent direction. 

ratiocinor (1), reckon, calculate; 
reason, argue, (ratio) 

rea, -ae, f., defendant, the accused. 
(fern, of reus) 

Reatinus, -a, -um, of Redte, a 
Sabine town. 

recens, -entis, fresh, recent, late, 
new. 

recensio, -onis, f., enumeration, 
census ; the censor's records, (re- 
censeo, count) 

receptor, -oris, m., a harborer, 
concealer ; haunt, (recipio) 

recessus. -us, m., withdrawal; 
place of retreat, retired spot, re- 
treat, nook, corner. (recedo. 
retire) 

recipio, see capio. 



recito (1), read aloud, recite, (re 
-f cito, call) 

reclamo, see clamo. 

recognosco, see nosco. 

recolo, see colo. 

reconciliatio, -onis, f., restoration, 
renewal ; reconciliation, (recon- 
cilio) 

reconcilio, see concilio. 

recondo, see do. 

reconditus. -a, -um. concealed, hid- 
den, retired; profound, abstruse, 
recondite, (p. p. of recondo) 

recordatio. -onis, f., recollection, 
remembrance, (recordor) 

recordor (1), recall, recollect, re- 
member, (re + cor) 

recreo. see creo. 

recta, adv. (sc. via.), straightway, 
directly, at once, immediately. 
(rectus) 

recte. adv., in a straight line; 
rightly, correctly, properly ; well, 
appropriately, (rectus) 

rectus, -a. -um, straight; right, 
proper, upright; appropriate, be- 
fitting, (p. p. of rego) 

recupero (1), get back, recover, re- 
gain ; reestablish, restore. 

recurro, see curro. 

recusatio. onis. f., refusal, objec- 
tion, protest, (recuso) 

reciiso (1), raise objections against, 
shrink from, decline, refuse, re- 
cusare quominus sit, refuse h 
be. (re + causa) 

redactus. p. p. of redigo. 

redarguo. see arguo. 

reddo, see do. 

redeo. see eo. 



REDIMIO 



525 



RELIGIO 



redimio, -ire, — , redimitus, 

wreathe, encircle. 

redimo, see emo. 

reditus, -us, m., going back, return. 
(redeo) 

reduco, see duco. 

redundo ( 1 ) , overflow ; run, swim ; 
remain, be left. (cf. unda, wave) 

redux, -cis, leading back; brought 
back, restored, (re + dux) 

refello, see fallo. 

refero, see fero. 

refert, referre, retulit, — , it con- 
cerns, it matters, it is of impor- 
tance, it makes a difference, it is of 
value, illud parvi refert, that 
is of little value, (a case form of 
res + fero) 

refertus, -a, -um, crowded, filled 
full. (p. p. of refercio) 

reficio, see facio. 

reformido (1), dread, shrink from, 
shudder at. (re + tormldd, fear) 

refugio, see fugio. 

refuto (1), drive back, check; re- 
but, refute, confute, disprove. 

regalis, -e, of a king, kingly, royal. 
nomen regale, the name of king. 
(rex) 

regia, -ae (sc. domus), f., the Re- 
gia, the name of the house of 
Numa which was kept for the use 
of priests, (regius) 

regie, adv., after the manner of a 
king, despotically, tyrannically. 
(regius) 

Reginl, -orum, m., the Reglnt, the 
people of Regium. 

regio, -onis, f., direction; line, 
boundary, limit; region, district, 



place; country, territory, (reg, 
stretch, guide) 

Regium, -1, n., Regium, a city in 
the southwestern part of Italy; 
now Reggio. 

regius, -a, -um, of a king, kingly, 
royal, regal, (rex) 

regno (1), be a king, reign, rule as 
a king, (regnum) 

regnum, -1, n., kingship, royalty ; 
dominion, rule, sway; kingdom, 
realm, (reg, guide) 

rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, keep 
straight; direct, guide, lead ; man- 
age, control, govern, (reg, guide) 
com — corrigo, -ere, correxl, 
correctus, make straight; im- 
prove, correct, reform. 

e — erigo, -ere. erexi, ere- 
Ctus, raise up, lift up, elevate, erect; 
animate, arouse, cheer, encourage. 
per — pergo, -ere, perrexi, 
perrectus, go on, proceed ; hasten. 
por — porrigo, -ere, porrexi. 
porrectus, stretch forth, hold out, 
extend. 

sub — surgo, -ere, surrexi, 
— , rise, arise. 

reicio, see iacio. 

relaxo (1), widen; open, loosen; 
lighten, ease, relieve ; unbend, relax, 
let doiun. (re + laxo, make wide) 

relevo, see levo. 

religio, -onis, f., sense of obligation 
to do right, conscientiousness ; re- 
ligious scruple, sacred obligation ; 
piety, reverence ; worship of the 
gods, religion, faith; sanctity, 
sacredness, holiness ; sacred place, 
sacred object. 



RELIGIOSUS * 



526 



RES 



religiosus, -a, -um, conscientious, 
scrupulous, pious ; sacred, holy, re- 
vered, venerable, (religio) 

relinquo, see linquo. 

reliquiae, -arum, f., remnants, re- 
mains, fragments ; the rest, the 
remainder, (relinquo) 

reliquus, -a, -um, left, remaining, 
the rest of; the other, other ; subse- 
quent, future, intervening, quod 
reliquum est, as for the future. 
reliquum est, it remains, it is 
left, nihil reliqui, nothing left. 
nihil reliqui ad celeritatem 
mihi feci, / left nothing undone 
in the way of speed, (cf. relin- 
quo) 

remaned, see maneo. 

remansio, -onis, f., a remaining, 
staying behind. (remaneo) 

remex, -igis, m., oarsman, (re- 
mus, oar, -f AG, drive) 

remimscor, -1, — , remember, keep 
in mind. 

remissio, -onis, f., a sending back, 
releasing ; a letting down, loiver- 
ing, relaxing; relaxation, rec- 
reation, form of relaxation. 
(remitto) 

remissus, -a, -um, relaxed; negli- 
gent, careless, remiss, (p. p. of 
remitto) 

remitto, see mitto. 

remoror, see moror. 

removed, see moveo. 

Remus, -1, m., Remus, the brother 
of Romulus. 

renovo (1), reneiv, restore, (re + 
novo, make new) 

reniintio, see nuntio. 



repello, see pello. 

repente, adv., suddenly, unexpect- 
edly, (repens, sudden) 

repentinus, -a, -um, sudden, unex- 
pected, unlooked for. (repens, 
sudden) 

reperio, see pario. 

repeto, see peto. 

repo, -ere, repsi, reptus, creep, 
crawl, (rep, creep) 

in — inrepo, -ere, inrepsi. — , 
creep in, steal in, be inserted 
stealthily. 

repono. see pono. 

reporto, see porto. 

reprehendo, see prehendo. 

reprehensio, -onis, f., reproof 
censure, criticism, (reprehendo) 

reprimo, see premo. 

repudio (1), cast off, put away ; 
reject, refuse, scorn, disdain, repu- 
diate ; disbelieve, scout. (repu- 
dium, putting away) 

repugno, see pugno. 

requies, -etis, f., rest, quiet, repose. 
(re + quies) 

requiro. see quaero. 

res, reT, f., a thing, matter, affair, busi- 
ness ; property, money, possessions, 
estate; profit, interest, advantage ; 
condition, state, circumstances ; fact, 
reality, actuality; event, occur- 
rence, case ; lawsuit, suit ; cause, 
reason, ground ; science, art. res 
publica, the interests of the state, 
government, state, novae res. 
change of government, revolution. 
res gestae, exploits, achievements. 
res mHitaris, the art of war, war- 
fare, res obire. to transact busi- 



RESCINDO 



527 



ROGO 



ness. ad rem piiblicam adire, 
to engage in public life, res mari- 
timae, poiver on the sea. res 
secundae. prosperity, qua re, 
why ? wherefore ? wherefore, for 
that reason. quam ob rem, 
wherefore, on that account. re 
vera, in very truth, in fact, re, 
by actual experience, indeed, in 
fact; by later developments, re- 
rum potiri, to obtain sovereignty, 
control the government, become 
master. 

rescindo, see scindo. 

rescribo, see scribo. 

resecS, see seco. 

reservS, see servo. 

resideo. see sedeS. 

resigno, see signo. 

resists, see sisto. 

respicio, see specio. 

respiro, see spiro. 

respondeo, see spondeS. 

respSnsum, -1, n., reply, answer, 
response, (respondeo) 

restinguS, see stinguo. 

restituo, see statuo. 

restitutor, -oris, m., a restorer. 
(restituo) 

restS, see sto. 

retards, see tardS. 

reticentia, -ae, f., silence, reticence. 
(reticeS) 

reticeo, see taceo. 

retineS, see teneo. 

retorqueo, see torqueS. 

retractatio, -Snis, f., shrinking, 
hesitation, refusal. (retracts, 
withdraw) 

retundo, see tundS. 



reus, -1, m., defendant, prisoner, the 

accused, (res) 
reverto, see vertS. 
re vine 6, see vine 5. 
reviviscS, -ere, revixi, — , come 

to life again, live again ; revive, 

recover, (re + vivo) 
revoco, see voco. 
rex, regis, m., king, monarch, 

despot, (reg, guide*) 
Rhenus, -1, m., the Rhine. 
Rhodius, -a, -um, of Rhodes. 

Rhodii, -Srum, m., the Rhodians. 
Rhodus. -1, f., Rhodes, an island in 

the Aegean. 
ridiculus, -a, -um, laughable, droll, 

absurd, ridiculous, (rideo, laugh) 
ripa, -ae, f., a river bank. 
rSbur, -oris, n., oak; power, vigor, 

strength. 
robustus, -a, -um, powerful, strong, 

vigorous. (rSbur) 
rogatio, -Snis, f., question; entreaty, 

request; proposed law, bill, reso- 
lution, (rogo) 
rogatus, -us, m. (used only in 

the abl. sing.), entreaty, request. 

(rogo) 
rogitS (1), keep asking; ask eagerly, 

inquire persistently. (freq. of 

rogS) 
rogS (1), ask, inquire; request, 

beg; (of proposed laws) propose, 

submit., introduce, move ; vote, pass. 

sententiam rogare, to ask one's 

opinion, to call upon one to vote 
ab — abrogS ( 1 ), repeal, annu, 
in — inrogS ( 1 ) , propose. 
inter — interrogS (1), ask, in 

quire of 




ROMA 



528 



SACERDOS 




Roma, -ae, f., Rome. 

Romanus, -a, -um, ^//w?«. Roma- 
nus, -1, m., a Roman. (Roma) 

Romulus, -1, m., Romulus, the 
founder of Rome. (Roma?) 

Roscius. -1, m., a family name. 
Q. Rosciits Gallus, a distinguished 
actor, who was defended by Cicero 
in an oration that has been pre- 
served. 

rostrum, -1, n., beak, bill, mouth; 
beak, prow, rar?i ; pi., the rostra, 
a platform in the Forum from 
which speakers addressed the peo- 
ple. It was ornamented with the 
prows of captured vessels, (rodo, 
gnatv) 

Rudiae, -arum, f., Rudiae, a town 
in Calabria, the birthplace of En- 
nius. 

Rudinus, -a, -um, of Rudiae. 

rudis, -e, rough, raw ; rough, coarse, 
ttncultivated, tineducated, ignorant. 
. Riifio, -onis, m., a common name 
of slaves. 

ruina, -ae, f., falling dozvn ; down- 
fall, ruin, destruction, overthrow. 
'(ru6) 

rumor, -oris, m., report, rumor, 
common talk, hearsay ; reputation. 

rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptus, break, 
break open, break through, burst. 
(rup, break) 

ab — abrumpo, -ere, abrupi, 
abruptus, break off, break away ; 
sever, interrupt. 

com — corrumpo, -ere, cor- 
rupt corruptus, destroy, spoil ; 
tamper with, falsify, pervert. 
e — erumpo, -ere, erupi, 



eruptus, burst out, break away, 
rush away; send out, hurl forth. 

in — inrumpo, -ere. inrupi, 
inruptus, burst in, break in upon. 

ruo, -ere, rui, rutus (fut. part, rui- 
turus), fall, tumble down, fall in 
ruins; go to ruin; hasten to de- 
struction ; hurry, rush along, dash. 
(ru,/«//) 

com — ccrruo, -ere, corrui, 
— , fall together ; fall down, fall in 
ruins ; destroy, overthrow. 

in — inruo, -ere, inrui, — , 
rush into, rush upon, attack. 

ob — obruo, -ere, obrui, ob- 
rutus, tear down, bury in ruins, 
overwhelm, overthrow, destroy. 

rursus, adv., on the contrary, on the 
other hand; again, back, anew, 
once more, (for reversus) 

rusticor (1), go into the country, 
have a holiday, enjoy a vacation. 
(rusticus) 

rusticus. -a. -um, of the country, 
rural, rustic ; rough, coarse, boor- 
ish ; plain, simple, rusticus. -i. 
m., peasant, countryman, (riis, 
country') 

S. 

S. D., abbr. of salutem dicit. sends 

greeting. 
S. P. D.. abbr. of salutem pluri- 

mam dicit. sends most cordial 

greeting. 
Sabinus, -a, -um. Sabine. Sabini. 

-orum. m., the Sabines. 
sacer. -era. -crum. consecrated, 

sacred. 
sacerdos. -dotis. m. and f., priest, 

priestess. 



SACRAMENTUM 



529 



SANCTITAS 



sacramentum, -1, n., a sum depos- 
ited as security for a possible Judg- 
ment in a suit ; an oath, the oath 
of allegiance ; a lawsuit, (sacro, 
consecrate) 

sacrarium, -1, n., shrine, sanctuary, 
chapel, (sacrum) 

sacrificium, -1, n., sacrifice, (sa- 
crificus, of sacrifice) 

sacro (1), consecrate, make sacred. 
com — consecro ( 1 ), dedicate, 
consecrate ; halloiv, hold in rever- 
ence. 

ob — obsecro (1), beseech, im- 
plore. 

sacrosanctus, -a, -urn, halloived 
by sacred rites, inviolable ; regarded 
as sacred, revered as sacred, (sa- 
cer -f sanctus) 

sacrum, -1, n., sacred thing, sacred 
place, sacred rite, (sacer) 

saeculum, -T, n., generation, age; 
race, people. 

saepe, adv. (superl. saepissime), 
often, frequently. saepius. re- 
peatedly, itenim et saepius, 
again and again. 

saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptus, 
hedge around, enclose, protect, 
guard, (saepes, hedge) 

saeptum, -1, n , enclosure, railing ; 
pi., polls, voting booths, (saepio) 

sagatus, -a, -um, clothed in the 
sagum, in arms, (sagum) 

sagax. -acis, keen-scented, quick, 
sagacious, shrezad. 

sagum, -1, n., military cloak, zvar- 
dress. ad saga Tre, to assume the 
garb of war. 

Sal. , abbr. of salutem. 

H. & G. CIC. — 34 



Saiaminii, -orum, m., Salaminians, 
the people of Salamis. 

salio, -ire, salui, saltus, leap, 
bound, spring, jump. 

de — desilio, -ire, desilul, 
desultus, leap dozvn. 

Sallustius, -i, m., a gens name. 
Cn. Sallustius, one of Cicero's 
freedmen or slaves. 

saltern, adv., at least, at all events. 

salto (1), dance, (freq. of salio) 

saltus, -us, m., woodland, pasture 
land. 

salus, -utis, f., health, welfare, 
safety; preservation, deliverance, 
restoration, acquittal ; greeting, 
salutation, (salvus) 

saliitaris, -e, healthful, zuholesome, 
beneficial, useful, salutary ; saving, 
preserving. littera saliitaris, 
the letter A, an abbr. of absolvo, 
used by jurors in voting for acquit- 
tal, (salus) 

saluto (1), greet, salute ; visit, call 
upon, pay one's respects to. ( salus) 

salveo, -ere, — , — , be in good 
health, be well, salve, salvete, 
fareivell, adieu, (salvus) 

salvus, -a, -um, safe, sound, secure, 
u nh arm ed, u n injured. 

Samos, -i, f., Samos, an island in 
the Aegean sea. 

sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctus, con- 
secrate ; enact, ordain, decree. 

sancte, adv., conscientiously ; rever- 
ently, piously, religiously, pure 
(sanctus) 

sanctitas, -tatis, f., sacredness, u\ 
rightness, integrity, purity, virtue 
(sanctus) 




SANCTUS 



530 



SCELERATUS 



sanctus, -a, -um, sacred, holy, up- 
right, pure, conscientious, just. 
(sancio) 

sane, adv., soundly, soberly, reason- 
ably ; doubtless, truly, certainly; if 
you like, for all I care; pretty, 
quite; by all means, (sanus) 

sanguis, -inis, m., blood; bloodshed, 
murder. 

sanitas, -tatis, f., soundness, health ; 
sound mind, reason, sanity, (sa- 
nus) 

sano (1), make sound, cure, heal, 
restore to health; repair, restore. 
(sanus) 

sanus, -a, -um, sound, healthy, well ; 
sober, rational, sensible, sane. 

sapiens, -entis, wise, prudent. As 
subst., philosopher, (sapio) 

sapienter, adv., wisely, (sapiens) 

sapientia, -ae, t,wisdo??i, prudence ; 
philosophy, (sapiens) 

sapio, -ere, sapivi, — , taste; be 
wise, have intelligence, have the 
power of discernment. 

Sardinia, -ae, f., Sardinia. 

satelles, -itis, m. and f., accomplice, 
tool, minion. 

satietas, -tatis, f., abundance, full- 
ness, satiety; loathing, disgust. 
(satis) 

satio (1), satisfy, appease; glut, 
satiate, feast. ( satis) 

satis, 

As subst., enough, plenty. 
As adj., enough, sufficient. 
As adv., enough, sufficiently, ade- 
quately ; fully, quite; sometohat, 
pretty, satis facere, to do enough, 
satisfy, recompense. 



Saturnalia, -ium, n., the Saturna- 
lia, the feast of Saturn held late in 
December after the harvest and 
vintage. It was a season of unre- 
strained merriment and jollifica- 
tion. The feast commenced on 
the 17th of December. 

Saturninus, -1, m., a family name. 
L. Saturninus, see page 264. 

saucius, -a, -um, wounded, injured, 
smitten. 

Saxa. -ae, m., a family name. De- 
cidius Saxa, a friend of Antony. 

saxum. -1, n., a large stone, rock. 

scaena, -ae, f., a stage, scene. 

scaenicus, -a, -um, of the stage, 
theatrical, (scaena) 

scalae, -arum, f., stairs, steps. 

scando, -ere, — , — , rise, climb. 
ad — ascendo, -ere. ascend!, 
ascensus, go tip, mount, ascend. 

de — descends, -ere, de- 
scend!, descensus, go down, 
descend ; resort to, stoop. 

§ — escendo, -ere. escendi, 
escensus, climb up, moztnt. 

trans — transcendo, -ere, 
transcend!, — , climb over, sur- 
mount; go beyond, transcend. 

Scantia, -ae, f., the name of a 
woman who had suffered in some 
way at the hands of Clodius. 

Scaurus, -!, m., a family name. 
See Aemilius. 

scelerate. adv., wickedly, crimi- 
nally, (sceleratus) 

sceleratus, -a. -um, polluted, de- 
filed ; wicked, impious, villainous, 
accursed. As subst., scoundrel, 
villain, (p. p. of scelero. defile) 



SCELESTUS 



531 



SCUTUM 



scelestus, -a, -um, tvicked, accursed, 
knavish ; outrageous, shameful, 
abominable. As subst., scoundrel, 
miscreant, (scelus) 

scelus, -eris. n., wickedness, crime, 
zvicked deed. 

scenicus, see scaenicus. 

Schola, -ae, m., see Causinius. 

sciens, -entis, knotving, having 
knowledge, skilled, expert; often 
best rendered by an adverb, 
knowingly, intentionally, pur- 
posely, (pres. p. of scio) 

scientia, -ae, f., knowledge, ac- 
quaintance, skill, (sciens) 

scilicet, adv., you may knoiv, 
plainly, certainly, of course; no 
doubt, quite likely. (SC1-, from 
scire, + licet) 

scindo, -ere, scidl, scissus, cut, 
split, cleave. 

ex — exscindo, -ere, exsci- 
di, exscissus, cut down, destroy, 
annihilate. 

re — rescindo, -ere, rescidi, 
rescissus, cut down, tear down; 
rescind, annul. 

scio, -ire, scivi, scitus, know, 
understand, be aware. 

ne — nescio, -ire, nescivi 
(-ii) , nescitus, not know. 

Scipio, -onis, m., a family name. 
See Cornelius, (scipio, staff) 

sciscitor (1), ask, question, make in- 
quiries, (from scisco, from scio) 

scortum, -1, n., harlot, prostitute. 

scriba, -ae, m., clerk, secretary. 
(cf. scribo) 

scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptus, 
write, write about, compose. 



ad — ascrlbo, -ere, ascripsl, 
ascriptus, enroll, add ; appoint, 
assign. 

circum — circuniscribo, -ere, 
circumscrlpsi, circumscri- 
ptus, encircle, limit, restrain, cir- 
cumscribe ; cheat, defraud. 

com — conscribo, -ere, con- 
scripsi, conscriptus, write 
together ; enroll, enlist, levy. 

de — describo, -ere, de- 
scripsi, descriptus, draw, de- 
scribe ; fix, appoint. 

di — discribo, -ere, discripsi, 
discriptus, assign, apportion. 

in— inscribo, -ere, Inscripsi, 
inscriptus, write upon, inscribe ; 
assign, attribute. 

per — perscribo, -ere, per- 
scripsi, perscriptus, write in 
full, write out in detail, describe 
fully, recount, narrate; register, 
record. 

prae — praescribo, -ere, 
praescripsi, praescriptus, 

write before ; enjoin, order, charge, 
impress upon. 

re — rescribo, -ere, rescripsi, 
rescriptus, write back, answer, 
reply. 
Scribonius, -1, m, a gens name. 

C. Scribonius Curio, an active 
supporter of Caesar. He was 
slain in Africa in the Civil war. 
scriptor, -oris, m., author, writer. 

(scribo) 
scrfptura, -ae, f., writing; tax on 
pasture land,pasttire tax. (scribo) 
scutum, -1, n., a shield, made of 
wood. 



SECEDO 



532 



SE.MEL 



secedo, see cedo. 

secerno, see cerno. 

secessid, -onis, f., withdrawal, 
retirement; insurrection, secession. 
(secedo) 

secius, see secus. 

seco, -are, secui, sectus, cut. 
re — reseco, -are, resecui, 
resectus, cut loose, cut off ; cut 
back, curtail, check. 

secundum, prep, with %.zc, following, 
after ; according to, in accordance 
with, (secundus) 

secundus, -a, -um. following; sec- 
ond ; favorable, successful, propi- 
tious, res secundae. prosperity. 
(sequor) 

securis, -is, f., axe; especially the 
axes carried by the lictors as a 
symbol of power, duodecim se- 
cures, tzvelve lictors, i.e. two prae- 
tors, (sec, cut) 

secus (comp. secius), adv., other- 
wise, differently ; less. nihilo 
secius, none the less, non multo 
secus, not far from that time. 

sed, but, on the contrary; however, 
yet. non modo, sed etiam. not 
only, but also. 

sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessus, sit, be 
seated. 

circum — circumsedeo, -ere, 
circumsedi, circumsessus, sit 
around ; invest, besiege, surround, 
beset. 

dis — dissideo, -ere, dissedi. 
— , sit apart ; be at variance, dis- 
agree, differ. 

in — insideo. -ere. insedi. — , 
sit upon ; settle into, cling to, remain. 



ob — obsideo, -ere, obsedi, 
obsessus. beset, besiege, blockade; 
watch for, look out for. 

por — possideo, -ere, pos- 
sedi. possessus, hold, have, pos- 
sess. 

prae — praesideo, -ere. prae- 
sedi. — , sit before ; guard, protect ; 
preside over, direct, superintend, 
manage. 

re — resideo. -ere. resedi. — , 
sit back ; be left, remain, stay. 

sedes. -is, f., seat ; abode, dwelling- 
place, habitation, residence. 

seditio, -onis, f., separation; dis- 
cord, dissension, strife ; insurrec- 
tion, uprising, riot, treason, per 
seditionem, unconstitutionally. 

seditiose, adv., treasonably, with 
treasonable purpose, (seditiosus, 
treasonable) 

sedo (1), quiet, stop, check; ap- 
pease, allay, (cf. sedeo) 

sedulitas, -tatis, f., persistency, 
activity, zeal, enterprise, (sedu- 
lus, persistent) 

seges, -etis, f., grain crop, crop; 
field, ground, soil. 

segniter, adv., slowly, lazily, slug- 
gishly, nihilo segnius, no less 
actively, (segnis, active) 

segrego, see grego. 

seiungo. see iungo. 

sella, -ae. f., seat, chair, work-stool. 
sella curulis. a folding stool made 
of ivory and gold, used by curule 
magistrates as a symbol of author- 
ity. 

semel. adv., once, a single time, but 
once, non semel. not once only. 



SEMEN 



533 



SEQUOR 



semen, -inis, n., seed. (cf. sero, 
sow) 

seminarium, -I, n., nursery; hot- 
bed, (semen) 

semiustilatus, -a, -um, half-burned, 
scorched, stifled, (semi + ustulo, 
bum) 

semper, adv., always, at all times. 

sempiternus, -a, -um, everlasting, 
eternal, imperishable. (semper) 

Sempronius, -I, m., a gens name. 

1. Tiberius Sempronius Grac- 
chus, see page 262. 

2. Gains Sempronius Gracchus, 
see page 263. 

senator, -oris, m., senator. (cf. 
senex) 

senatorius, -a, -um, of the senators, 
of a senator, of the senate, (sena- 
tor) 

senatus, -us, m., the senate, (cf. 
senex) 

senectus, -tiitis, f , old age. (se- 
nex) 

senex (comp. senior), senis, old, 
aged. As subst., old man. 

senium, -1, n., old age, senility; 
grief sorrow, affliction, gloom. 
(senex) 

sensus, -us, m., feeling, percep- 
tion, sense, consciousness ; sensation, 
emotion, sentiment; taste, vieiu, 
opinion ; meaning, significance. 
(sentio) 

sententia, -ae, f., opinion, thought, 
purpose, sentiment; judgment, reso- 
lution, decision, ballot, vote, ver- 
dict ; meaning, signification, in 
eandem sententiam, of the same 
significance, (cf. sentio) 



sentina, -ae, f., bilge-water; off- 
scourings, dregs, filth, sewage. 

sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, feel, 
perceive, hear, see; think, believe, 
have an opinion. 

ad — adsentio, -ire, adsensi, 
adsensus, agree with, assent, de- 
fer to, yield. 

com — consentio, -ire, con- 
sensi, consensus, agree, unite, 
be in harmony ; conspire, plot to- 
gether. 

dis — dissentio, -ire, dissen- 
si, dissensus, differ in feeling, 
disagree, dissent, differ. 

prae — praesentio, -ire, prae- 
sensi, praesensus, feel in ad- 
vance, divine, look forward to. 

separo, see paro. 

sepelio, -Ire, sepelivi (-ii), se- 
pultus, bury ; ruin, destroy. 

septem (indecl.), seven. 

Septimus, -a, -um, the seventh. 
(cf. septem) 

sepulcrum, -i, n., place of burial, 
tomb, grave, sepulcher. (cf. sepe- 
lio) 

sepultura, -ae, f., burial ; funeral 
ceremonies, burial rites, (cf. se- 
pelio) 

sepultus, p. p. of sepelio. 

sequor, -1, secutus, follow, come 
after, come next; attend, accom- 
pany ; comply with, follozv, adopt; 
aim at, seek, illud sequitur, 
the next point is. 

ad — adsequor, -i, adsecu- 
tus, follow up, overtake; accom- 
plish, effect. 

com — consequor, -1, conse- 



SERENUS 



534 



SERVO 



cutus, follow after, pursue ; reach, 
overtake; obtain, attain, get, ac- 
complish, secure ; ensue, result, fol- 
low. 

in — insequor, -I, Inseciitus, 
follow up ; attack, assail ; ensue. 

ob — obsequor, -1, obsecii- 
tus, yield to, submit to, gratify, 
humor. 

per — persequor, -I, perse- 
cutes, follow up, pursue ; avenge, 
revenge ; follow out, perform, ac- 
complish. 

pro — prosequor, -I, prose- 
cutus, accompany, attend, escort, 
honor ; follow up, pursue. 

serenus, -a, -um, clear, fair, bright. 

Sergius, -l, m., a gens name. 

i. L. Sergius Catillna, see page 
257 ff. 

2. T. Sergius Gallus, mentioned 
as having property near Bovillae. 

sermo, -onis. m., conversation, talk, 
intercourse; report, account, ru- 
mor; speech, language, (sero?) 

sero, adv., late. Comp. serius, 
later, too late, (serus) 

serpo, -ere, serpsi, — , creep, crawl; 
proceed stealthily, wind its way. 

Sertorianus, -a, -um, of Sertorius. 

Sertorius, -1, m., a gens name. 
Q. Sertorius, a brave soldier with 
Marius. He continued the war in 
Spain and successfully withstood 
Pompey and Metellus until assas- 
sinated in 72 B.C. 

sertum, -T, n., garland, wreath. 
(sero, entwine) 

serus, -a, -um, long delayed, late, 
too late. 



servDis, -e, of slaves, servile, (ser- 

vus) 
Servilius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1. C. Servilius Ahdla, see page 
262. 

2. C. Servilius Glaucia, see 
page 264. 

3. P. Servilius Vatia, proconsul 
of Cilicia in 78 B.C., when he pro- 
ceeded against the pirates with 
some success. 

4. P. Servilius Vatia, son of the 
preceding, consul with Caesar in 
48 B.C. 

5. Q. Servilius Caepio, of whom 
very little is known. 

servio, -ire, servivi, servitus, be 
a slave, be serfs, be subjects ; serve, 
obey, be a slave to ; devote one's self 
to, give attention to ; cater to, pan- 
der to ; aim at, labor for. (ser- 
vus) 

in — inservio, -ire, inservivi 
(-ii), — , be a slave to, yield to; 
consult, have regard for. 

servitium, -i, n., slavery, servitude ; 
body of slaves, slaves, (servus) 

servitus, -tutis, f., slavery, servi- 
tude, (servus) 

Servius, -I, m., a praenomen. 

servo (1), watch, guard ; save, pre- 
serve ; keep, maintain; lay up, 
preserve ; give heed to, observe. 

ad — adservo (1), watch over, 
guard, keep. 

com— conservo (1), save, 
preserve, keep safe ; observe, regard, 
keep. 

ob — observo (1), watch, 
guard; keep, maintain; heed, ob- 



\ 



SERVUS 



535 



SILVA 



serve, give attention to ; watch for, 
lie in wait for. 

re — reservo (i), keep, pre- 
serve; keep back, reserve. 

servus, -i, m., a slave. 

Sestius, -l, m., a gens name. P. Se- 
stins, tribune of the plebs in 57 B.C., 
when he committed many acts of 
violence. He was brought to trial 
the following year, was defended 
by Cicero in a speech still extant, 
and was acquitted. 

seu, see sive. 

severe, adv., strictly, rigidly; harshly, 
severely, (severus) 

severitas, -tatis, f., strictness; harsh- 
ness, severity ; gravity, seriousness. 
(severus) 

severus, -a, -um, stern, uncompro- 
mising, strict, severe. 

sex (indecl.), six. 

sexaginta (indecl.), sixty. 

sextus, -a, -um, sixth, (sex) 

Sextus, -1, m., a proper name. 
(sextus) 

si, if, in case that, on condition that; 
whether, si quidem, yes if, if as 
is claimed, etiam si, even if si 
quando, if ever, whenever. 

Sibyllinus, -a, -um, of the Sibyl, 
Sibylline, fata Sibyllina, see 
page 296. 

sic, adv., in such a manner, in this 
manner, so. ut, sic, while, yet. 
(si + ce) 

sica, -ae, f., dagger, (seco ?) 

Sica, -ae, m., an intimate friend of 
Cicero, who lived near Vibo. 

sicarius, -i, m., assassin, cutthroat, 
thug, (sica) 



Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily. 

siccus, -a, -um, dry ; thirsty. 

sicut (also sicuti), adv., just as, 
just as if (sic + ut and uti) 

Sigeum, -i, n., a promontory near 
Troy. 

signifer, -eri, m., standard-bearer ; 
chief, leader, (signum + fero) 

significatio, -Snis, f., sign, signal- 
token, indication, expression ; inti- 
mation, warning; expression of 
appreciation, applause. (signi- 
fied) 

signified (1), make signs, indicate; 
intimate, warn, hint at, show. 
(signum + facio) 

signo (1), mark, stamp, imprint, 
seal ; point out, indicate, designate. 
(signum) 

de — designo (1), mark out, 
designate; choose, elect, appoint. 
consul designatus, consul elect. 
ob — obsigno (1), seal, seal 
up ; sign as a witness. 

re — resigno (1), unseal, open ; 
annul, destroy. 

signum, -i, n., sign, token, indica- 
tion, proof; seal (of letters) ,• fig- 
ure, statue ; constellation, heavenly 
body; ensign, standard. signis 
conlatis, in actual conflict. 

Silanus, -i, m., a family name. 
D. Junius Silanus, consul in 62 

B.C. 

silentium, -i, n., silence, quiet. ' 
silentio, quietly, (silens) 

sileS, -ere, silui, — , be silent, keep 
silence, say nothing; pass over in 
silence. 

silva, -ae, f., forest, woods. 



SILVANUS 



536 



SIVE 



Silvanus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Plautius. 

Silvester, -tris, -tre, covered with 
trees, wooded, (silva) 

similis (superl. simillimus) -e, 
like, simitar. 

similiter, adv., in like manner, like- 
wise, in the same way. (similis) 

similitudo, -inis, f., likeness, re- 
semblance, similarity, (similis) 

simpliciter, adv., simply, plainly, 
in a straightforward way ; opoily, 
plainly, frankly. (simplex, 

simple') 

simul, adv., at the same time, to- 
gether, simul atque (or ac), 
as soon as. 

simulacrum, -1, n., likeness, image, 
form ; pretejise, shozu, gnise, sem- 
blance ; form, appearance, phan- 
tom, shadow, (simulo) 

simulatio, -onis, m., pretense, show, 
hypocrisy, (simulo) 

simulator, -oris, m., pretender. 
(simulo) 

simulo ( 1 ) , pretend, feign, simulate. 
(similis) 

dis — dissimulo (i), disguise, 
conceal ; pretend, pretend not to see, 
shut the eyes to. 

in — insimulo (1), charge, ac- 
cuse. 

simultas, -tatis, f., enmity, hatred, 
grudge, hostility. 

sin, but if. (si 4- ne) 

sine, prep, with abl., without. 

singularis, -e, single, solitary; 
unique, peculiar ; extraordinary, 
unparalleled, remarkable, marvel- 
ous, (singuli) 



singuli, -ae, -a, one at a time, one 
by one ; each, singly, individually. 
in dies singulos, day by day. 

sino, -ere, sivi, situs, place, lay; 
per??iit, let, allow, suffer, quan- 
tum est situm in nobis, as far 
as lies in my power. 

de — desino. -ere. desii, de- 
situs, cease, desist, forbear, stop. 

Sinope. -es, f., an important com- 
mercial city on the Euxine. It 
was the birthplace and residence 
of Mithridates the Great. 

sinus, -us, m., hollow, fold; bosom ; 
bay, inlet. 

sis, if you please, will you. (si vis) 

sisto, -ere. sisti, status, cause to 
stand, place, put, set ; arrest, stop, 
check, stay. 

com — consists, -ere. con- 
stiti, constitus, stand still; stay, 
remain; exist; consist of. 

de— desisto, -ere. destiti. 
destitus, stop, cease, give up, 
abandon. 

ex — exsisto, -ere, exstiti, 
exstitus, stand out, come forth, 
appear ; arise, spring up, become ; 
be done, be committed ; be, exist. 

ob — obsisto, -ere. obstiti. 
obstitus, stand in the way, re- 
sist, oppose. 

re — resists, -ere. restiti. — . 
remain, survive, be left; oppose,, 
withstand, resist. 

sitis, -is, f., thirst. 

situs, -a, -urn. placed, situated, 
lying, (p. p. of sin5) 

sive (or seu). or if, or. sive, sive, 
either, or ; whether, or. (si + ve) 






SMYRNAEUS 



537 



SONO 



Smyrnaeus, -a, -um, of Smyrna ; 
pi., the people of Smyrna. 

sobrius, -a, -um, sober. (se + 
ebrius) 

socia, -ae, f., associate, companion. 
(fem. of socius) 

societas, -tatis, f., felloivship, asso- 
ciation ; a league, alliance, com- 
pany, organization, (socius) 

socius, a, -um, connected with, 
united with, allied, sharing. 
(same root as in sequor) 

SOCius, -l, m., associate, comrade, 
companion, partner, ally, helper. 
(socius) 

sodalis, -is, m., comrade, crony, 
boon companion., 

sol, solis, m., the sun. 

solacium, -1, n., comfort, consola- 
tion. 

soleo, -ere, solitus sum, be ac- 
customed, be wont, have the habit of. 

sSlitudo, -inis, f., loneliness, soli- 
tude, seclusion; wilderness, lonely 
place. (sSlus) 

sollemnis, -e, annual, yearly; 
stated, appointed ; regular, custo- 
mary, ordinary ; sacred, religious, 
solemn. 

sollicitatio, -onis, f, vexing, 
troubling ; stirring up, instigation, 
solicitation, (sollicito) 

sollicito (i), stir up, rouse, move; 
vex, harass, trouble; urge, incite, 
approach, make overtures to. (sol- 
licitus) 

sollicitudo, -inis, f., anxiety, con- 
cern, apprehension, solicitude. 
(sollicitus) 

sollicitus, -a, -um, agitated, 



troubled, distressed, anxious, wor- 
ried, (sollus, altogether, + citus, 
stirred up) 

solum, -l, n., bottom, foundation, 
base ; ground, soil. 

solum, adv., only, merely. non 
solum, not only, (solus) 

solus, -a, -um, alone, only, the only ; 
lonely, solitary. 

solutio, -onis, f., loosing, setting 
free ; payment, (solvo) 

solutus, -a, -um, set free, unre- 
strained, free ; lax, careless, negli- 
gent, (p. p. of solvo) 

solvo, -ere, solvi, solutus, set 
free, release, loose ; pay, pay off; 
take apart, separate ; acquit, ab- 
solve; cancel, annul; accomplish, 
perforni ; weigh anchor, set sail. 
(se + luo) 

ab — absolvo, -ere, absolvi, 
absolutus, release, discharge, ac- 
quit ; complete, finish. 

dis — dissolvo, -ere, dis- 
solvi, dissolutus, loose, separate, 
dissolve, destroy ; abolish, annul; 
release, free from debt. 

ex — exsolvo, -ere, exsolvi, 
exsolutus, release, free ; acquit, 
absolve ; pay, discharge. 

per — persolvo, -ere, per- 
solvi, persolutus, pay in full, 
pay ; offer, render ; pay, stiff er. 

somnus, -T, m., sleep, slumber, 
sleepiness. 

sono, -are, sonui, sonitus, sound, 
have a sound of. pingue quid- 
dam sonantibus atque pere- 
grinum, having a coarse and 
provincial sound. 



SONUS 



538 



SPERO 



sonus. -1, m., a sound, noise. 

sordes, -is, f., filth, un'cleanness ; 
sorrow, mourning ; vileness, base- 
ness. 

soror, -oris, f., sister. 

sors, sortis, f., a lot; casting lots, 
drawing by lot, selection by lot, 
allotment ; fortune, destiny. 

sortitus, -us, m., casting lots, as- 
signment by lot. (sortior, cast lots) 

Sp., abbr. of Spurius. 

spargo, -ere, spar si. sparsus, 
sow, scatter ; spread, disseminate. 

di — dispergo, -ere, dispersi, 
dispersus, spread abroad, scatter; 
disperse. 

spatium, -1, n., space, extent, dis- 
tance, interval ; time, period of 
time, moment of time. 

species, -el, f., sight, appearance, 
show; semblance, pretext, show. 
(specio) 

specio, -ere, spexi, — , look, see. 
ad — aspicio, -ere, aspexi, 
aspectus, look upon, look at, be- 
hold. 

circum — circumspicio, -ere, 
circunispexl, circumspectus, 
look over, look around upon, sur- 
vey ; ponder, consider, think over. 

com — conspicio, -ere, con- 
spexl, conspectus, look upon, 
observe, behold, gaze upon ; catch a 
glimpse of, catch sight of, descry. 

de — despicio, -ere, despexi, 
despectus, look down, look down 
upon ; despise, disdain. 

di — dispicio, -ere, dispexi, 
dispectus, distinguish, see, dis- 
cern, detect. 



per — perspicio, -ere, per- 
spexi, perspectus, see through, 
see thoroughly ; inspect, examine; 
see plainly, understand ; find out, 
discover, learn. 

pro — prospicio, -ere, pro- 
spexi, prospectus, look for- 
ward, foresee ; look out for, proz'ide 
for, care for. 

re — respicio , -ere, respexi, 
respectus, look back, look behind; 
look back upon, review ; look out 
for, consider. 

sub — suspicio, -ere, su- 
spexi, suspectus, look up to; 
admire ; mistrust, suspect. 
spectaculum, -1, n., a sight, 
spectacle; entertainment, show. 
(specto) 
specto (1), look at, regard, behold, 
gaze at ; tend, incline, look toward ; 
try, test, prove, ad arma res spe- 
ctat, the situation looks like war. 
res eo spectat, this is the mean- 
ing of the case. (freq. of specio) 

ex — exspecto (1), wait for, 
await, wait to see; long for, desire; 
anticipate, expect; dread, appre- 
hend. 

in — inspects ( 1 ) , look on, be- 
hold, praetore inspectante, be- 
fore the eyes of a praetor. 
speculator, -oris, m., examiner, 
explorer; scout, spy. (speculo) 
speculor (1), watch, examine, rec- 

onnoiter, spy out. 
spero (1), hope, hope for ; look for, 
expect; trust, (spes) 

de — despero (1), lose hope, 
cease to hope, despair. 



SPES 



539 



STATUO 



spes, -el, f., hope, expectation, an- 
ticipation. 

spiritus, -us, m., breath ; air, atmos- 
phere ; spirit; inspiration ; arro- 
gance, haughtiness, (spiro) 

spiro (i), breathe; breathe forth, 
exhale. 

com — conspiro (i), harmo- 
nize, accord ; unite, combine; plot, 
conspire. 

re — respiro ( i ) , breathe again, 
recover breath, revive ; abate, di- 
minish. 

aplendidus, -a, -urn, bright, shin- 
ing; illustrious, distinguished, 
brilliant, conspicuous, protninent. 
(cf. splendeo, shine) 

splendor, -oris, m., brightness, 
brilliancy ; splendor, magnificence ; 
merit, excellence, (cf. splendeo, 
shine) 

spolio (i), strip, rob, despoil, plun- 
der, deprive, impoverish. (spo- 
lium) 

de — despolio (i), plunder, 
despoil. 

spolium, -l, n., skin, hide; spoil, 
booty. 

spondeo, -ere, spopondi, spon- 
sus, promise, vow, bind one's self. 
re — responded, -ere, re- 
spond!, responsus, reply, an- 
sxver ; be a match for. 

spons, -ontis, f.' (used only in the 
abl. sing.) ,free will, mea sponte, 
of my own accord, voluntarily. 

Spurius, -l, m., a praenomen. 

squaleo, -ere, squalui, — , be 
filthy ; be in mourning, be in sor- 
row. 



squalor, -oris, m., squalor; 
wretched raiment, neglected gar- 
ments, tokens of sorrow. (cf. 
squaleo) 

stabilio, -ire, stabilivi (-ii), sta- 
bilitus, make firtn, establish, se- 
cure, (stabilis) 

stabilis, -e, fixed, stable ; firm, en- 
during ; steady, consistent, un- 
wavering, (sta, stand) 

stabilitas, -tatis, f., firmness, 
steadiness ; durability, security, 
stability, (stabilis) 

stadium, -l, n., a stadium (a meas- 
ure of 625 Roman feet); race- 
course, course. 

Statilius, -1, m., a gens name. Z. 
Statilius, one of Catiline's com- 
panions in the conspiracy. 

statim, adv., straightway, at once, 
forthwith, immediately. 

stator, -oris, m., stay, protector. 
Iuppiter Stator, so named because 
of the miraculous checking of the 
flight of the Roman troops in the 
battle with the Sabines. (cf. sto) 

statua,-ae, f., image, statue, (cf.sto) 

statuo, -ere, statu!, statutus, 
set tip, erect, construct; settle, es- 
tablish, fix, determine, define; re- 
solve, decide, make up one's mind. 
(status) 

com — constituo, -ere, con- 
stitui, constitutus, place, erect, 
set up ; station, draw tip, arrange ; 
appoint, determine, fix upon; de- 
cide, determine, resolve. 

de — destituo, -ere, destitui, 
destitutus, abandon, forsake, be- 
tray. 



STATUS 



540 



STRINGO 



in = instituo, -ere, InstituI, 
institutus, put in place, found, 
establish ; appoint, institute, or- 
dain ; resolve, determine; under- 
take, begin; provide, procure; 
teach, train, instruct. 

re— restituo, -ere, restitui, 
restitiitus, set up again, replace ; 
restore, reinstate. 

status, -us, m., standing, position, 
attitude; condition, state, situa- 
tion, (sto) 

sterno, -ere, stravi, stratus, scat- 
ter, strew ; overthrow, smite. 

pro — prosterno, -ere, pro- 
stravi, prostratus, overwhelm, 
overthrow, prostrate, destroy. 

stimulus, -1, m., goad, spur ; in- 
centive, incitement, encouragement. 

stinguo, -ere, — , — , put out, ex- 
tinguish. 

ex — exstinguo, -ere, exstin- 

XI, exstmctus. put out ; destroy. 

re— restinguo. -ere. restmxi, 

restlnctus, put out, extinguish; 

exterminate, destroy. 

stipendium, -1, n., tribute, tax; 
income, salary, pay ; military ser- 
vice, (stips. gift) 

stipo (1), crowd, surround. 

stirps, stirpis, f. and m., stem, 
stock, root; stock, race, family; 
offspring, descendants ; source, ori- 
gin, cause. 

sto, -are, steti, status, stand; 
abide, continue; delay, linger ; be 
determined. 

ad — asto, -are, astiti, — , 
stand near, stand by. 

circum — circumsto, -are, 



circumsteti, — , stand around, 
surround. 

com — consto, -are, con- 
stiti, constatus. stand together, 
agree, be consistent; consist, be 
composed; be dependent, depend. 
constat, it is plain, it is agreed, 
it is evident. 

ex — exsto, -are, — , — , stand 
out, appear ; exist, be. 

in — insto, -are, institi, In- 
status, stand upon, be close at 
hand, approach ; press closely, 
menace, threaten. 

ob — obsto, -are, obstiti. ob- 
status. stand before; withstand, 
oppose, thwart. 

prae — praesto, -are, prae- 
stiti, praestatus (-stitus), 
stand before; be at the head, be 
superior, excel; vouch for, insure, 
guarantee; show, evince, mani- 
fest; assert, claim, maintain. 
praestat, it is better. 

re — resto, -are, restiti, — , 
resist, oppose ; be left, remain. 
restat, it remains. 
strenue, adv., quickly, promptly, 

strenuously, (strenuus, quick) 
strepitus. -us, m., noise, murmur. 

din. (strepo, rumble) 
stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictus. 
fasten tightly, bind ; strip off, lay 
bare ; unsheathe, draw. 

com — constringo. -ere. con- 
strinxi. constrictus. bind, fet- 
ter, shackle ; curb, check, restrain. 

de — destringo. -ere. de- 
strinxi. destrictus, strip off; 
draw, unsheathe. 



STRUO 



541 



SUFFERO 



di — distringo, -ere, di- 
strinxi, dlstrictus, drazv asun- 
der, stretch apart ; distract. 
1 struo, -ere, struxi, structus, heap 
up, set in order, arrange ; make, 
build, construct ; devise, contrive. 

ex — exstruo, -ere, exstruxl, 
exstructus, heap up, build, con- 
struct. 

in — Instruo, -ere, instruxi, 
instructus, draw up, array, 
marshal ; provide, furnish, equip. 

studeo, -ere, studui, — , be eager, 
desire ; devote one's self, pursue ; 
favor, support. 

studiose, adv., eagerly, zealously, 
carefully, (studiosus) 

studiosus, -a, -um, eager, zealous, 
devoted, attached, friendly, favor- 
able, (studium) 

studium, -1, n., eagerness, zeal, en- 
thusiasm, desire ; devotion, loyalty, 
attachment ; occupation, profession, 
calling; research, study; loyalty 
to party, partisanship, party. 

stulte, adv., foolishly, stupidly. 
(stultus) 

stultitia, -ae, f., folly, stupidity. 
(stultus) 

stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid. 

stuprum, -1, n., defilement, leivdness, 
debaitchery. 

suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasus, ad- 
vise, recommend ; urge, exhort, 
persuade ; favor, support, indorse. 
per — persuadeo, -ere, per- 
suasi, persuasus, convince, pre- 
vail upon, induce, persuade. 

suasor, -oris, m., adviser; advo- 
cate, (suadeo) 



suavis, -e, sweet, pleasant, agreeable 

attractive. 
suavitas, -tatis, f., sweetness, pleas- 
antness, attractiveness, agreeable- 

ness. (suavis) 
suaviter, adv., sweetly, pleasantly, 

delightfully, (suavis) 
sub, prep, with ace. and abl. 

With the ace., under, below 

close by, up to ; until, about, toward, 

after. 

With the abl., tinder, below, near, 

at the foot of; during, within, at, 
• at the time of 
subeo, see eo. 
subicio, see iacio. 
subiector, -oris, m., a forger. 

(subicio, counterfeit) 
subigo, see ago. 

subito, adv., suddenly, unexpect- 
edly, (subitus, sudden) 
sublatus, p. p. of tollo. 
sublevo, see levo. 
suboles, -is, f., offspring, progeny 

posterity. 
subsellium, -T, n., low seat, bench 

(sub + sella) 
subsidium, -1, n., help, relief, assist 

ance, support; means, resources 

(sub + sedeo) 
subsido, -ere, subsedi, subses 

sus, sit down, remain, wait, stop 

(sub + sido, sit) 
substructio, -onis, f., foundation 

(substruo, build tinder) 
subsum, see sum. 
subvenio, see venio. 
succedo, see cedo. 
succurro, see curro. 
suffero, see fero. 



SUFFRAGATIO 



542 



SUMMA 



suffragatio, -oilis, f., support, rec- 
ommendation, (suffragor, vote 
for) 

suffragator, -oris, m., supporter, 
partisan, (suffragor, vote for) 

suffragium, -1, n., vote, ballot ; right 
of voting, franchise. 

sui, sibi, etc., himself, herself, itself 
themselves, inter se, each other, 
one another. 

Sulla, -ae, m., a family name. See 
Cornelius. 

Sulpicius, -1, m., a gens name. 

1 . C. Sulpicius Galba, praetor in 

63 B.C. 

2. P. Sulpicius Riifus, tribune of 
the people in 88 B.C. 

sum, esse, nil, futurus, be, exist ; 
with the gen., belong to, be the duty 
of, be the part of, be valued at ; with 
the dative, have, quid mini cum 
els, what have I to do with them ? 
est civium, consists of citizens. 
magni est, is of great value. 
mihi est aliquid, / have some- 
thing. 

ab — absum, abesse, ami, 
afuturus. be away, be absent, be 
away from, be far from the truth. 
tantum abest ut videar, ut 
. . . , so far am I from appearing, 
that .... 

ad — adsum, adesse, adfui, 
adhiturus, be near, be at hand ; 
be at one's post, stand by, assist ; be 
near, impend, adeste animis, 
be of good courage (also, be atten- 
tive) . 

de — desum, deesse, defiri. 
defuturus, be away, be absent; 



be lacking, be missing; be found 
wanting, fail in one's duty, be un- 
faithful, be neglectful, be at fault. 

in — insum, inesse, inhii, in- 
futurus, be in, be on ; be present, 
belong to. 

inter — intersum, interesse, 
interful, interfuturus, be be- 
tween, be among; intervene, elapse; 
be concerned in, be engaged in, be 
present ; be of interest, be of impor- 
tance, concern ; make a difference, 
be a difference, be different, cuius 
interfuit, whose interest it was. 
hoc interest, there is this differ- 
ence, quid me a interest, what 
is for my interest ? 

ob — obsum, obesse, obfui, 
— , be against, harm, injure. 

prae — praesum, praeesse, 
praefui, praefuturus, be at the 
front, be at the head of; command, 
preside over, have charge of. 

pro — prosum, prodesse, 
profui, profuturus, be of advan- 
tage, profit, help, serve. 

sub — subsum, subesse, — , 
— , be under, be behind ; be close 
at hand, be near, impend ; be at 
the bottom, lie concealed. 

super — supersum, super- 
esse, superfui, superfuturus, 
be over, be left, remain; survive, 
be left alive. 
summa, -ae, f, the highest point, the 
top ; chief place, leadership, prece- 
dence; chief point, main issue: 
sum, total, aggregate, whole, chief 
thing, main thing, (fern, of sum- 
mus) 



SUMMUS 



543 



SUSPICOR 



summus, see superus. 

sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 

take; take on, assume; take up, 
begin, enter upon ; take hold of, get, 
obtain, acquire, supplicium de 
aliquo siimere, to inflict punish- 
ment on any one. (sub + emo) 
com — consiimo, -ere, con- 
sumpsi, consumptus, use up, 
consume ; weaken, exhaust, de- 
stroy ; pass, spend. 

siimptuose, adv., extravagantly, ex- 
pensively, sumptuously. (sum- 
ptuosus) 

sumptuosus, -a, -urn, extravagant, 
expensive, costly, (sumptus) 

sumptus, -us, m., outlay, expense, 
expenditure, cost; lavish outlay, 
extravagance, sumptum in mi- 
litem facere, to make contribu- 
tions to the soldiers, (sumo) 

superbe, adv., haughtily, arrogantly, 
insolently, (superbus) 

superbia, -ae, f., haughtiness, arro- 
gance, insolence, (superbus) 

superbus, -a, -um, haughty, arro- 
gant, insolent, overbearing, (su- 
per) 

superior, comp. of superus. 

super o (i), rise above, overtop, go 
beyond, be superior to, outstrip, ex- 
cel; overcome, conquer , defeat ; sur- 
vive, (superus) 

superstes, -stitis, outliving, sur- 
viving, (super 4- sta, stand) 

supersum, see sum. 

superus, -a, -um, above, on high. 
Comp. superior, -ius, upper, 
higher ; former, preceding, past; 
former, older ; better, superior. 



Superl. supremus, -a, -um, high- 
est, topmost ; last, final Superl. 
summus, -a, -um, highest, top- 
most; the highest part of, the top 
of; greatest, most important, high- 
est ; best, most perfect, summa 
hieme, in the depth of winter. 
quattuor aut summum quin- 
que, four or at most five, summa 
res publica, the highest welfare 
of the state, the best interests of the 
state, (super) 

suppedito ( i ) , furnish, supply, pro- 
vide. 

suppeto, see peto. 

supplex, -icis, suppliant, begging, 
entreating. 

supplicatio, -onis, f., supplication ; 
public thanksgiving, (supplied, 
pray) 

supplicium, -I, n., kneeling, sup- 
plication ; punishment, torture. 
(supplex) 

supra, adv., and prep, with ace. 
(superus) 

As adv., above, over, more, ut 
nihil supra possit, that nothing 
could be added. 

As prep., above, beyond, more 
than. 

supremus, superl. of superus. 

surgo, see rego. 

surripio, see rapio. 

suscenseo, -ere, suscensui, — , 
be angry, be offended. 

suscipio, see capio. 

suspicio, see specio. 

suspicio. -onis, f., distrust, suspi 
cion. (suspicio) 

suspicor (i), mistrust, suspect 




SUSTENTO 



544 



TANGO 




surmise, conjecture, (sub + spe- 
cio) 

sustento (i), hold up, support; 
maintain, sustain, keep up; put 
up with, forbear, (freq. of SUS- 
tineo) 

sustineo, see teneo. 

suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their ; 
his ozun, her own, its own, their 
own. sui, -orum, m., his (etc.) 
friends, countrymen, sua, -orum, 
n., his (etc.) possessions, (cf. sui) 

symphonia, -ae, f., harmony; a 
music ale. 

symphoniacus, -a, -um, of music, 
musical, pueri symphoniacl, 
musicians. 

Syria, -ae, f., Syria. 



T. 

T., abbr. of Titus. 

tabella, -ae, f., tablet; docwnent, 
letter, dispatch ; vote, ballot, (dim. 
of tabula) 

tabellarius, -I, m., messenger, coti- 
rier. (tabella) 

taberna, -ae, f., booth, shop; inn, 
tavern. 

tabesco, -ere, tabui, — , pine 
away, waste away. (tabeo, 
waste) 

tabula, -ae, f., board ; writing-tab- 
let, document; list, register, record, 
account ; picture, pa inting. tabu- 
lae publicae, public records, no- 
vae tabulae, reduction (or aboli- 
tion) of debts, duodecim tabu- 
lae, the Twelve Tables, a collection 
of early laws. 



tabularium, -1, n., office of record, 

archives, (tabularius) 
taceo, -ere, tacui, tacitus, be 

silent, keep silence ; pass over in 
silence, leave unsaid, say nothing 
about. 

re — reticeo, -ere, reticui, 
— , keep silent, say nothing. 

tacite, adv., silently, in silence. 
(tacitus) 

taciturnitas, -tatis, f., silence. 
(taciturnus, silent) 

tacitus, -a, -um, unmentioned ; 
done in silence, secret, hidden; 
still, noiseless, (p. p. of taceo) 

taeter, -tra, -trum,/^/, loathsome, 
repulsive, disgusting, abominable, 
shameful. 

talaris, -e, of the ankles, reaching 
the ankles. tunica talaris, a 
tunic reaching to the ankles, (ta- 
lus, ankle) 

talis, -e, such, of such a sort, talis, 
qualis, such, as. 

tam, adv., to such a degree, so much, 
so. tam, quam, as much, as ; so, 
as. 

tamen, adv., nevertheless, notwith- 
standing, however, still, yet. 

tametsi, and yet, after all. (ta- 
men ? + etsi) 

tamquam, adv., as much as; as, 
just as, like; as if, just as if. (tam 
+ quam) 

tandem, adv., at last, finally ; in 
questions, pray, tell me, in the 
world, but often best rendered by 
stress of voice, (tam + dem) 

tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touch ; 
border on, adjoin, be close to; 



TANTO 



545 



TEMPUS 



come to; reach, arrive at; move, 
affect, impress; strike. tactus 
de caelo, struck by lightning. 
(TAG, touch) 

ad — attingo, -ere, attigi, 

attactus, touch ; reach, attain to. 

com — contingo, -ere, con- 

tigi, contactus, touch; happen, 

occur, come to pass. 

ob — obtingo, -ere, obtigi, 
— , happen, befall, occur. 

tanto opere, see opus. 

tantum. adv., so much, to such a 
degree ; only so much, only, merely. 
tantum modo, only, merely. 
(tantus) 

tantundem, adv., just as muck, to 
the same extent. (tantum + 
dem) 

tantus, -a, -um, of such size, so 
great, so large, such; so impor- 
tant, of so much importance ; of 
only so much weight, so trivial, so j 
unimportant. tanti est, it is 
worth while. tantum civium, 
only so many citizens. tanto 
melior, so much the better. 

tarde, adv., slowly, late, (tardus, 
slow) 

tarditas, -tatis, f., slowness, delay. 
(tardus, slotv) 

tardo (i), check, hinder, delay. 
(tardus, slow) 

re — retardo (i), hinder, im- 
pede, check. 

Tarentini, -orum, m., the Taren- 
tines, the people of Tarentum. 

tectum, -I, n , roof, shelter ; house, 
dwelling, (tego) 

tego, -ere. texi, tectus. cover; 
h. & g. cic. — 35 



hide, conceal; shelter, protect. 
(TEG, cover) 

com — contego, -ere, con- 
texi, contectus, cover up, bury ; 
hide, conceal. 

telum, -l, n., a weapon ; spear, jave- 
lin, dagger, arrow. esse cum 
telo, to go armed. 

temere, adv., rashly, blindly, 
thoughtlessly, recklessly. 

temeritas, -tatis, f., rashness, 
thoughtlessness, heedlessness, indis- 
cretion, foolhardiness. (temere) 

temperantia, -ae, f., moderation, 
self-control, sobriety, temperance. 
(temperans) 

tempero (i), control one's self; 
ride, regulate, restrain. victo- 
riam temperare, to exercise self- 
control in the time of victory, (cf. 
tempus) 

ob — obtempero, (i), comply, 
obey. 

tempestas, -tatis, f., time, season; 
weather, bad weather, storm, tem- 
pest ; calamity, mis for tune, (tem- 
pus) 

tempestivus, -a, -um, seasonable, 
timely, opportune ; appropriate, 
fitting; early, convivium tem- 
pestivum, protracted banauet, i.e. 
one that begins early and ends late, 
(tempestas) 

templum, -l, n., consecrated place, 
temple, shrine, (tem, cut) 

tempto (i), test, try, sound; attack, 
assail; attempt, essay, (cf. tendo) 

tempus, -oris, n., time ; a particu- 
lar time, occasion^ opportunity ; a 
critical time, crisis, emergency, exl 




TENDO 



546 



TERMINO 



gency ; a time of need, need, 
necessity, trouble ; condition, times, 
circumstances, id temporis, at 
that time, ex tempore, offhand. 
(tem, cut) 

tendo, -ere, tetendi, tensus 
(tentus), stretch, extend; direct 
one's course, go ; strive, endeavor. 
ad — attendo, -ere, attend!, 
attentus, direct toward ; notice, 
perceive; give heed, listen, pay 
attention. 

com — contends, -ere, con- 
tend!, contentus, stretch, strain ; 
endeavor, struggle, strive, try ; vie, 
contend,fight ; go hurriedly, hasten; 
contrast, compare; maintain, af- 
firm, contend. 

in — intends, -ere, intend!, 
intentus, stretch out toward, ex- 
tend ; aim, direct; purpose, in- 
tend. 

obs — ostendo, -ere, ostendi, 
ostentus, stretch out before, show, 
declare, make known ; exhibit, dis- 
play ; pass., show itself, appear. 

tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness, gloom, 
obscurity. 

Tenedos, -I, f., an island in the 
Aegean. 

teneS, -ere, tenui, tentus, hold, 
keep ; have, possess, occupy ; bind, 
fasten, keep bound ; understand, 
comprehend ; seize, arrest, hold in 
custody, culpa, teneri, to be con- 
victed of a fa tdt. 

ad — attineS, -ere, attimii, 
— , hold out, reach, touch ; relate 
to, belong to, concern, make a dif- 
ference, quod ad sumptum 



attinet, as far as expense is con- 
cerned, nihil attinet, is not at 
all in point. 

com — contineS, -ere, con- 
tinul, contentus, hold together, 
keep in, curb, restrain ; bound, 
inclose, contain; pass., be confined 
to, depend upon. 

ob — obtineo, -ere, obtinu!, 
obtentus, keep, hold; assert, main- 
tain. 

per — pertineS, -ere, per- 
tinu!, — , reach, extend ; reach to, 
lead to, conduce ; concern, have to 
do with, pertain, ad te nSn per- 
tinere, to have no concern for yon. 
vehementer pertinere ad bella 
administranda, to have a strong 
bearing upon the management of 
wars. 

re — retineS, -ere, retinu!, 
retentus, hold back, restrain, 
check, repress, detain; keep, pre- 
serve, maintain, uphold, observe. 
sub — sustineo, -ere, sus- 
tinu!, sustentus, hold up, sup- 
port, sustain ; endure, undergo. 

tener, -era, -erum, soft, tender, 
delicate, sensitive ; young, youthful. 

tenuis, -e, thin, fine, slight ; delicate^ 
feeble ; poor, humble, lowly ; scanty, 
insignificant. 

ter, adv., three times, (cf. tres) 

Terentia, -ae, f., the wife of Cicero. 

tergiversatio, -Snis, f., subterfuge, 
pretense, (tergiversor, turn the 
back) 

tergum, -1, n., the back, a tergo, 
in the rear, behind. 

termino (1), bound, limit, circum- 



TERMINUS 



547 



TOLLO 



scribe; end,fnish, terminate, (ter- 
minus) 

ex — extermino ( i ) , drive 
out, expel, banish. 

terminus, -I, m., boundary, limit. 

terra, -ae, f., land ; region, country. 
orbis terrae (or terrarum), the 
world. 

terreo, -ere, terrui, territus, 
frighten, alarm, terrify, dismay. 

de — deterred, -ere, de ter- 
rui, deterritus, frighten off, hin- 
der, deter, prevent. 

per — perterreo, -ere, per- 
terrui, perterritus, /rz£-///<?;z thor- 
oughly, terrify. 

terror, -oris, m., fright, alarm, 
terror, panic. 

tertius, -a, -um, the third, (cf. tres) 

testamentum, -1, n., will, (te- 
«tor) 

testimonium, -I, n.,proof evidence, 
testimony, (testis) 

testis, -is, m. and f., witness. 

testor (i), call to witness, invoke, 
appeal to; assert, declare, (testis) 
am — antestor (i), call to 
witness, invoke. 

de — detestor ( i ) , call zipon 
the gods to avert, pray to turn 
aside. 

ob — obtestor ( I ) , protest ; 
beseech, implore. 

tetrarches, -ae, m., tetrarch, prince. 

Teutones, -um, m., the Teutones. 

Themistocles, -is (or -I), m., 
Themistocles, a distinguished Athe- 
nian general. 

Theophanes, -is, m., a literary 
friend and companion of Pompey. 



Thessalonica, -ae, f., Thessalonica. 
Threx, -cis, m., a Thracian. 
Thuril, -orum, m., a Greek city in 

Lucania. 
Ti., abbr. of Tiberius. 
Tiberinus, -a, -um, of the Tiber. 
Tiberis, -is, m., the Tiber. 
Tiberius, -l, m., a praenomen. 
Tigranes, -is, m., an Armenian 

king. 
timeo, -ere, timui, — , be fearful, 

be apprehensive ; fear, dread. 
timide, adv., with fear, timidly. 

(timidus) 
timiditas, -tatis, f., apprehension, 

timidity ; cozvardice ; pi., acts of 

cowardice, (timidus) 
timidus, -a, -um, apprehensive, 

fearful, cowardly, (time 6 J 
timor, -oris, m.,fear, alarm, appre- 
hension, dread, (cf. timeo) 
tiro, -onis, m., young soldier, raw 

recruit ; beginner, tyro. 
Tiro, -onis, m., Cicero's faithful 

secretary. 
Titus, -I, m., a praenomen. 
toga, -ae, f., toga, the outer garment 

worn by the Romans; peace, toga 

virllis, the white toga worn by men. 

toga praetexta, the bordered toga 

zoom by boys, ad togas redire, 

to return to the garments of peace, 

i.e. to have peace, (tego) 
togatus, -a, -um, clad in the toga, 

in civil life, as a civilian, (toga) 
tolerabilis, -e, endurable, tolerable, 

bearable, (tolero) 
tolero (i), bear, suffer, endure, hold 

out. 
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatus,- 



TONGILIUS 



548 



TREMO 



raise, lift up, elevate ; exalt, praise, 
extol ; take away, remove, banish, 
put out of the way. 

ex — extollo, -ere, — , — , 
lift up, raise. 

Tongilius, -1, m., an unknown char- 
acter. 

tormentum, -1, n., instrument of 
torture, rack; anguish, suffering. 
(torqueo) 

Torquatus, -1, m., a family name. 
See Manlius. 

torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortus, turn, 
twist, bend ; torment, torture. 

ex — extorqueo, -ere, ex- 
torsi, extortus, twist out of, 
wrest from, force from, extort. 

re — retorqueo, -ere, re- 
torsi, retortus, hurl back, turn 
back. 

tortor, -oris, m., torturer, (tor- 
queo) 

tot (indecl.), so many. 

totiens, adv., so many times, so often, 
as often, (tot) 

totus, -a, -um, the whole, the whole 
of entire, all ; altogether, wholly. 

tr. pi. , abbr. of tribunus plebis. 

tracto (1), drag, drazv ; manage, I 
handle, conduct; act, represent, 
put on the stage ; treat, investigate, 
discuss, (freq. of traho) 

ob — obtrecto (1), belittle, dis- 
parage ; make opposition to. 

tradS, see do. 

trafero, see transfers. 

tragoedia, -ae, f., tragedy ; commo- 
tion, disturbance. (Tpaywdia) 

trahS, -ere, traxT, tractus, drag, 
draw ; drag on, delay, retard, pro- 



tract ; influence, attract, allure, 
captivate. 

abs — abstrahS, -ere, abs- 
traxi, abstractus, take away, 
carry away, remove. 

com — contrahS, -ere, con- 
traxi, contractus, draw together ; 
contract, diminish, lessen ; bring 
together, collect, aes alienum con- 
trahere, to contract debts, am- 
plius mini negSti contrahitur, 
more of a task is thrown upon me. 
de — detraho, -ere. detraxi, 
detractus, take azuay, remove, 
withdraw ; deprive, rob; dispar- 
age. 

dis — distraho, -ere. dis- 
traxi, distractus. tear asunder, 
separate ; divert, distract. 

tranquillitas, -tatis, f., quietness, 
calmness, serenity, tranquillity. 
(tranquillus) 

tranquillus, -a. -um, calm, peace- 
ful, quiet, undisturbed. 

trans, prep, with ace, across, over, 
on the other side. 

Transalplnus, -a, -um, across the 
Alps, Transalpine. (trans + 
Alpes) 

transcends, see scandS. 

transfers (trafero). see fero. • 

transigo, see agS. 

transmarinus. -a, -um, across the 
sea, foreign, (trans + mare) 

transmitto, see mittS. 

Transpadanus, -a, -um, across the 
Po. As subst., dwellers beyond the 
Po. (trans 4- Padus) 

tremS. -ere. tremui, — , quiver, 
tremble, quake. 



TREPIDO 



549 



TUM 



trepido (i),be agitated, be disturbed; 
tremble, waver. 

tres, tria, three. 

tribunal, -alis, n., place occupied 
by a tribune, tribunal, judgment- 
seat, (tribunus) 

tribunatus, -us, m., office of a 
tribune, tribunes/up. (tribunus) 

tribunus, -I, m., head of a tribe, 
tribune, tribunus militum, a 
viilitary tribune, tribunus ple- 
bis, tribune of the people, tri- 
bunus aerarius, dean of a tribe, 
tribunus aerarius. (tribus) 

tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributus, give 
to the tribes ; distribute, assign ; 
confer, bestow, render, grant, allow ; 
ascribe, assign; devote, spend. 
(tribus) 

ad — attribuo, -ere, attribui, 
attributus, assign, allot ; ascribe, 
attribute. 

dis — distribuo, -ere, dis- 
tribui, distribiitus, apportion, 
assign; distribute, divide. 

tribus, -us, f., a tribe. 

triduum, -i, n., period of three days, 
three days, (tres + dies) 

trim, -ae, -a, three each, three. 
trinum nundinum, see nundi- 
nae. (tres) 

tristis, -e, sad, sorrowful, gloomy, 
downcast, dejected; peevish, mo- 
rose, sullen; stern, severe; sad, 
unfortunate. 

tristitia, -ae, f., sorroiv, grief, 
gloom, dejection ; peevishness, mo- 
roseness ; harshness, severity ; 
sadness, unfortunate feature. 
(tristis) 



triumpho (i), celebrate a triu??iph, 
have a triumphal proression ; ex- 
ult, rejoice, de Mithridate tri- 
umphare, to have a triumphal 
procession for a victory over Mith- 
ridates. (triumphus) 

triumphus, -l, m., a triumphal pro- 
cession, triumph. 

tropaeum, -1, n., trophy. 

trucido (i), butcher, slaughter, mas- 
sacre. 

tu, tui, you (sing.). 

tuba, -ae, f., trumpet. 

Tubero, -onis, m., a family name. 
See Aelius. 

tueor, -eri, tutus (tuitus), look 
at, behold ; keep, preserve, main- 
tain, uphold; guard, protect, de- 
fend. 

in — intueor, -eri, intuitus, 
look at, gaze upon, contemplate. 
lucem intueri, to live. 

Tullia, -ae, f., the name of Cicero's 
daughter. 

Tulliola,-ae,f.,/z'#& Tullia. (dim. 
of Tullia) 

Tullius, -a, m., a gens name. 

i . M. Tullius Cicero, the orator. 
See- page 9 ff. 

2. Q. Tullius Cicero, the brother 
of Marcus. See page 307. 

3. M. Tullius Cicero, the son of 
the orator. See page 308. 

Tullus, -1, m., a family name. 
L. Volcdtius Tullus, consul in 
66 B.C. 

turn, adv., then, at that time; in 
that case, turn, turn, sometimes, 
sometimes, cum, turn, not only, 
but also, turn denique, on 



IjL^ - — ' vC -r 



TUMULTUS 



550 



UMBRENUS 






then, turn denique si, only on 
condition that. 

tumultus, -us, m., uproar, com- 
motion, distur ba^ice ; insurrection, 
rebellion, uprising. (turned, 
swell) 

tumulus, -1, m,, mound, hillock, 
hill ; tomb, (tumeo, swell) 

tunc, adv., then, just then, (turn 
+ ce) 

tundo, -ere, tutudi, tunsus (tu- 
sus) , beat, strike, (tud, beat) 

re — retundo, -ere, rettudi, 
retiinsus (retusus), beat back, 
strike down ; dull, blunt. 

tunica, -ae, f, tunic, an undergar- 
ment worn by the Romans. 

turba, -ae, f., uproar, disorder, tur- 
moil ; throng, multitude, troop, mob. 

turbo (1), throzv into disorder. 

dis — di sturb 6 ( 1 ) , disorder, 
disturb. 

per — perturbo (1), throw into 
great disorder ; cojifuse, embarrass. 

turbulentus, -a, -um, boisterous, 
tempestuous, stormy ; confused, dis- 
ordered, disorganized ; troublesome, 
factious, turbulent, (turba) 

turma, -ae, f., a troop (of cavalry), 
squadron. 

turpis, -e, unsightly, unseemly, re- 
pulsive ; unbecoming, dishonorable, 
disgraceful, scandalous, vile. 

turpiter, adv., shamefully, disgrace- 
fully, with dishonor, (turpis) 

turpitudo, -inis, f., unsightliness, 
repulsiveness ; baseness, dishonor, 
turpitude ; disgraceful act, vile 
practice, (turpis) 
to, adv., safely, (tutus) 



tutor (1), watch, protect, defend. 

(tueor) 
tutus, -a, -um, protected, safe, secure. 

(p. p. of tueor) 
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours, tul, 

-orum, m., your friends, your 

kinsmen. 
tyrannus, -1. m., monarch, ruler ; 

despot, tyrant, usurper. 



uber, -eris, n., udder, breast. 

ubertas, -tatis, f., fertility, fruit- 
fulness, productiveness. (uber, 
fertile) 

ubi, adv., where, wherein ; when, 
whenever ; wherein, wherewith. 
ubi primum, as soon as. 

ubinam, adv., where on earth? 
where in the world ? zuhere ? (ubi 
+ nam) 

ubique, adv., everywhere, in all 
places, (ubi + que) 

ulciscor, -i, ultus, punish ; avenge. 

ullus, -a, -um, any. As subst., any 
one. (dim. of unus ?) 

ulterior, -ius. farther, beyond. 
Superl. ultimus, -a, -um. farthest, 
extreme, last. 

ultimus, superl. of ulterior. 

ultor, -oris, m., punisher, avenger. 
(ulciscor) 

ultro, adv., to the farther side, be- 
yond ; besides, moreover ; of one^s 
own accord, voluntarily, without 
solicitation, without proz'ocation. 
(case form of *ulter, beyond) 

Umbrenus, -1. m., a family name. 
P. Umbrenus, a freedman who 
joined the conspiracy of Catiline. 




UMERUS 



55 



UTER 



umerus, -1, m., the shoulder, upper 
arm. 

amquam, adv., ever, at a?iy time. 

una, adv., at the same time, together, 
along with (any one) . (unus) 

unde, adv., whence, from which, 
from whom; whence ? from which ? 
from whom ? 

undecimus, -a, -urn, eleventh. 
(unus f- decimus) 

undequinquagesimus, -a, -um, 
forty-ninth, (undequinquaginta, 
forty -nine) 

undique, adv., from all parts, on all 
sides, (unde + que) 

unguentum, -l, n., ointment, per- 
fume. (unguS, anoint) 

unice, adv., singularly, remarkably, 
in a noteworthy manner, (uni- 
cus, sole) 

universus, -a, -um, all together, 
' whole, entire, all ; as a whole, on 
the whole, taken as a body, (unus 
+ versus) 

unus, -a, -um, one, one only, single ; 
sole, only, alone, unus quisque, 
each one. 

urbanus, -a, -um, of the city, in 
the city. praetor urbanus, 
the praetor who had jurisdiction 
in civil suits between Roman citi- 
zens, quaestor urbanus, a 
quaestor assigned to duties in the 
city, (urbs) 

urbs, urbis, f., city ; the city, Rome. 

urged (urgueo), -ere, ursi, — , 
press, push, drive, urge; press 
closely, beset ; prgss on, push for- 
ward. 

iiro, -ere, ussi, ustus, burn. 



amb — amburo, -ere, amb- 
uss!, ambustus, bt*rn around, 
'scorch, singe. 

ex — exiiro, -ere, exussi, 
exustus, bum up, consume, de- 
stroy. 

in — inuro, -ere, inussi, in- 
ustus, burn in, brand upon, 
imprint indelibly. 

iisitatus, -a, -um, usual, wonted, 
customary, ordinary, (p. p. of 
usitor, practice) 

usquam, adv., at any place, any- 
ivhere. 

usque, adv., all the way, even to, up 
to, as far as, even, to that degree. 
quo usque, how far? inde us- 
que, even from that point. 

ustor, -oris, m., burner of bodies, 
corpse-burner, (iiro) 

usura, -ae, f., use, enjoyment ; in- 
terest, usury, (utor) 

usurpo ( i ) , use, employ, practice ; 
speak of, talk of. 

fisus, -us, m., use, exercise, practice, 
experience ; intimacy, familiar- 
ity; advantage, benefit; need. 
(iitor) 

Ut (or uti) , adv., how ? in what way ? 
in the manner in which, as ; when, 
whenever ; since, from the time 
when ; that, in order that, so that, 
so as to ; however, though, although. 
ut primum, as soon as. ut, sic, 
so, as; while, yet. With expres- 
sions of fear ut is negative and 
ne positive. 

uter, utra, utrum, which one (of 
two) ? whichever, the one who (of 



two). 



q 



UTERQUE 



552 



VALERIUS 



uterque, utraque, utrumque, each 
(of two), both; pi., each party, 
both sides, (uter + que) 

uti, see ut. 

Utica, -ae, f., a flourishing Phoeni- 
cian colony in Africa, next to Car- 
thage in importance. 

utilis, -e, of use, useful, helpful, ser- 
viceable, advantageous ; profitable, 
expedient, (cf. utor) 

utilitas. -tatis, f., usefulness, bene- 
fit, helpfulness, advantage ; profit, 
expedioicy. (utilis)* 

utinam, would that ! Oh that ! (uti 
+ nam) 

utor, -1, usus, avail one's self of, 
use, employ; exercise, practice; 
have, possess, enjoy ; find in one, 
find, benignitate uti. to tres- 
pass upon one's kindness. 

ab — abutor, -1, abusus, use 
Up, exhaust; make a perverted use 
of, misapply, misuse ; outrage, tres- 
pass upon, abuse. 

utrum (in indirect questions), 
whether. Untranslatable in direct 
double questions, (uter) 

uxor, -oris, f., wife. 

V. 
vacillS (1), totter, stagger ; waver, 

hesitate. 
vaco (1), be empty, be vacant, be 

free from, be without; be idle. 

(cf. vacuus) 
vacuefacio, -ere, vacuefeci, va- 

cuefactus, make empty, make 

vacant, (vacuus + facio) 
vacuus, -a. -um. unoccupied, e?npty, 

vacant, free, without. 



vadimonium, -i, n., pledge, security, 
surety, vadimonium deserere, 
to fo?feit one's sureties, (vas, 
pledge*) 

vado, -ere, — , — ,go i?i haste, rush. 
e — evado, -ere, evasi, eva- 
SUS, rush forth, go away, escape. 

in — invado, -ere, invasi, in- 
vasus, rush upon, attack, invade ; 
seize, take possession of. 

per — pervado, -ere. pervasi. 
pervasus, go through, penetrate, 
permeate, fill ; reach, extend to. 

vagina, -ae, f., scabbard, sheath. 

vagor (1), roam about, rove, wan- 
der ; spread, be extended, be diffused. 

vagus, -a, -um, roaming, wander- 
ing, without a home. 

valde, adv., strongly ; thoroughly, 
much, very much, very, (validus 

vale 5, -ere, valui, valiturus, be 
strong, be well, be healthy ; be strong 
enough to, be able; have weight, 
possess infilue?ice ; prevail, succeed ; 
amount to, mean, signify, ad ne- 
glegendas leges valere, to be 
powerfid enough to disregard the 
laws, ad laudem valere. to 
lead to a noble life, poeta natura 
valet, the poet receives his powef 
from nature, quid valet, what 
does it amount to? vale, valete. 
good-bye, farewell, adieu. 

valens. -entis, strong, vigorous; 
povoerful, influential, (pres. p. of 
valeo) 

Valerius, -1. m., a gens name. 

1. L. Valerius Flaccus, praetor 
in 63 B.C. 

2. P. Valerius, almost unknown. 



VALERIUS 



553 



VENEROR 



Valerius, -a, -um, of Valerius. 

valetudo, -inis, f., health; poor 
health, feebleness, weakness, (va- 
leo) 

validus, -a, -um, strong, powerful ; 
healthy, robust, vigorous, (cf. va- 
leo) 

vallis, -is, f., valley. 

vallo ( i ) , fortify, protect, (vallum , 
rampart) 

varie, adv., in various ways, differ- 
ently, (varius) 

varietas, -tatis, f., variety, diver- 
sity ; difference, disagreement. 
(varius) 

varius, -a, -um, various, manifold, 
diversified ; diverse, different. 

Varro, -onis, m., a family name. 
Atdus Varro, a friend of Cicero, 
and a supporter of Pompey in the 
Civil war. 

Varius, -I, m., a gens name. P. 
Varius, a juror in the trial of Milo. 

Varus, -I, m., a family name. See 
Attius. 

vastatio, -onis, f., ravaging, devas- 
tation, (vasto) 

vastitas, -tatis, f., desolation, ruin, 
destruction, (vastus) 

vasto (i), lay waste, ravage. 
(vastus) 

vastus, -a, -um, unoccupied, desert; 
boundless, vast, huge ; insatiable. 

vates, -is, m. and f., seer, soothsayer, 
diviner. 

-ve (enclitic), or. 

vectigal, -alis, n., revenue, tax, 
duty. 

vectigalis, -e, tributary. 

vehemens, -entis, eager, violent, 



furious, impetuous ; weighty, force- 
ful, vigorous, effective, strong, deep- 
seated. 

vehementer, adv., eagerly, violently, 
impetuously ; very much, exceed- 
ingly, errare vehementer, to 
make a great mistake. (vehe- 
mens) 

vehiculum, -l, n., conveyance, car- 
riage, vehicle, (veho) 

veho, -ere, vexi, vectus, carry, 
draw, convey. 

com — conveho, -ere, con- 
vex!, convectus, carry together, 
collect. 

de — deveho, -ere, devexi, 
devectus, carry away, take dozun. 

vel, or, even, vel, vel, either, or. 
(perhaps old imperative of volo) 

vello, -ere, — , — , pull, pluck, tear 
azvay. 

di — divello, -ere, divelli, di- 
volsus (divulsus), rend asun- 
der, tear apart, remove. 

e— evello,-ere, evelli, evol- 
sus (evulsus), pull out, tear 
away, pluck out. 

velum, -l, n., awning, curtain ; 
sail. 

vena, -ae, f., vein, artery. 

vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditus, 
sell, (venum, sale + do) 

veneficus, -a, -um, a poisoner. 
(venenum) 

venenum, -I, n., poison. 

veneo, -ire, venivi (-ii), veni- 
tiirus, be sold, (venum, sale, + 
eo) 

veneror (i), zvorship, adore; be- 
seech, implore, supplicate. 




VENIA 



554 



VERTO 



venia, -ae, f., kindness, favor ; for- 
giveness, pardon. 

venio, -ire, veni, ventus, come, go. 

com — conveniS, -ire, con- 

veni, conventus, come together, 

assemble, meet ; used impersonally, 

it is agreed, it is fitting. 

e — e veni 6, -ire, eveni, 
eventus, turn out, happen ; fol- 
low, ensue. 

in — invenio, -Ire, inveni, 
inventus, come upon, find, meet; 
discover, devise, find out. 

per — pervenio, -ire, perveni, 
perventus, arrive at, reach; at- 
tain to, equal, match. 

sub — subvenio, -ire, sub- 
veni, subventus, assist, relieve, 
remedy. 

venter, -tris, m., belly. 

ventus, -l, m., the wind. 

venustas, -tatis, f., grace, beauty, 
charm, (venus, loveliness) 

venustus, -a, -um, charming, win- 
ning, pleasing. (venus, loveli- 
ness) 

ver, veris, n., spring, spring-time. 

verber, -eris, n., lash, scourge; 
blotvs, stripes, flogging. 

verbum, -I, n., a word, verbis 
amplissimis, in the strongest 
terms. verbi causa, for ex- 
ample. 

vere, adv., truly, really, in fact, 
indeed; properly, justly, rightly. 
(verus) 

verecundia, -ae, f., modesty, sense 
of shame, (verecundus, modest) 

vereor, -eri, veritus, reverence, re- 
vere, respect ; fear, dread. 



Veritas, -tatis, f., truth, truthful- 
ness, (verus) 
vero, adv., in truth, in fact, truly, 
certainly ; however, on the other 
hand, but. nunc vero, but now. 
an vero, is it possible that? iam 
vero, furthermore, immo vero. 
no indeed, nay in fact, minime 
vero, by no means, far from that. 
(verus) 
versiculus, -T, m., a little line, short 

line, verse, (dim. of versus) 
verso {\),keep turning; turn over, 
revolve, ponder, consider ; be en- 
gaged, be occupied, be busy; be 
alive, exist; dwell, remain, abide; 
appear. This verb often appears 
as a deponent, (freq. of verto) 
versus, -us, m., a verse, line ; verse, 

poetry, (verto) 
verto, -ere, verti, versus, turn. 

ante — anteverto, -ere, ante- 
verti, anteversus, turn before; 
anticipate. 

a — averto, -ere, averti, 
aversus, turn aside, avert. 

com — converts, -ere, con- 
vert!, conversus, turn around, 
turn about; change, transform, 
convert. 

de — deverto, -ere. deverti, 
— , turn aside ; digress. 

di — diverts, -ere, diverti. 
diversus, turn aside, separate. 

e — everto, -ere, everti. 
eversus, overturn, upset; ruin, 
destroy. 

re — revertor, -i, reversus 
(usually deponent only in the pres- 
ent system), turn back, return. 



VERUM 



555 



VICUS 



verum, adv., but, however, verura 
etiam, but also, (verus) 

verus, -a, -um, real, true, genuine ; 
proper, just, right, re vera, in 
truth. 

verum, -i, n., truth, fact, (verus) 

vesper, -eri, m., the evening, ve- 
sper! (locative), in the evening. 

vespera, -ae, f., the evening. 

Vesta, -ae, f., Vesta, the goddess of 
the household. 

Vestalis, -e, of Vesta, Vestal. 
virgines vestales, the Vestal 
virgins, the priestesses of Vesta. 
See page 296. 

vester, -tra, -trum, your (plural), 
yours. 

i vestibulum, -i, n., the open space 
before a house, court; opening, 
entrance, doorway. 

vestigium, -1, n., footstep, foot- 
print, track ; trace, indication, 
sign ; remains, ruins, (vestigo, 
track) 

vestimentum, -I, n., clothing, gar- 
ments, (vestis) 

vestis, -is, f., clothing, dress. 

vestitus, -us, m., clothing, apparel. 

veteranus, -a, -um, veteran, (ve- 
tus) 

veto, -are, vetui, vetitus, forbid, 
prohibit. 

vetus, -eris (comp. vetustior, 
superl. veterrimus), old, aged, an- 
cient ; of long standing, of experi- 
ence. 
1 vetustas, -tatis, f., old age ; for- 
mer ages, antiquity ; long lapse of 
time, long duration ; future ages, 
posterity, (vetus) 



vexatio, -orris, f., harassing, perse- 
cution, (vexo) 

vexator, -oris, m., pursuer, perse- 
cutor; opposer. (vexo) 

vexo (I), harass, vex, persecute, 
annoy ; xvaste, ravage. 

via, -ae, f., way, road, path, 
street. 

viator, -oris, m., traveler, way- 
farer, (via) 

Vibienus, -1, m., a family name. 
C. Vibienus, a senator. 

Vibo, -orris, f., a city in southern 
Italy, now Bivona. 

vibro (1), brandish, throzv ; gleam, 
flash. 

vicesimus, -a, -um, twentieth. 
(viginti) 

vicinus, -a, -um, near, neighbor- 
ing, adjacent, vicinus, -1, m., a 
neighbor, (vicus) 

vicissim, adv., on the other hand, 
again, in turn. 

vicissitiido, -inis, f., change, regu- 
lar change, interchange, succession. 

victima, -ae, f., victim (for sacri- 
fice), (cf. vinco) 

victor, -oris, m., conqueror, victor ; 
as adj., victorious, (vinco) 

victoria, -ae, f., victory, triumph. 
Victoria, -ae, f., the Goddess of 
Victory. 

victrix, -icis, victorious. (vie, 
conquer) 

victus, -us, m., means of subsis- 
tence, provisions, victuals ; way of 
life, mode of living, everyday life. 
consuetudines victus, the inti- 
macies of everyday life. 

vicus, -i, m., dwelling, abode ; block, 



VIDELICET 



556 



VIRTUS 



quarter, street; village, hamlet; 
country home, villa. 

videlicet, adv., plainly, evidently, 
obviously, of course, doubtless ; to 
wit, namely, (vide + licet) 

video, -ere, vidi, visus, see, per- 
ceive ; understand, cotnprehend; 
look out for, see to, take care, pro- 
vide ; pass., be seen, appear, seem, 
seem best. plus videre, to see 
further, i.e. to have a deeper 
insight. 

in— invideo, -ere, invidi, in- 
visus, look askance at, envy, grudge, 
be jealous. 

pro — provideo, -ere, pro- 
vidi, provisus, look before, fore- 
see ; see to, look out for, provide. 

vigeo, -ere, — , — , be strong, be 
active, flourish ; be in honor, be 
held in esteem. 

vigilia, -ae, f., watching, wakeful- 
ness ; loss of sleep, sleeplessness ; 
guard, watch (one of the four 
equal parts into which the night 
was divided) ; pi., watchmen, senti- 
nels, (vigil, awake) 

vigilo (i), be awake, keep awake; 
be vigilant, keep watch, look out for. 
(vigil) 

in — invigilo (i), watch over, 
care for. 

vigilans, -antis, wakeful, watchful, 
vigilant, active. (pres. p. of vi- 
gilo) 

viginti, (indecl.), twenty. 

vilis, -e, of little value, cheap ; 
worthless, vile, base. 

vHitas, -tatis, f., cheapness. 
(vilis) 



villa, -ae, f., farm-house, country- 
seat, villa. 

vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, bind, 
fetter, put in chains ; restrain, 
confine. 

de — devincio, -ire, devinxi, 
devinctus, bind fast, fetter ; bind 
closely, lay under obligation. 

vinco, -ere, vici, victus, conquer, 
overcome, defeat; excel, surpass, 
outdo. 

com — convinco, -ere, con- 
vici, convictus, overcome, con- 
vict, refute; prove, demonstrate. 

de — devinco, -ere, devici. 
devictus, conquer completely, sub- 
due thoroughly, subjugate. 

re — revinco, -ere, revici, 
revictus, overcome; show to be 
wrong, refute. 

vinculum, -i, n., chain, band, rope ; 
bond, connection, relation: pi., 
prison, confinement, imprisonment. 
(vincio) 

vindex, -icis, m., protector ; avenger, 
punisher. 

vindiciae, -arum, f., assertion of a 
right, claim, suit. 

vindico (I), claim, assert; defend, 
protect, rescue ; avenge, punish. 
(vindex) 

vinum, -i, n., wine. 

violo (i), do harm to, injure; out- 
rage, abuse, desecrate, profane. 

vir, viri, m., man, husband. 

vires, pi. of vis. 

virgo, -inis, f., maiden, girl, virgin ; 
a Vestal virgin. 

virtus, -tiitis, f., manliness ; cour- 
age, valor, bravery ; goodness, vir- 






VIS 



557 



VULGARIS 



tue, merit, worth; good qualities, 
ability, fitness; impulse, instinct. 
(vir) 

vis, vis, f. (see grammars for de- 
clension), strength, power, might, 
energy, force; meaning, import, sig- 
nificance ; violence, injury ; quan- 
tity, number, supply. 

viscus, -eris, n. (usually in the 
plural), the internal organs, vitals. 

viso, -ere, visi, visus, view, behold, 
survey ; go to see, visit, (freq. of 
video) 

vita, -ae, f., life ; mode of life, ca- 
reer, (cf. vivo) 

vitium, -i, n., flaw, blemish, defect, 
imperfection; failing, shortcoming, 
fault, vice. 

vito (i), avoid, shun ; evade, escape. 

vituperatio, -onis, f., blame, cen- 
sure, reproach, (vitupero, cen- 
sure') 

vivo, -ere, vixi, victus, live. 

vivus, -a, -um, alive, living. 

vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, 
barely, scarcely. 

voco (i), call; invite, summon; 
call by name, designate, name; 
call together, convoke; invoke, call 
upon. 

a — avoco (i), call away, call 
off ; divert. 

com— convoco (i), call to- 
gether, summon, convoke. 

de — devoco (i), call away, 
call off, recall. 

e — evoco (i), call out, sum- 
mon, challenge. 

pro — provoco ( i ), call forth, 
challenge; arouse, provoke. 



re — revoco (i), call back, call 
again, recall, withdraw; recall, 
encore. 

volito (i),fiy around, flutter about. 
(freq. of volo, fly) 

volo, velle, volui, — , wish, want, 
desire, will ; be willing; mean, in- 
tend : claim, assert. 

Volturcius, -i, m., a Roman name. 
7'. Volturcius, a member of the 
Catilinarian conspiracy. 

volubilis, -e, whirling, revolving ; 
fluent, voluble; changeable, fickle, 
inconstant. (cf. volvo, turn 
around) 

voluntarius, -a, -um, of one's own 
will, voluntary. As subst., a vol- 
unteer, (voluntas) 

voluntas, -tatis, f., will, wish, 
desire; purpose, aim, plan; good- 
will, favor; approval, consent. 
(volo) ' 

voluptas, -tatis, f., pleasure, en- 
joyment, delight. 

Volusius, -i, m., a Roman name. 
M. Volusius, perhaps mentioned 
only once, on page 255. 

vosmet, you yourselves. (vos + 
-met) 

votum, -i, n., solemn pledge, vow; 
prayer, (voveo ) 

voveo, -ere, vovi, votus, promise 
solemnly, pledge, vow; dedicate, 
consecrate. 

de — devoveo, -ere, devovi, 
devotus, vow, devote, consecrate. 

vox, vocis, f., voice ; sound, call, 
cry, word, utterance ; saying, 
maxim, proverb. 

vulgaris, -e, of the multitude, com- 



VULGO 558 

mon, ordinary ; low, vulgar, (vul- 
gus, common people) 
VTllgO, adv., commonly, generally ; 
openly, publicly, (vulgus, com- 
mon people) 



VULTUS 

vulnero (1), wound, injure, harm. 

(vulnus) 
vulnus. -eris, n., wound, injury. 
vultus, -us, m., expression, looks, 

mien, air, aspect. 



THE COMMON PREFIXES AND THEIR 
VALUES 



a-, ab-, abs-, au-, away, off ; not, un-. 

ad-, tozvard, to, in ; at, by; upon, against ; according to ; in addition, besides. 

ambi-, amb-, am-, an-, around, about. 

ante-, before. 

circum-, around. 

com-, con-, CO-, together ; (with an intensive force) completely, perfectly, 

entirely. 
dis- (dir-), di-, apart, asunder, in different directions ; not, un-; exceedingly, 

utterly ; between, among, through. 
de-, down, aiuay, out; not, un- ; utterly, entirely. 
e-, ex-, out, forth ; un- ; thoroughly, cofnpletely. 
in-, in, on; against ; not, un-. 
inter-, between ; at intervals ; dozun, under. 
ob-, obs-, toward, against ; before, at. 

per-, through; thoroughly, perfectly, completely ; exceedingly, very, very much, 
prae-, before ; extremely, very. 

pro-, pro-, -pox-, forward, before ; for, in behalf of . 
re-, red-, back; again; against; re- and un- (denoting the undoing of an 

act). 
se-, sed-, apart, without. 

sub-, under ; secretly ; somewhat, rather, slightly. 
super-, over, above ; in addition, besides. 
trans-, tra-, over, across ; beyond; through. 

559 



LISTS OF WORDS 



OCCURRING ONE HUNDRED TIMES OR MORE 



Nouns 


habeo 


tantus 


bellum 


possum 


tuus 


causa 


putd 


unus 


civis 


sum 


vester 


dies 


video 




homo 


vol5 


Conjunctions 


nihil 




atque 


populus 


Prepositions 


aut 


res 
urbs 


a, ab, abs 
ad 


cum 
enim 


vir 

virtus 


cum 
de 


et 
ne 


Pronouns 


ex 


neque 


aliquis 


in 


quam 


ego 




-que 


hie 

idem 


Adjectives 


quod 
sed 


ille 


bonus 


si 


ipse 


magnus 


ut 


is 


meus 


ver5 


qui 
quis 


multus 
noster 


Adverbs 


sui 


nvillus 


etiam 


tu 


omnis 


iam 


Verbs 


publicus 


quidem 


dico 


summus 


tarn 


facio 


suus 


tamen 



560 



LISTS OF WORDS 
OCCURRING FIFTY TIMES OR MORE 



5 6l 



Nouns 
animus 


sententia 
studium 


pro 
sine 


auctoritas 
civitas 


tempus 
vis 


Adjectives 


cdnsilium 


vita 


alius 


consul 
deus 


Pronouns 
iste 


(ceterus) 
fortis 


domus 
exercitus 


quidam 


immortalis 
primus 


fortiina 


Verbs 


quantus 


gldria 
hostis 


ago 
audid 


solus 
totus 


imperator 
imperium 


cogito 
debeS 


Conjunctions 


iudex 


do 


an 


laus 


ferd 


autem 


lex 

littera 


ger5 
iudico 


nam 
nisi 


locus 
modus 


quaero 
sci5 


Adverbs 


mors 


scrib5 


certe 


nemo 


sentio 


igitur 


nomen 


valeo 


ita 


pater 


venid 


modo 


patria 




nunc 


periculum 


Prepositions 


saepe 


salus 


ante 


semper 


scelus 


per 


turn 



OCCURRING TWENTY-FIVE TIMES OR MORE 



gens 

genus 

gratia 

honor 

ingenium 

inimicus 



Nouns 




copia 


amicus 






dignitas 


annus 






dolor 


arma 






dux 


caedes 






fides 


calamitas 






frater 


H. 


&G. 


CIC — 


36 



562 



LISTS OF WORDS 



invidia 

iudicium 

ius 

labor 

legatus 

man us 

memoria 

mens 

miles 

nox 

oculus 

6rd5 

pars 

poena 

praesidium 

praetor 

prSvincia 

ratiS 

servus 

socius 

spes 

templum 

terra 

victoria 

voluntas 

vox 

Pronouns 
quisquam 



Verbs 



accipio 

adferS 

amo 

arbitror 

audeS 

capi5 

confer5 

conficio 

cSnfiteor 

cSnscribS 



cSnsequor 


Adjectives 


cSnservS 


alter 


cSnstituS 


amplus 




credo 


clarus 


cupiS 


communis 


decerno 


facilis 


defends 




dubitS 


gravis 
improbus 


eiciS 


incredibilis 


existimS 


nefarius 


exspectS 


novus 


fis 




intellegS 


parvus 




prlvatus 
reliquus 
salvus 


interficiS 
KberS 




licet 


ullus 




loquor 




mittS 


Conjunctions 


nSlS 


at 


occidS 


quamquam 


opprimS 


quoniam 


patior 


slcut 


perdS 


vel 


probS 


verum 


proficiscor 




relinquo 


Adverbs 


sapiS 


deinde 


soleS 


denique 


sperS 


diu 


suscipio 


itaque 


teneS 


magis 


timeS 


-ne 


versS 


numquam 


vincS 


potius 


vivo 


profectS 




satis 


Prepositions 


sic 


apud 


umquam 


contra 




post 


Intekjection 


propter 


6 



LISTS OF WORDS 



563 



OCCURRING TEN TIMES OR MORE 





dominus 


mos 


Nouns 


eques 


motus 


adulescens 


exitium 


multitudo 


adventus 


exsilium 


nati5 


aetas 


facinus 


natura 


ager 


fama 


negotium 


amor 


familia 


numerus 


ars 


latum 


odium 


auctor 


fellcitas 


officium 


audacia 


filius 


ops 


auxilium 


finis 


opus 


beneficium 


forum 


ora 


caelum 


fructus 


oratio 


caput 


fuga 


orbis 


castrum 


furor 


parens 


casus 


gladius 


pax 


classis 


humanitas 


pecunia 


cdgitati5 


impetus 


pernicies 


comes 


incendium 


pestis 


condicid 


iniuria 


pietas 


coniunx 


insidiae 


plebs 


coniuratid 


interitus 


poeta 


consuetudo 


iter 


portus 


consulatus 


lacrima 


possessio 


conti5 


laetitia 


potestas 


corpus 


latrd 


praedo 


crimen 


legid 


praemium 


crudelitas 


liberi 


proelium 


culpa 


libertas 


puer 


cupiditas 


libidd 


pugna 


cura 


lux 


quaestio 


curia 


maeror 


reditus 


cursus 


magnitudo 


regio 


custodia 


mare 


regnum 


defensio 


metus 


religio 


dilectus 


miseria 


rex 


diligentia 


misericordia 


sanguis 


doctrina 


monumentum 


sapientia 



564 



LISTS OF WORDS 



sermo 


censeo 


fruor 


slgnum 


coepi 


fugio 


supplicatio 


cognosco 


Ignor5 


supplicium 


cogo 


ign5sco 


suspicio 
tabula 


commemoro 
committo 


impedio 
incendo 


tectum 


commoveo 


incido 


telum 


comparo 


Infero 


testis 


concedo 


inflammo 


timor 


concitS 


inquam 


tribiinus 


confirmo 


intersum 


uxor 


coniungo 


invenio 


valetiidd 


conloco 


iubeo 


vectigal 


conor 


laudo 


verbum 


consuls 


lego 


via 


contemno 


mal5 


victor 


contineo 


maneo 




convenio 


meminl 


Pronouns 


euro 


mereor 


quisque 


declarS 


metu5 


quisquis 


ded5 


morior 


uterque 


deferS 


moveo 




dele5 


nascor 


Verbs 


depello 


navigo 


abicio 


desiderS 


neglegS 


absum 


desum 


neg5 


accedo 


diligo 


nesci5 


adduco 


duco 


nosc5 


adficio 


educo 


occido 


adiungo 


e5 


occupo 


administro 


eripio 


odi 


adsequor 


erro 


omitto 


adsum 


excello 


oportet 


amitt5 


excit5 


opto 


appello 


exe5 


orno 


armo 


expello 


ostendo 


cado 


expetS 


paro 


cared 


exstinguo 


patefacio 


caveo 


fate or 


pereo 


cedo 


fingo 


perfero 



LISTS OF WORDS 



565 



perficio 


tribuS 


liber 


persequor 


tueor 


malus 


perspicid 


utor 


necessarius 


pertimescd 


vereor 


necesse 


pertine5 


vigilo 


nSbilis 


pervenio 


vindicS 


nocturnus 


peto 


voco 


par 


placed 




paucus 


pon5 


Prepositions 


paulus 


postulo 


inter 


plenus 


praedic5 


ob 


praeclarus 


praesto 


praeter 


princeps 


praesum 
praetereo 


prope 


sanctus 
sceleratus 


prodo 




singularis 


prohibeS 


Adjectives 


superior 


provided 


acerbus 


talis 


pugno 


alienus 


tertius 


quaeso 


beatus 


tot 


recipio 


brevis 


tres 


reddo 


carus 


tiniversus 


redeo 


certus 


verus 


refero 


civilis 


vetus 


requirS 


consularis 


V1VUS 


responded 


crudelis 




restituo 


cunctus 


Conjunctions 


resto 


dlgnus 


dum 


retineo 


divinus 


ergo 


revoco 


domesticus 


etenim 


rog5 


duo 


etsi 


sequor 


exter 


quasi 


servS 


falsus 


quia 


solvS 


firm us 


quln 


statuo 


gratus 


quoque 


subeo 


hodiernus 


simul 


superS 


honestus 


sin 


sustineo 


humanus 


sive 


taceS 


integer 


ubi 


tollo 


iucundus 


utinam 


tradS 


iustus 


utrum 



56 




LISTS OF WORDS 












Adverbs 


num 


quotiens 


adhvic 




paene 


recte 


aliquand5 




palam 


sane 


antea 




partim 


statim 


bene 




parum 


subito 


cur 




plane 


tandem 


equidem 




postea 


una 


fortasse 




praesertim 


usque 


forte 




pridem 


vehementer 


hie 




propius 


videlicet 


libenter 




quondam 


vix 


nimis 









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